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Ouattara N, Rivera-Ingraham GA, Lignot JH. Salinity stress in the black-chinned tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:553-562. [PMID: 38470008 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Physiological and morphological acclimation capacities of black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron were studied from fish to gill cell level when fish are maintained in freshwater, seawater, and hypersaline conditions. Fish osmoregulatory capacity, gill ionocyte morphology, osmo-respiratory compromise, O2 consumption rate, branchial antioxidative defense, and cell apoptosis were considered. Captive juvenile tilapias were maintained in controlled freshwater conditions (FW: 0.4 ppt; 12 mOsm kg-1) or gradually transferred to seawater (SW: 32 ppt; 958 mOsm kg-1) and concentrated SW (cSW: 65 ppt; 1920 mOsm kg-1). After 15 days in these conditions, blood osmolality and chloride ion concentration were determined. Gill ionocyte density and morphology were measured using immunolabelled histological sections to specifically detect the sodium pump (NKA). Gill osmo-respiratory compromise was also calculated along with oxygen consumption rates from normoxic to hypoxic conditions from excised gills (indirect respirometry). Finally, catalase and caspase 3/7activities were recorded from gill extracts. Results indicate that elevated salinity induces an osmotic imbalance and a profound morphological change with proliferating and hypertrophied ionocytes. This thickening of the gill interlamellar cell mass and the shortening of the lamellae induce a reduced osmo-respiratory ratio and reduced respiratory capacity under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Although salinity changes do not affect one of the major antioxidative defense mechanism, it strongly affects apoptosis that appears the most elevated in SW. However, in freshwater condition, fish can maintain their osmotic balance with a low ionocyte density, a low apoptotic level and a drastically reduced O2 consumption in normoxic condition that is maintained in hypoxia. Therefore, S. melanotheron presents the typical functional remodeling due to environmental salinity changes ranging from FW to SW. However, elevated seawater induces major cellular stress inducing a profound gill morphofunctional dysfunctioning. While cell apoptosis is reduced, ionocyte proliferation is massively increased with impaired osmotic regulation and reduced O2 consumption both in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N'Golo Ouattara
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Cytology, Nangui Abrogoua University UFR-SN, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | | | - Jehan-Hervé Lignot
- UMR9190-MARBEC, IRD-Ifremer-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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2
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Gilmour KM, Turko AJ. Effects of structural remodelling on gill physiology. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01558-0. [PMID: 38758304 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The complex relationships between the structure and function of fish gills have been of interest to comparative physiologists for many years. Morphological plasticity of the gill provides a dynamic mechanism to reversibly alter its structure in response to changes in the conditions experienced by the fish. The best known example of gill remodelling is the growth or retraction of cell masses between the lamellae, a rapid process that alters the lamellar surface area that is exposed to the water (i.e. the functional lamellar surface area). Decreases in environmental O2 availability and/or increases in metabolic O2 demand stimulate uncovering of the lamellae, presumably to increase the capacity for O2 uptake. This review addresses four questions about gill remodelling: (1) what types of reversible morphological changes occur; (2) how do these changes affect physiological function from the gill to the whole animal; (3) what factors regulate reversible gill plasticity; and (4) is remodelling phylogenetically widespread among fishes? We address these questions by surveying the current state of knowledge of gill remodelling in fishes, with a focus on identifying gaps in our understanding that future research should consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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3
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Zhan Y, Ning B, Sun J, Chang Y. Living in a hypoxic world: A review of the impacts of hypoxia on aquaculture. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115207. [PMID: 37453286 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a harmful result of anthropogenic climate change. With the expansion of global low-oxygen zones (LOZs), many organisms have faced unprecedented challenges affecting their survival and reproduction. Extensive research has indicated that oxygen limitation has drastic effects on aquatic animals, including on their development, morphology, behavior, reproduction, and physiological metabolism. In this review, the global distribution and formation of LOZs were analyzed, and the impacts of hypoxia on aquatic animals and the molecular responses of aquatic animals to hypoxia were then summarized. The commonalities and specificities of the response to hypoxia in aquatic animals in different LOZs were discussed lastly. In general, this review will deepen the knowledge of the impacts of hypoxia on aquaculture and provide more information and research directions for the development of fishery resource protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Bingyu Ning
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jingxian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, Liaoning, PR China.
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4
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Liu Q, Wang H, Ge J, Li L, Luo J, He K, Yan H, Zhang X, Tahir R, Luo W, Chen S, Cheng Z, Zhao L, Yang S. Chronic hypoxia and Cu 2+ exposure induce gill remodeling of largemouth bass through endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 255:106373. [PMID: 36630844 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and Cu2+ pollution often occur simultaneously in aquatic ecosystems and jointly affect physiology of fish. As the respiratory and ion exchange tissue of fish, how gill responds to the stress induced by these two abiotic environmental factors is still unclear. We have conducted a study by exposing largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to hypoxia (2.0 mg·L-1) and/or Cu2+ (0.5 mg·L-1) for 28 days to answer this question. We subsequently studied respiratory rate, Cu2+ transport, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial damage, and morphology in gill tissue on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. We found that hypoxia exposure increased the respiratory rate of largemouth bass, reflecting the response of largemouth bass to cope with hypoxia. Of note, Cu2+ entered gill by specifically binding to CTR1 and its accumulation dramatically in gill disrupted the response of largemouth bass to hypoxia. Hypoxia and/or Cu2+ exposure led to ER stress and mitochondrial damage in gills of largemouth bass. ER stress and mitochondrial damage induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8 and caspase-9 signaling pathways, respectively. Apoptosis induced by hypoxia and Cu2+ exposure had a positive and synergistic effect on gill remodeling by reducing interlamellar cell masses. In addition, Cu2+ exposure induced hypoxia-like remodeling to gill morphology through mechanisms similar to hypoxia exposure. Most of gene expression changed mainly within 21 days and recovered to the control level on day 28, reflecting the acclimation of largemouth bass to hypoxia and/or Cu2+ exposure at gene expression level. Overall, our research suggests that chronic hypoxia and Cu2+ exposure could induce gill remodeling of largemouth bass through ER stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. The outcomes could provide an insight for fish environmental adaptation and environmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jiayu Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lisen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Kuo He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Haoxiao Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Rabia Tahir
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Liulan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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5
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Shuang L, Su XL, Zheng GD, Zou SM. Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on gill remodeling, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in hypoxia-tolerant new variety blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:263-274. [PMID: 35099685 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blunt snout bream plays an important role in freshwater aquaculture in China, but the development of its culture industry has been restricted by increasing hypoxia problem. Through the breeding of wild blunt snout bream populations (F0), a hypoxia-tolerant new variety (F6) was obtained. In this study, the new variety was stressed under low oxygen concentration (2.0 mg·L-1) for 4 and 7 days, the morphological structure of the gill tissue showed a striking change, the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) volume reduced significantly (P < 0.05), and the lamellar respiratory surface area enlarged significantly (P < 0.05), compared to normoxic controls. After 7 days of oxygen recovery, gill remodeling was completely reversed. Additionally, the TUNEL-positive apoptotic fluorescence signals increased in the gills exposed to hypoxia up to 4 and 7 days; the apoptosis rate also increased significantly (P < 0.05). Under 4 and 7 days of hypoxia stress, the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in the gills downregulated significantly (P < 0.05), with the significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated expression of pro-apoptotic gene Bad. Furthermore, under hypoxia stress, the activity or content of oxidative stress-related enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH)) in gill tissue increased to varying degrees compared to normoxic controls. These results offer a new perspective into the cellular and molecular mechanism of hypoxia-induced gill remodeling in blunt snout bream and a theoretical basis for its hypoxia adaptation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shuang
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Su
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zheng
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shu-Ming Zou
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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6
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Berry KLE, Hess S, Clark TD, Wenger AS, Hoogenboom MO, Negri AP. Effects of suspended coal particles on gill structure and oxygen consumption rates in a coral reef fish. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112459. [PMID: 34022563 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of coal are transported through tropical regions; however, little is known about the sub-lethal effects of coal contamination on tropical marine organisms, including fish. Here, we measured aerobic metabolism and gill morphology in a planktivorous coral reef damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus to elucidate the sub-lethal effects of suspended coal particles over a range of coal concentrations and exposure durations. Differences in the standard oxygen consumption rates (MO2) between control fish and fish exposed to coal particles (38 and 73 mg L-1) were minimal and generally not dose dependent; however, the MO2 of fish exposed to 38 mg coal L-1 (21 days) and 73 mg coal L-1 (31 days) were both significantly higher than the MO2 of control fish. Chronic coal exposure (31 days) altered gill structure in the higher coal treatments (73 and 275 mg L-1), with fish exposed to 275 mg L-1 exhibiting significant reductions in gill mucous and thinning of lamellar and filament epithelium. These findings contribute to our limited understanding of the potential impacts of coal on tropical reef species; however, most of the observed effects occurred at high coal concentrations that are unlikely under most coal spill scenarios. Future studies should investigate other contamination scenarios such as the impacts of chronic exposures to lower concentrations of coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L E Berry
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
| | - S Hess
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - T D Clark
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - A S Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - M O Hoogenboom
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - A P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
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7
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Jia Y, Gao Y, Wan J, Gao Y, Li J, Guan C. Altered physiological response and gill histology in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, during progressive hypoxia and reoxygenation. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1133-1147. [PMID: 34059979 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has gradually become common in aquatic ecosystems and imposes a significant challenge for fish farming. The loss of equilibrium (LOE), 50% lethal time (LT50), plasma cortisol, glucose, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), gill histological alteration, and related parameters (lamellar length [SLL] and width [SLW], interlamellar distance [ID], basal epithelial thickness [BET], lamellar surface area [LA], and gill surface area [GSA]); respiratory rate; the proportion of the secondary lamellae available for gas exchange (PAGE); and hypoxia-inducible factor (hif-1α, hif-2α) mRNA expression were determined during progressive hypoxia and reoxygenation (R-0, R-12, R-24 h) to illustrate the underlying physiological response mechanisms in black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Results showed that the DO concentration significantly decreased during progressive hypoxia, while DO at LOE and LT50 were 2.42 ± 0.10 mg L-1 and 1.67 ± 0.38 mg L-1, respectively. Cortisol and glucose were significantly increased at LOE and LT50, with the highest levels observed at LT50, and then gradually recovered to normal within reoxygenation 24 h. RBC number and Hb results were like those of glucose. Hypoxia stress resulted in lamellar clubbing, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. Respiratory frequency significantly increased at LOE and decreased at LT50. Lamellar perimeters, SLL, ID, LA, GSA, and PAGE, significantly increased at LOE and LT50, with the highest values observed at LT50. However, SLW and BET significantly decreased at LOE, LT50, and R-0. These parameters recovered to nearly normal levels at R-24 h. hif-1α mRNAs in gill and liver were significantly upregulated at LOE and LT50, and recovery to normal after reoxygenation 24 h. hif-2α mRNAs in gill was similar to that of hif-1α, whereas hepatic hif-2α mRNAs remained unchanged during hypoxia-reoxygenation. These results indicated that progressive hypoxia stress elevated RBC number, Hb, cortisol, and glucose levels, induced the alteration of gill morphology, increased LA and GSA, stimulated respiratory frequency and PAGE, and upregulated the transcription of hif-1α and hif-2α in gill and liver. Reoxygenation treatment for 24 h alleviated the stress mentioned above effects. These findings expand current knowledge on hypoxia tolerance in black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Jia
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yuntao Gao
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinming Wan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Gao
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Changtao Guan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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8
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Nadermann N, Volkoff H. Effects of short-term exercise on food intake and the expression of appetite-regulating factors in goldfish. Peptides 2020; 123:170182. [PMID: 31678371 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, growing evidence indicates that exercise affects food intake, metabolism and the expression and blood levels of appetite regulators. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term (30 min, at low and high water flow) exercise on food intake, glucose levels and the expressions of appetite regulators in goldfish hypothalamus (irisin, orexin, CART, leptin), intestine (CCK, PYY, proglucagon/GLP-1), muscle (irisin) and liver (leptin), of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain, interleukin-6 (IL6) in muscle and hypothalamus, and major metabolic enzymes, the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase (GCK) and its regulatory protein (GCKR) in liver, the lipolytic enzyme lipoprotein lipase in intestine and muscle, and trypsin in intestine. Fish submitted to high flow exercise had a lower post-exercise food intake compared to control fish but no differences were seen in glucose levels between groups. Exercise induced an increase in hypothalamic expression levels of CART, IL6 and BDNF, but not orexin, irisin, CRF, leptin and NPY. High flow exercise induced an increase in intestine CCK, PYY and GLP-1, and muscle irisin and IL-6 expression levels. Exercise had no effects on expression levels of hepatic leptin or any of the metabolic enzymes examined. Our results suggest that, in goldfish, short-term exercise might decrease feeding in part by affecting the expressions of myokines and peripheral, but not central appetite regulators or metabolic enzyme/hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Nadermann
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada; Hochschule Mannheim University, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Gilmour KM, Perry SF. Conflict and Compromise: Using Reversible Remodeling to Manage Competing Physiological Demands at the Fish Gill. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:412-422. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural features of the fish gill necessary for oxygen uptake also favor undesirable, passive movements of ions and water. Reversible gill remodeling is one solution to this conflict. Cell masses that limit functional surface area are lost when oxygen availability decreases in hypoxia or oxygen demand increases with exercise or high temperature. However, much remains to be learned about how widespread reversible gill remodeling is among fish species, and how and why it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Gibbons TC, McBryan TL, Schulte PM. Interactive effects of salinity and temperature acclimation on gill morphology and gene expression in threespine stickleback. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 221:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Phuong LM, Huong DTT, Malte H, Nyengaard JR, Bayley M. Ontogeny and morphometrics of the gills and swim bladder of air-breathing striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.168658. [PMID: 29191864 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The air-breathing fish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus has been shown to have highly plastic branchial surfaces whose area (SA) increases with temperature and aquatic hypoxia. This modulation occurs through development of inter-lamellar cell mass (ILCM). Paradoxically, in conditions where this fish has been shown capable of covering its entire aerobic scope from the water phase, it has been shown to have a very small branchial SA. To address this paradox, we measured the SA, harmonic mean diffusion distance (τh) and calculated the anatomic diffusion factor (ADF) of the branchial and swim bladder surfaces in fish ranging from 3 to 1900 g at 27°C in normoxia. Since the lamellae were distinguishable from the ILCM, we measured the actual SA as well as the potential SA if ILCM were lost. As a result of low τh, P. hypophthalmus has a high capacity for branchial oxygen uptake with or without ILCM. Actual and potential gill ADF were 361 and 1002 cm2 µm-1 kg-1, respectively, for a 100 g fish and the ADF of the swim bladder was found to be 308 cm2 µm-1 kg-1 By swimming fish to exhaustion at different temperatures, we show that modulation of this SA is rapid, indicating that the apparent paradox between previous studies is eliminated. Regression analysis of log-log plots of respiratory SA in relation to body mass shows that the gill scales with mass similarly to the SA in active water-breathing fish, whereas the swim bladder scales with mass more like the mammalian lung does. This fish presents a combination of respiratory surfaces not previously seen in air-breathing fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le My Phuong
- Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Thanh Huong
- Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mark Bayley
- Zoophysiology Section, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
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12
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Blanco AM, Sundarrajan L, Bertucci JI, Unniappan S. Why goldfish? Merits and challenges in employing goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:13-28. [PMID: 28185936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish has been used as an unconventional model organism to study a number of biological processes. For example, goldfish is a well-characterized and widely used model in comparative endocrinology, especially in neuroendocrinology. Several decades of research has established and validated an array of tools to study hormones in goldfish. The detailed brain atlas of goldfish, together with the stereotaxic apparatus, are invaluable tools for the neuroanatomic localization and central administration of endocrine factors. In vitro techniques, such as organ and primary cell cultures, have been developed using goldfish. In vivo approaches using goldfish were used to measure endogenous hormonal milieu, feeding, behaviour and stress. While there are many benefits in using goldfish as a model organism in research, there are also challenges associated with it. One example is its tetraploid genome that results in the existence of multiple isoforms of endocrine factors. The presence of extra endogenous forms of peptides and its receptors adds further complexity to the already redundant multifactorial endocrine milieu. This review will attempt to discuss the importance of goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology. It will highlight some of the merits and challenges in employing goldfish as an animal model for hormone research in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Sundarrajan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Tovey KJ, Brauner CJ. Effects of water ionic composition on acid-base regulation in rainbow trout, during hypercarbia at rest and during sustained exercise. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:295-304. [PMID: 29067494 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic hypercarbia (elevated environmental CO2) results in a blood acidosis in fish, which is compensated by the exchange of Na+ and/or Cl- for its acid/base counterpart (H+, HCO3-) across the gill epithelium. To date, no studies exist on how a single species, capable of inhabiting both fresh and saltwater, responds to hypercarbia, at rest or during sustained exercise. Rainbow trout was acclimated to soft water (in mmol l- 1: Na+, 0.08; Cl-, 0.05; pH 6.7-6.8), hard water (in mmol l- 1: Na+, 2.4; Cl-, 0.2; pH 7.9-8.0), or 85% saltwater (28 ppt) (in mmol l- 1: Na+, 410; Cl-, 476; pH 7.8-8.0). Acid-base relevant blood parameters were measured during a 1 kPa CO2 hypercarbia exposure, both at rest and during sustained exercise (~ 60% U crit). After 48 h of hypercarbia, resting hard-, and saltwater trout fully restored blood pH, whereas soft-water-acclimated trout was only 60.6 ± 10.5% recovered. In all fish, recovery was associated with an increase in plasma [HCO3-] and an equimolar reduction in plasma [Cl-]. Following 8 h of hypercarbia during sustained exercise, saltwater fish fully restored blood pH, while soft- and hard water fish were 42 ± 18.1 and 64 ± 6.8% recovered, respectively. Results provide intra-specific support demonstrating that saltwater acclimated fish acid-base compensate faster than freshwater fish during hypercarbia. Furthermore, data indicate that recovery during hypercarbia in trout is more rapid during exercise than rest. This not only demonstrates an important link between ambient water ion levels and ability to recover from acid-base disturbances, but also it presents novel data, suggesting that exercise may enhance acid-base regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Tovey
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Robertson LM, Kochhann D, Bianchini A, Matey V, Almeida-Val VF, Val AL, Wood CM. Gill paracellular permeability and the osmorespiratory compromise during exercise in the hypoxia-tolerant Amazonian oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:741-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Barnes KR, Cozzi RRF, Robertson G, Marshall WS. Cold acclimation of NaCl secretion in a eurythermic teleost: mitochondrial function and gill remodeling. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 168:50-62. [PMID: 24239670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Active chloride secretion, measured as short-circuit current (Isc) in ionocytes of opercular epithelia (OE) in the eurythermic, euryoxic, and euryhaline killifish or mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) was studied in cold (5°C) and warm (20°C) acclimated fish to determine if homeoviscous adaptation aided chloride secretion in the cold. Isolated opercular epithelia were cooled from 30°C to 0.2°C for warm and cold acclimated fish; from 30 to 8°C, Isc decreased with Q10=1.68 for warm and Q10=1.56 for cold acclimated tissues. By Arrhenius plots, there is a critical temperature, 8°C, below which aerobic Isc decreased sharply (Q10=6.90 for warm and 4.23 for cold acclimated tissues), suggesting a shift in mitochondrial efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. In anaerobic conditions (0.5mM NaCN; N2 saturation), chloride transport continued at a lower rate, and Isc decrease with cooling below 8°C was less pronounced (Q10=2.95 for warm and 3.08 for cold), suggesting a shift in transporter function in plasma membrane. Under anaerobic conditions, NaCl secretion at 20°C was reversibly inhibited by hypotonic shock, indicating normal regulation of transport. Chloride secretion in warm-acclimated fish was supported mostly (75% at 20°C) by aerobic metabolism, whereas that for cold-acclimated fish was lower (55% at 20°C), suggesting a greater reliance on anaerobic metabolism in the cold. Once acclimated to cold, ionocytes may be temporarily incapable of increasing their aerobic ATP supply, even when warmed to 30°C. In cold acclimated fish there was increased polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of gill epithelium (consistent with homeoviscous adaptation) and gill remodeling, wherein epithelial cells filled the interlamellar space (interlamellar cell mass, ILCM) by as much as 70%, thus increasing diffusion distance against passive ion gain. Most ionocytes in these thickened epithelial masses became taller, still connecting basal lamina with the environment, consistent with the continuing transport rates at low temperatures. Whereas the low aerobic scope of cold-acclimated fish and thickened gill epithelium is appropriate to winter inactivity, metabolic depression and anaerobiosis, the large aerobic scope of warm-acclimated fish favors active foraging at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn R Barnes
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Regina R F Cozzi
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - George Robertson
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - William S Marshall
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada.
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Dhillon RS, Yao L, Matey V, Chen BJ, Zhang AJ, Cao ZD, Fu SJ, Brauner CJ, Wang YS, Richards JG. Interspecific differences in hypoxia-induced gill remodeling in carp. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:727-39. [PMID: 24241069 DOI: 10.1086/673180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The gills of many fish, but in particular those of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and goldfish (Carassius auratus), are capable of extensive remodeling in response to changes in oxygen (O2), temperature, and exercise. In this study, we investigated the interspecific variation in hypoxia-induced gill modeling and hypoxia tolerance in 10 closely related groups of cyprinids (nine species, with two strains of Cyprinus carpio). There was significant variation in hypoxia tolerance, measured as the O2 tension (P(O2)) at which fish lost equilibrium (LOEcrit), among the 10 groups of carp. In normoxia, there was a significant, phylogenetically independent relationship between mass-specific gill surface area and LOEcrit, with the more hypoxia-tolerant carp having smaller gills than their less hypoxia-tolerant relatives. All groups of carp, except the Chinese bream (Megalobrama pellegrini), increased mass-specific gill surface area in response to 48 h of exposure to hypoxia (0.7 kPa) through reductions in the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) volume. The magnitude of the hypoxia-induced reduction in the ILCM was negatively correlated with LOEcrit (and thus positively correlated with hypoxia tolerance), independent of phylogeny. The hypoxia-induced changes in gill morphology resulted in reduced variation in mass-specific gill surface area among species and eliminated the relationship between LOEcrit and mass-specific gill surface area. While behavioral responses to hypoxia differed among the carp groups, there were no significant relationships between hypoxia tolerance and the Po2 at which aquatic surface respiration (ASR) was initiated or the total number of ASR events observed during progressive hypoxia. Our results are the first to show that the extent of gill remodeling in cyprinids is associated with hypoxia tolerance in a phylogenetically independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashpal S Dhillon
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; 2Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California; 3Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China; 4Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Ramos CA, Fernandes MN, da Costa OTF, Duncan WP. Implications for osmorespiratory compromise by anatomical remodeling in the gills of Arapaima gigas. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1664-75. [PMID: 23956000 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The gill structure of the Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas, an obligatory air breather, was investigated during its transition from water breathing to the obligatory air breathing modes of respiration. The gill structure of A. gigas larvae is similar to that of most teleost fish; however, the morphology of the gills changes as the fish grow. The main morphological changes in the gill structure of a growing fish include the following: (1) intense cell proliferation in the filaments and lamellae, resulting in increasing epithelial thickness and decreasing interlamellar distance; (2) pillar cell system atrophy, which reduces the blood circulation through the lamellae; (3) the generation of long cytoplasmic processes from the epithelial cells into the intercellular space, resulting in continuous and sinuous paracellular channels between the epithelial cells of the filament and lamella that may be involved in gas, ion, and nutrient transport to epithelial cells; and (4) intense mitochondria-rich cell (MRC) proliferation in the lamellar epithelium. All of these morphological changes in the gills contribute to a low increase of the respiratory surface area for gas exchange and an increase in the water-blood diffusion distance increasing their dependence on air-breathing as fish developed. The increased proliferation of MRCs may contribute to increased ion uptake, which favors the regulation of ion content and pH equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleverson Agner Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, KM 235 Caixa Postal 676, São Carlos, SP, Brasil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General, Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000. 69.077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Nilsson GE, Dymowska A, Stecyk JAW. New insights into the plasticity of gill structure. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:214-22. [PMID: 22846495 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of some fishes to reversibly remodel their gill morphology has become a focus of research after the discovery of extreme morphological gill plasticity in crucian carp and goldfish-both members of the cyprinid genus Carassius. Their lamellae are largely embedded in an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) during normoxic conditions in cold water. The ILCM regresses in hypoxia, warm water, and during exercise, whereby the respiratory surface area and the capacity for oxygen uptake are greatly increased. There may be several reasons for covering the lamellae when oxygen needs are low. Reducing osmoregulatory costs have been suggested as an advantage of gill remodeling, but this has been difficult to show, putting the importance of the osmo-respiratory compromise into question. Other reasons could be to limit uptake of toxic substances and to reduce the risks for infections. In support for the latter, we present evidence showing that crucian carp infected by gill flukes maintain their ILCM when exposed to hypoxia. So far, gill remodeling in response to oxygen needs has been seen in several cyprinids, killifish and eel. In response to other environmental factors it may also occur in salmonids and anabantoids, revealing a phylogenetically widespread occurrence among teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran E Nilsson
- Programme for Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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