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Guadalupe-Silva A, Zena LA, Hervas LS, Rios VP, Gargaglioni LH, Buck CL, Bícego KC. Classification of sex-dependent specific behaviours by tri-axial acceleration in the tegu lizard Salvator merianae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 298:111744. [PMID: 39293558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Validated patterns of behaviour detected by tri-axial acceleration in the laboratory can be used for remote measurements of free-living animals. The tegu lizard naturally occupies diverse biomes in South America and presents ecological threats in regions where it was artificially introduced. We aimed to validate the use of tri-axial acceleration to distinguish among behaviours of male and female tegus in captivity by comparing observed behaviours to recorded acceleration data. Adult animals were externally fitted with an accelerometer fixed between their scapulae to quantify anteroposterior, lateral, and dorsoventral acceleration. Video recordings of cameras positioned on the walls of the animal-holding arena documented behaviours. Behaviour patterns, such as resting, walking, and eating, were identified for both sexes, and nest building in females and courtship and copulation in males. Random Forest algorithm was used to validate the behaviour patterns from accelerometry data based on two models, random split (70 % training-30 % validation; RS) and leave-one-out (divided by individual; LOO). Although LOO showed lower accuracies than RS for all the acceleration data, nest building in females and copulation in males had high accuracies in both models. In contrast, the lowest accuracies for walking and eating indicates they may involve more inconsistent movement patterns. Comparing the results from RS and LOO, female behaviours may be more identifiable in the field using triaxial accelerometry than males. The identification of behaviours by accelerometry, especially related to reproduction, without the necessity for direct observation of the tegus would be helpful for conservation purposes, for both natural and invasive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Guadalupe-Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Livia Saccani Hervas
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - C Loren Buck
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Hervas LS, do Amaral-Silva L, Sartori MR, Guadalupe-Silva A, Gargaglioni LH, Lerchner J, Oliveira MT, Bícego KC. Mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle contributes to reproductive endothermy in tegu lizards (Salvator merianae). Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14162. [PMID: 38741523 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
AIM In cyclic climate variations, including seasonal changes, many animals regulate their energy demands to overcome critical transitory moments, restricting their high-demand activities to phases of resource abundance, enabling rapid growth and reproduction. Tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) are ectotherms with a robust annual cycle, being active during summer, hibernating during winter, and presenting a remarkable endothermy during reproduction in spring. Here, we evaluated whether changes in mitochondrial respiratory physiology in skeletal muscle could serve as a mechanism for the increased thermogenesis observed during the tegu's reproductive endothermy. METHODS We performed high-resolution respirometry and calorimetry in permeabilized red and white muscle fibers, sampled during summer (activity) and spring (high activity and reproduction), in association with citrate synthase measurements. RESULTS During spring, the muscle fibers exhibited increased oxidative phosphorylation. They also enhanced uncoupled respiration and heat production via adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), but not via uncoupling proteins (UCP). Citrate synthase activity was higher during the spring, suggesting greater mitochondrial density compared to the summer. These findings were consistent across both sexes and muscle types (red and white). CONCLUSION The current results highlight potential cellular thermogenic mechanisms in an ectothermic reptile that contribute to transient endothermy. Our study indicates that the unique feature of transitioning to endothermy through nonshivering thermogenesis during the reproductive phase may be facilitated by higher mitochondrial density, function, and uncoupling within the skeletal muscle. This knowledge contributes significant elements to the broader picture of models for the evolution of endothermy, particularly in relation to the enhancement of aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Saccani Hervas
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marina Rincon Sartori
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ane Guadalupe-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Johannes Lerchner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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3
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González-Morales JC, Rivera-Rea J, Moreno-Rueda G, Plasman M, Quintana E, Bastiaans E. Seasonal and altitudinal variation in dorsal skin reflectance and thermic rates in a high-altitude montane lizard. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1421-1435. [PMID: 38652160 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important factors in the life histories of ectotherms, as body temperature has an undeniable effect on growth, activity, and reproduction. Lizards have a wide variety of strategies to acquire and maintain body temperature in an optimal range. The "Thermal Melanism Hypothesis" proposes that individuals with lower skin reflectance can heat up faster as a result of absorbing more solar radiation compared to lighter conspecifics. Therefore, having a darker coloration might be advantageous in cold habitats. Dorsal skin reflectance has been found to change rapidly with body temperature in several lizard species, and it can also vary over longer, seasonal time scales. These variations may be important in thermoregulation, especially in lizards that inhabit areas with a large temperature variation during the year. Here, we study how dorsal reflectance fluctuates with body temperature and varies among seasons. We compared dorsal skin reflectance at three body temperature treatments, and measured thermal rates (i.e., heat and cool rate, thermic lapse, and net heat gain) by elevation (2500-4100 m) and seasons (spring, summer, and autumn) in the mesquite lizard, Sceloporus grammicus. Our results show that lizards were darker at high elevations and during the months with the lowest environmental temperatures. The rate of obtaining and retaining heat also varied during the year and was highest during the reproductive season. Our results indicate that the variation of dorsal skin reflectance and thermal rates follows a complex pattern in lizard populations and is affected by both elevation and season.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlos González-Morales
- Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Instituto Literario No. 100, Col. Centro, Toluca, CP 50000, México.
| | - Jimena Rivera-Rea
- Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario No. 100, Col. Centro, Toluca, Estado de México, CP 50000, México
| | - Gregorio Moreno-Rueda
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva S/N, Granda, E-18071, España
| | - Melissa Plasman
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Erendira Quintana
- Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Instituto Literario No. 100, Col. Centro, Toluca, CP 50000, México
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Biology Departament, State University of New York at Oneonta, 108 Ravine Parkway, Oneonta, NY, 13820, USA
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Giacometti D, Palaoro AV, Leal LC, de Barros FC. How seasonality influences the thermal biology of lizards with different thermoregulatory strategies: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:409-429. [PMID: 37872698 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Ectotherms that maintain thermal balance in the face of varying climates should be able to colonise a wide range of habitats. In lizards, thermoregulation usually appears as a variety of behaviours that buffer external influences over physiology. Basking species rely on solar radiation to raise body temperatures and usually show high thermoregulatory precision. By contrast, species that do not bask are often constrained by climatic conditions in their habitats, thus having lower thermoregulatory precision. While much focus has been given to the effects of mean habitat temperatures, relatively less is known about how seasonality affects the thermal biology of lizards on a macroecological scale. Considering the current climate crisis, assessing how lizards cope with temporal variations in environmental temperature is essential to understand better how these organisms will fare under climate change. Activity body temperatures (Tb ) represent the internal temperature of an animal measured in nature during its active period (i.e. realised thermal niche), and preferred body temperatures (Tpref ) are those selected by an animal in a laboratory thermal gradient that lacks thermoregulatory costs (i.e. fundamental thermal niche). Both traits form the bulk of thermal ecology research and are often studied in the context of seasonality. In this study, we used a meta-analysis to test how environmental temperature seasonality influences the seasonal variation in the Tb and Tpref of lizards that differ in thermoregulatory strategy (basking versus non-basking). Based on 333 effect sizes from 137 species, we found that Tb varied over a greater magnitude than Tpref across seasons. Variations in Tb were not influenced by environmental temperature seasonality; however, body size and thermoregulatory strategy mediated Tb responses. Specifically, larger species were subjected to greater seasonal variations in Tb , and basking species endured greater seasonal variations in Tb compared to non-basking species. On the other hand, the seasonal variation in Tpref increased with environmental temperature seasonality regardless of body size. Thermoregulatory strategy also influenced Tpref , suggesting that behaviour has an important role in mediating Tpref responses to seasonal variations in the thermal landscape. After controlling for phylogenetic effects, we showed that Tb and Tpref varied significantly across lizard families. Taken together, our results support the notion that the relationship between thermal biology responses and climatic parameters can be taxon and trait dependent. Our results also showcase the importance of considering ecological and behavioural aspects in macroecological studies. We further highlight current systematic, geographical, and knowledge gaps in thermal ecology research. Our work should benefit those who aim to understand more fully how seasonality shapes thermal biology in lizards, ultimately contributing to the goal of elucidating the evolution of temperature-sensitive traits in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Giacometti
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brasil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Alexandre V Palaoro
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brasil
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, 490 Sirrine Hall, Clemson University, 515 Calhoun Dr, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Trav. 14, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, Paraná, 82590-300, Brasil
| | - Laura C Leal
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brasil
| | - Fábio C de Barros
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Avenida Juca Stockler 1130, Passos, Minas Gerais, 37900-106, Brasil
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Dubiner S, Jamison S, Meiri S, Levin E. Squamate metabolic rates decrease in winter beyond the effect of temperature. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2163-2174. [PMID: 37632258 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The reptilian form of hibernation (brumation) is much less studied than its mammalian and insect equivalents. Hibernation and brumation share some basic features but may differ in others. Evidence for hypometabolism in brumating reptiles beyond the effect of temperature is sporadic and often ignored. We calculated the standard metabolic rates (SMR, oxygen uptake during inactivity), in winter and/or summer, of 156 individuals representing 59 species of Israeli squamates across all 17 local families. For 32 species, we measured the same individuals during both seasons. We measured gas exchange continuously in a dark metabolic chamber, under the average January high and low temperatures (20°C and 12°C), during daytime and nighttime. We examined how SMR changes with season, biome, body size, temperature and time of day, using phylogenetic mixed models. Metabolic rates increased at sunrise in the diurnal species, despite no light or other external cues, while in nocturnal species the metabolic rates did not increase. Cathemeral species shifted from a diurnal-like diel pattern in winter to a nocturnal-like pattern in summer. Regardless of season, Mediterranean species SMRs were 30% higher than similar-sized desert species. Summer SMR of all species together scaled with body size with an exponent of 0.84 but dropped to 0.71 during brumation. Individuals measured during both seasons decreased their SMR between summer and winter by a 47%, on average, at 20°C and by 70% at 12°C. Q10 was 1.75 times higher in winter than in summer, possibly indicating an active suppression of metabolic processes under cold temperatures. Our results challenge the commonly held perception that squamate physiology is mainly shaped by temperature, with little role for intrinsic metabolic regulation. The patterns we describe indicate that seasonal, diel and geographic factors can trigger remarkable shifts in metabolism across squamate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dubiner
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Simon Jamison
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Levin
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Neuro-immunohistochemical and molecular expression variations during hibernation and activity phases between Rana mascareniensis and Rana ridibunda. J Therm Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Gregorovicova M, Bartos M, Jensen B, Janacek J, Minne B, Moravec J, Sedmera D. Anguimorpha as a model group for studying the comparative heart morphology among Lepidosauria: Evolutionary window on the ventricular septation. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9476. [PMID: 36381397 PMCID: PMC9643144 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The group Anguimorpha represents one of the most unified squamate clades in terms of body plan, ecomorphology, ecophysiology and evolution. On the other hand, the anguimorphs vary between different habitats and ecological niches. Therefore, we focused on the group Anguimorpha to test a possible correlation between heart morphology and ecological niche with respect to phylogenetic position in Squamata with Sphenodon, Salvator, and Pogona as the outgroups. The chosen lepidosaurian species were investigated by microCT. Generally, all lepidosaurs had two well-developed atria with complete interatrial septum and one ventricle divided by ventricular septa to three different areas. The ventricles of all lepidosaurians had a compact layer and abundant trabeculae. The compact layer and trabeculae were developed in accordance with particular ecological niche of the species, the trabeculae in nocturnal animals with low metabolism, such as Sphenodon, Heloderma or Lanthanotus were more massive. On the other hand athletic animals, such as varanids or Salvator, had ventricle compartmentalization divided by three incomplete septa. A difference between varanids and Salvator was found in compact layer thickness: thicker in monitor lizards and possibly linked to their mammalian-like high blood pressure, and the level of ventricular septation. In summary: heart morphology varied among clades in connection with the ecological niche of particular species and it reflects the phylogenetic position in model clade Anguimorpha. In the absence of fossil evidence, this is the closest approach how to understand heart evolution and septation in clade with different cardiac compartmentalization levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gregorovicova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of AnatomyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of AnatomyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- First Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Dental Medicine, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jiri Janacek
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Bryan Minne
- Amphibian Evolution LabFree University of BrusselsBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - David Sedmera
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of AnatomyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
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Tavares D, da Silva Matos SLB, Duran LM, Castro SA, Taylor EW, Filogonio R, Fernandes MN, Leite CA. Baroreflex responses of decerebrate rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) are comparable to awake animals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 273:111286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rial RV, Canellas F, Akaârir M, Rubiño JA, Barceló P, Martín A, Gamundí A, Nicolau MC. The Birth of the Mammalian Sleep. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050734. [PMID: 35625462 PMCID: PMC9138988 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mammals evolved from reptiles as a consequence of an evolutionary bottleneck. Some diurnal reptiles extended their activity, first to twilight and then to the entire dark time. This forced the change of the visual system. Pursuing maximal sensitivity, they abandoned the filters protecting the eyes against the dangerous diurnal light, which, in turn, forced immobility in lightproof burrows during light time. This was the birth of the mammalian sleep. Then, the Cretacic-Paleogene extinction of dinosaurs leaved free the diurnal niche and allowed the expansion of a few early mammals to diurnal life and the high variability of sleep traits. On the other hand, we propose that the idling rest is a state showing homeostatic regulation. Therefore, the difference between behavioral rest and wakeful idling is rather low: both show quiescence, raised sensory thresholds, reversibility, specific sleeping-resting sites and body positions, it is a pleasing state, and both are dependent of circadian and homeostatic regulation. Indeed, the most important difference is the unconsciousness of sleep and the consciousness of wakeful idling. Thus, we propose that sleep is a mere upgrade of the wakeful rest, and both may have the same function: guaranteeing rest during a part of the daily cycle. Abstract Mammals evolved from small-sized reptiles that developed endothermic metabolism. This allowed filling the nocturnal niche. They traded-off visual acuity for sensitivity but became defenseless against the dangerous daylight. To avoid such danger, they rested with closed eyes in lightproof burrows during light-time. This was the birth of the mammalian sleep, the main finding of this report. Improved audition and olfaction counterweighed the visual impairments and facilitated the cortical development. This process is called “The Nocturnal Evolutionary Bottleneck”. Pre-mammals were nocturnal until the Cretacic-Paleogene extinction of dinosaurs. Some early mammals returned to diurnal activity, and this allowed the high variability in sleeping patterns observed today. The traits of Waking Idleness are almost identical to those of behavioral sleep, including homeostatic regulation. This is another important finding of this report. In summary, behavioral sleep seems to be an upgrade of Waking Idleness Indeed, the trait that never fails to show is quiescence. We conclude that the main function of sleep consists in guaranteeing it during a part of the daily cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén V. Rial
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-173-147; Fax: +34-971-173-184
| | - Francesca Canellas
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Mourad Akaârir
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - José A. Rubiño
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Pere Barceló
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Aida Martín
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Antoni Gamundí
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Nicolau
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i dels Ritmes Biològics, Grup de Recerca Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics, Department of Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; (F.C.); (M.A.); (J.A.R.); (P.B.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (M.C.N.)
- IdISBa, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears, Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- IUNICS, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Hospital Universitary Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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Mason BM, Basille M, Nestler JH, Mazzotti FJ. Dyadic Movement in an Adult Male and Female Argentine Black and White Tegu (Salvator merianae) in South Florida. SOUTHEAST NAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1656/058.021.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Mason
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
| | - Mathieu Basille
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
| | - Jennifer H. Nestler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314
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11
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Vicente-Ferreira GS, Martins GS, Chaves NA, Silva DGH, Bonini-Domingos CR. Oxidative and osmotolerant effects in Salvator merianae (Squamata: Teiidae) red blood cells during hibernation. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 84:e249617. [PMID: 34730698 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.249617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is a natural condition of animals that lives in the temperate zone, although some tropical lizards also experience hibernation annually, such as the lizard native from South America, Salvator merianae, or "tegu" lizard. Even though physiological and metabolic characteristic associated with hibernation have been extensively studied, possible alterations in the red blood cells (RBC) integrity during this period remains unclear. Dehydration and fasting are natural consequences of hibernating for several months and it could be related to some cellular modifications. In this study, we investigated if the osmotic tolerance of RBCs of tegu lizard under hibernation is different from the cells obtained from animals while normal activity. Additionally, we indirectly investigated if the RBCs membrane of hibernating tegus could be associated with oxidation by quantifying oxidized biomolecules and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings suggest that RBCs are more fragile during the hibernation period, although we did not find evidence of an oxidative stress scenario associated with the accentuated fragility. Even though we did not exclude the possibility of oxidative damage during hibernation, we suggested that an increased RBCs volume as a consequence of hypoosmotic blood during hibernation could also affect RBCs integrity as noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Vicente-Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biologia, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Laboratório de Hemoglobinas e Genética das Doenças Hematológicas, Departamento de Biologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.,Fundação Parque Tecnológico Itaipu (PTI), Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
| | - G S Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biologia, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Laboratório de Hemoglobinas e Genética das Doenças Hematológicas, Departamento de Biologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - N A Chaves
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biologia, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Laboratório de Hemoglobinas e Genética das Doenças Hematológicas, Departamento de Biologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - D G H Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biologia, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Câmpus de Três Lagoas, Três Lagoas, MS, Brasil
| | - C R Bonini-Domingos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biologia, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Laboratório de Hemoglobinas e Genética das Doenças Hematológicas, Departamento de Biologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
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12
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Currylow AF, Collier MAM, Hanslowe EB, Falk BG, Cade BS, Moy SE, Grajal‐Puche A, Ridgley FN, Reed RN, Yackel Adams AA. Thermal stability of an adaptable, invasive ectotherm: Argentine giant tegus in the Greater Everglades ecosystem, USA. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Currylow
- U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Field Station Fort Collins Science Center 40001 SR 9336 Homestead Florida 33034 USA
| | - Michelle A. M. Collier
- U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Field Station Fort Collins Science Center 40001 SR 9336 Homestead Florida 33034 USA
| | - Emma B. Hanslowe
- U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Field Station Fort Collins Science Center 40001 SR 9336 Homestead Florida 33034 USA
| | - Bryan G. Falk
- U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Field Station Fort Collins Science Center 40001 SR 9336 Homestead Florida 33034 USA
| | - Brian S. Cade
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Avenue Building C Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Sarah E. Moy
- U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Field Station Fort Collins Science Center 40001 SR 9336 Homestead Florida 33034 USA
| | - Alejandro Grajal‐Puche
- U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Field Station Fort Collins Science Center 40001 SR 9336 Homestead Florida 33034 USA
| | - Frank N. Ridgley
- Conservation and Research Department Zoo Miami 12400 SW 152nd Street Miami Florida 33177 USA
| | - Robert N. Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Avenue Building C Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Amy A. Yackel Adams
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Avenue Building C Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
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13
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Claunch NM, Goodman C, Reed RN, Guralnick R, Romagosa CM, Taylor EN. Invaders from islands: thermal matching, potential or flexibility? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Native-range thermal constraints may not reflect the geographical distributions of species introduced from native island ranges in part due to rapid physiological adaptation in species introduced to new environments. Correlative ecological niche models may thus underestimate potential invasive distributions of species from islands. The northern curly-tailed lizard (Leiocephalus carinatus) is established in Florida, including populations north of its native range. Competing hypotheses may explain this distribution: Thermal Matching (distribution reflects thermal conditions of the native range), Thermal Potential (species tolerates thermal extremes absent in the native range) and/or Thermal Flexibility (thermal tolerance reflects local thermal extremes). We rejected the Thermal Matching hypothesis by comparing ecological niche models developed from native vs. native plus invasive distributions; L. carinatus exists in areas of low suitability in Florida as predicted by the native-distribution model. We then compared critical thermal limits of L. carinatus from two non-native populations to evaluate the Thermal Potential and Flexibility hypotheses: one matching native range latitudes, and another 160 km north of the native range that experiences more frequent cold weather events. Critical thermal minima in the northern population were lower than in the south, supporting the Thermal Flexibility hypothesis, whereas critical thermal maxima did not differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Claunch
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Colin Goodman
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert N Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai’i National Park, HI, USA
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christina M Romagosa
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily N Taylor
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
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14
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Seasonal changes in steroid and thyroid hormone content in shed skins of the tegu lizard Salvator merianae. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 192:127-139. [PMID: 34379176 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sampling blood for endocrine analysis from some species may not be practical or ethical. Quantification of hormones extracted from nontypical sample types, such as keratinized tissues, offers a less invasive alternative to the traditional collection and analysis of blood. Here, we aimed to validate assays by using parallelism and accuracy tests for quantification of testosterone, corticosterone, progesterone, and triiodothyronine (T3) in shed skins of tegu lizards. We assessed whether hormone content of sheds varied across one year similar to what was previously detected in plasma samples. In addition, we aimed to identify the phase relationship between hormone levels of shed skin and plasma levels obtained from the same animals. High frequency of shedding occurred during the active season for tegus (spring/summer), while shedding ceased during hibernation (winter). All hormones measured in shed skins exhibited seasonal changes in concentration. Levels of testosterone in shed skins of male tegus correlated positively with plasma testosterone levels, while corticosterone in both males and females exhibited an inverse relationship between sample types for the same month of collection. An inverse relationship was found when accounting for a lag time of 3 and 4 months between sheds and plasma testosterone. These results indicate that endocrine content of sheds may be confounded by factors (i.e., seasons, environmental temperature, thermoregulatory behavior, among others) that affect frequency of molting, skin blood perfusion, and therefore hormone transfer from the bloodstream and deposition in sheds of squamates.
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15
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Goetz SM, Steen DA, Miller MA, Guyer C, Kottwitz J, Roberts JF, Blankenship E, Pearson PR, Warner DA, Reed RN. Argentine Black and White Tegu (Salvator merianae) can survive the winter under semi-natural conditions well beyond their current invasive range. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245877. [PMID: 33690637 PMCID: PMC7946314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Argentine Black and White Tegu (Salvator merianae, formerly Tupinambis merianae) is a large lizard from South America. Now established and invasive in southern Florida, and it poses threats to populations of many native species. Models suggest much of the southern United States may contain suitable temperature regimes for this species, yet there is considerable uncertainty regarding either the potential for range expansion northward out of tropical and subtropical zones or the potential for the species establishing elsewhere following additional independent introductions. We evaluated survival, body temperature, duration and timing of winter dormancy, and health of wild-caught tegus from southern Florida held in semi-natural enclosures for over a year in Auburn, Alabama (> 900 km northwest of capture location). Nine of twelve lizards emerged from winter dormancy and seven survived the greater-than-one-year duration of the study. Average length of dormancy (176 d) was greater than that reported in the native range or for invasive populations in southern Florida and females remained dormant longer than males. Tegus grew rapidly throughout the study and the presence of sperm in the testes of males and previtellogenic or early vitellogenic follicles in female ovaries at the end of our study suggest the animals would have been capable of reproduction the following spring. The survival and overall health of the majority of adult tegus in our study suggests weather and climate patterns are unlikely to prevent survival following introduction in many areas of the United States far from their current invasive range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Goetz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Steen
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Miller
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Craig Guyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jack Kottwitz
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John F. Roberts
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emmett Blankenship
- All Pets Emergency and Referral Center, Alpharetta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Phillip R. Pearson
- Centre for Conservation, Ecology, and Genetics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital City, Australia
| | - Daniel A. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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16
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Zena LA, Dillon D, Hunt KE, Navas CA, Buck CL, Bícego KC. Hormonal correlates of the annual cycle of activity and body temperature in the South-American tegu lizard (Salvator merianae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113295. [PMID: 31580883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Life history transitions and hormones are known to interact and influence many aspects of animal physiology and behavior. The South-American tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) exhibits a profound seasonal shift in metabolism and body temperature, characterized by high daily activity during warmer months, including reproductive endothermy in spring, and metabolic suppression during hibernation in winter. This makes S. merianae an interesting subject for studies of interrelationships between endocrinology and seasonal changes in physiology/behavior. We investigated how plasma concentrations of hormones involved in regulation of energy metabolism (thyroid hormones T4 and T3; corticosterone) and reproduction (testosterone in males and estrogen/progesterone in females) correlate with activity and body temperature (Tb) across the annual cycle of captive held S. merianae in semi-natural conditions. In our initial model, thyroid hormones and corticosterone showed a positive relationship with activity and Tb with independent of sex: T3 positively correlated with activity and Tb, while T4 and corticosterone correlated positively with changes in Tb only. This suggests that thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids may be involved in metabolic transitions of annual cycle events. When accounting for sex-steroid hormones, our sex separated models showed a positive relationship between testosterone and Tb in males and progesterone and activity in females. Coupling seasonal endocrine measures with activity and Tb may expand our understanding of the relationship between animal's physiology and its environment. Manipulative experiments are required in order to unveil the directionality of influences existing among abiotic factors and the hormonal signaling of annual cyclicity in physiology/behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Zena
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Danielle Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kathleen E Hunt
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Carlos A Navas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Duran LM, Taylor EW, Sanches PVW, Cruz AL, Tavares D, Sartori MR, Abe AS, Leite CAC. Heart rate variability in the tegu lizard, Salvator merianae, its neuroanatomical basis and role in the assessment of recovery from experimental manipulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 240:110607. [PMID: 31707060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using long-term, remote recordings of heart rate (fH) on fully recovered, undisturbed lizards, we identified several components of heart rate variability (HRV) associated with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA): 1.) A peak in the spectral representation of HRV at the frequency range of ventilation. 2.) These cardiorespiratory interactions were shown to be dependent on the parasympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system. 3.) Vagal preganglionic neurons are located in discrete groups located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and also, in a ventro-lateral group, homologous to the nucleus ambiguus of mammals. 4.) Myelinated nerve fibers in the cardiac vagus enabling rapid communication between the central nervous system and the heart. Furthermore, the study of the progressive recovery of fH in tegu following anesthesia and instrumentation revealed that 'resting' levels of mean fH and reestablishment of HRV occurred over different time courses. Accordingly, we suggest that, when an experiment is designed to study a physiological variable reliant on autonomic modulation at its normal, resting level, then postsurgical reestablishment of HRV should be considered as the index of full recovery, rather than mean fH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia M Duran
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin W Taylor
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Pollyana V W Sanches
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - André L Cruz
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40.140-310, BA, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina R Sartori
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto S Abe
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleo A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Seasonal variation of hypoxic and hypercarbic ventilatory responses in the lizard Tropidurus torquatus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 237:110534. [PMID: 31401309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) influence the breathing pattern of reptiles, especially when CO2 is in excess or O2 at low concentrations and the effects of these gases on the respiratory response varies according to the species. In addition to respiratory gases, seasonal changes can also modulate breathing pattern and ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercarbia. Therefore, the present study investigated the breathing pattern and ventilatory responses to hypercarbia (5% CO2) and hypoxia (5% O2) of the Neotropical lizard Tropidurus torquatus over a period of one year, covering all seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring). Our data suggest that like other ectothermic sauropsids, Tropidurus torquatus possesses distinct ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercarbia, being more sensitive to changes in CO2 than in O2. Additionally, the ventilatory responses to hypoxia were more pronounced during summer and hypercanic and pos-hypercapnic ventilatory response was reduced during spring, suggesting that seasonality modulates the control of ventilation in this species.
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19
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Zena LA, Dillon D, Hunt KE, Navas CA, Bícego KC, Buck CL. Seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of the thyroid, glucocorticoid and reproductive hormones in the tegu lizard Salvator merianae. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 273:134-143. [PMID: 29913170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tegu lizard Salvator merianae is a large, widely distributed teiid lizard endemic to South America that exhibits annual cycles of high activity during the spring and summer, and hibernation during winter. This pattern of activity and hibernation is accompanied by profound seasonal changes in physiology and behavior, including endothermy during the austral spring. The unusual combination of seasonal endothermy, hibernation and oviparity, in a non-avian, non-mammalian species, makes S. merianae an interesting subject for study of comparative aspects of endocrine regulation of seasonal changes in physiology. In the present study, we first validated commercially available immunoassay kits for quantification of hormone concentrations of the reproductive (testosterone, estradiol and progesterone), adrenal (corticosterone), and thyroid [thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)] axes in plasma of an outdoor, captive adult male and female S. merianae in southeastern Brazil. All assays exhibited parallelism and accuracy with S. merianae plasma. We next assessed patterns of concentration of these hormones across the annual cycle of S. merianae. Testosterone in males and estradiol in females peaked in spring coincident with the peak in reproductive behavior. Progesterone in females was significantly elevated in October coincident with putative ovulation when gravid females build nests. Thyroid hormones, known for regulating energy metabolism, varied seasonally with some sex-dependent differences. T4 gradually increased from an annual nadir during pre-hibernation and hibernation to high concentrations during spring in both sexes. In contrast, T3 did not vary seasonally in males, but females showed a two-fold increase in T3 during the spring reproductive season. T3 may be involved in energy investment during the seasonal production of large clutches of eggs. Corticosterone was significantly elevated during the active season in both sexes, suggesting its involvement in mobilization of energy stores and modulation of behavior (territoriality) and physiology. Ours is the first investigation of concurrent changes in reproductive, thyroid and adrenal hormone concentrations in this endemic and physiologically unique South American lizard. Our findings set the stage for future investigations to determine the extent to which these hormones influence activity and thermoregulation in S. merianae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Zena
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil.
| | - Danielle Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kathleen E Hunt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Carlos A Navas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - C Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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20
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Libourel PA, Barrillot B, Arthaud S, Massot B, Morel AL, Beuf O, Herrel A, Luppi PH. Partial homologies between sleep states in lizards, mammals, and birds suggest a complex evolution of sleep states in amniotes. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005982. [PMID: 30307933 PMCID: PMC6181266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to determine whether rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS) (or non-REM sleep), identified in most mammals and birds, also exist in lizards, as they share a common ancestor with these groups. Recently, a study in the bearded dragon (P. vitticeps) reported states analogous to REM and SWS alternating in a surprisingly regular 80-s period, suggesting a common origin of the two sleep states across amniotes. We first confirmed these results in the bearded dragon with deep brain recordings and electro-oculogram (EOG) recordings. Then, to confirm a common origin and more finely characterize sleep in lizards, we developed a multiparametric approach in the tegu lizard, a species never recorded to date. We recorded EOG, electromyogram (EMG), heart rate, and local field potentials (LFPs) and included data on arousal thresholds, sleep deprivation, and pharmacological treatments with fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake blocker that suppresses REM sleep in mammals. As in the bearded dragon, we demonstrate the existence of two sleep states in tegu lizards. However, no clear periodicity is apparent. The first sleep state (S1 sleep) showed high-amplitude isolated sharp waves, and the second sleep state (S2 sleep) displayed 15-Hz oscillations, isolated ocular movements, and a decrease in heart rate variability and muscle tone compared to S1. Fluoxetine treatment induced a significant decrease in S2 quantities and in the number of sharp waves in S1. Because S2 sleep is characterized by the presence of ocular movements and is inhibited by a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as is REM sleep in birds and mammals, it might be analogous to this state. However, S2 displays a type of oscillation never previously reported and does not display a desynchronized electroencephalogram (EEG) as is observed in the bearded dragons, mammals, and birds. This suggests that the phenotype of sleep states and possibly their role can differ even between closely related species. Finally, our results suggest a common origin of two sleep states in amniotes. Yet, they also highlight a diversity of sleep phenotypes across lizards, demonstrating that the evolution of sleep states is more complex than previously thought. Until recently, the general understanding about sleep was that only mammals and birds show two sleep states: slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Consequently, it was thought that these two states appeared independently in these warm-blooded animals. However, a recent paper reported the presence of these two states in the bearded dragon lizard (Pogona vitticeps), suggesting that these two states arose with the common ancestor of mammals, birds, and reptiles. We confirmed the presence of two sleep states in the bearded dragon and compared its sleep with that of another lizard, the Argentine tegu (Salvator merianae). Our results show that both lizard species have two sleep states with similarities to the two sleep states observed in mammals and birds. Additionally, our study of behavioral and physiological parameters as well as the brain activity associated with sleep in these lizards allowed us to also show important differences between these two species of lizards and between lizards, birds, and mammals. Our findings indicate that sleep in lizards is more complex than previously thought and raise further questions about the nature, function, and evolution of these two sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Baptiste Barrillot
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Arthaud
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Massot
- Nanotechnologies Institute of Lyon, UMR5270 CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Anne-Laure Morel
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Beuf
- Health Image Processing and Acquisition Research Center of Lyon, UMR 5220 CNRS/U1206 INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LYON, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- MECADEV, UMR7179 CNRS, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Ghent University, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Subtropical hibernation in juvenile tegu lizards (Salvator merianae): insights from intestine redox dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9368. [PMID: 29921981 PMCID: PMC6008456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) experience gradual and mild temperature changes from autumn to winter in their habitat. This tropical/subtropical reptile enter a state of dormancy, with an 80% reduction in metabolic rate, that remains almost constant during winter. The redox metabolism in non-mammalian vertebrates that hibernate under such distinguished conditions is poorly understood. We analyzed the redox metabolism in the intestine of juvenile tegus during different stages of their first annual cycle. The effect of food deprivation (in spring) was also studied to compare with fasting during hibernation. Both winter dormancy and food deprivation caused decreases in reduced glutathione levels and glutathione transferase activity. While glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities decreased during winter dormancy, as well as glutathione (GSH) levels, other antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase) remained unchanged. Notably, levels of disulfide glutathione (GSSG) were 2.1-fold higher in late autumn, when animals were in the process of depressing metabolism towards hibernation. This increased “oxidative tonus” could be due to a disruption in NADPH-dependent antioxidant systems. In dormancy, GSSG and lipid hydroperoxides were diminished by 60–70%. The results suggest that the entrance into hibernation is the main challenge for the redox homeostasis in the intestine of juvenile tegus.
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Goessling JM, Mendonça MT, Appel AG. Assessment of Seasonal Metabolic Acclimation in Gopher Tortoises ( Gopherus polyphemus): Does Dormancy Reduce Metabolic Rate? COPEIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1643/cp-17-625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de Barros FC, de Carvalho JE, Abe AS, Kohlsdorf T. Beyond body size: muscle biochemistry and body shape explain ontogenetic variation of anti-predatory behaviour in the lizard Salvator merianae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1649-58. [PMID: 26994181 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.130740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-predatory behaviour evolves under the strong action of natural selection because the success of individuals avoiding predation essentially defines their fitness. Choice of anti-predatory strategies is defined by prey characteristics as well as environmental temperature. An additional dimension often relegated in this multilevel equation is the ontogenetic component. In the tegu Salvator merianae, adults run away from predators at high temperatures but prefer fighting when it is cold, whereas juveniles exhibit the same flight strategy within a wide thermal range. Here, we integrate physiology and morphology to understand ontogenetic variation in the temperature-dependent shift of anti-predatory behaviour in these lizards. We compiled data for body shape and size, and quantified enzyme activity in hindlimb and head muscles, testing the hypothesis that morphophysiological models explain ontogenetic variation in behavioural associations. Our prediction is that juveniles exhibit body shape and muscle biochemistry that enhance flight strategies. We identified biochemical differences between muscles mainly in the LDH:CS ratio, whereby hindlimb muscles were more glycolytic than the jaw musculature. Juveniles, which often use evasive strategies to avoid predation, have more glycolytic hindlimb muscles and are much smaller when compared with adults 1-2 years old. Ontogenetic differences in body shape were identified but marginally contributed to behavioural variation between juvenile and adult tegus, and variation in anti-predatory behaviour in these lizards resides mainly in associations between body size and muscle biochemistry. Our results are discussed in the ecological context of predator avoidance by individuals differing in body size living at temperature-variable environments, where restrictions imposed by the cold could be compensated by specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Cury de Barros
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - campus Diadema, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Augusto Shinya Abe
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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Tattersall GJ. Reptile thermogenesis and the origins of endothermy. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:403-405. [PMID: 27133734 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extant endotherms have high rates of metabolism, elevated body temperatures, usually tight control over body temperature, and a reasonable scope for further increases in metabolism through locomotor activity. Vertebrate ectotherms, on the other hand, rely on behavioural thermoregulation and cardiovascular adjustments to facilitate warming, and generally lack specific biochemical and cellular mechanisms for sustained, elevated metabolism. Nevertheless, the ancestral condition to endothermy is thought to resemble that of many extant reptiles, which raises the question of the origins and selection pressures relevant to the transitional state. Numerous hypotheses have emerged to explain the multiple origins of endothermy in vertebrates, including thermoregulatory, locomotory, and reproductive activity as possible drivers for these sustained and elevated metabolic rates. In this article, I discuss recent evidence for facultative endothermy in an extant lepidosaur, the tegu lizard. Since lepidosaurs are a sister group to the archosaurs, understanding how a novel form of endothermy evolved will open up opportunities to test the compatibility or incompatibility of the various endothermy hypotheses, with potential to elucidate and resolve long contentious ideas in evolutionary physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S3A1, Canada.
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Tattersall GJ, Leite CAC, Sanders CE, Cadena V, Andrade DV, Abe AS, Milsom WK. Seasonal reproductive endothermy in tegu lizards. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1500951. [PMID: 26844295 PMCID: PMC4737272 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With some notable exceptions, small ectothermic vertebrates are incapable of endogenously sustaining a body temperature substantially above ambient temperature. This view was challenged by our observations of nighttime body temperatures sustained well above ambient (up to 10°C) during the reproductive season in tegu lizards (~2 kg). This led us to hypothesize that tegus have an enhanced capacity to augment heat production and heat conservation. Increased metabolic rates and decreased thermal conductance are the same mechanisms involved in body temperature regulation in those vertebrates traditionally acknowledged as "true endotherms": the birds and mammals. The appreciation that a modern ectotherm the size of the earliest mammals can sustain an elevated body temperature through metabolic rates approaching that of endotherms enlightens the debate over endothermy origins, providing support for the parental care model of endothermy, but not for the assimilation capacity model of endothermy. It also indicates that, contrary to prevailing notions, ectotherms can engage in facultative endothermy, providing a physiological analog in the evolutionary transition to true endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J. Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT–Fisiologia Comparada), 13505-060 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleo A. C. Leite
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT–Fisiologia Comparada), 13505-060 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Colin E. Sanders
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviana Cadena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Denis V. Andrade
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT–Fisiologia Comparada), 13505-060 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900 Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Augusto S. Abe
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT–Fisiologia Comparada), 13505-060 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900 Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - William K. Milsom
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT–Fisiologia Comparada), 13505-060 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
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Zena LA, Dantonio V, Gargaglioni LH, Andrade DV, Abe AS, Bícego KC. Winter metabolic depression does not change arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in the tegu lizard (Salvator merianae). J Exp Biol 2016; 219:725-33. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.129130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Baroreflex regulation of blood pressure (BP) is important for maintaining appropriate tissue perfusion. Although temperature affects heart rate (fH) reflex regulation in some reptiles and toads, no data are available on the influence of temperature-independent metabolic states on baroreflex. The South American tegu lizard Salvator merianae exhibits a clear seasonal cycle of activity decreasing fH along with winter metabolic downregulation, independent of body temperature. Through pharmacological interventions (phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside), the baroreflex control of fH was studied at ∼25°C in spring-summer and winter-acclimated tegus.
In winter lizards, resting and minimum fH were lower than in spring-summer animals (respectively, 13.3±0.82 vs 10.3±0.81 and 11.2±0.65 vs 7.97±0.88 beats.min−1), while no acclimation differences occurred in resting BP (5.14±0.38 vs 5.06±0.56 kPa), baroreflex gain (94.3±10.7 vs 138.7±30.3 %.kPa−1) and rate-pressure product (an index of myocardial activity). Vagal tone exceeded the sympathetic tone of fH especially in the winter group. Therefore, despite the lower fH, winter acclimation does not diminish the fH baroreflex responses nor rate-pressure product possibly because of increased stroke volume that may arise due to heart hypertrophy. Independent of acclimation, fH responded more to hypotension than to hypertension. This should imply that tegus, which have no pressure separation within the single heart ventricle, must have other protection mechanisms against pulmonary hypertension or oedema, presumably through lymphatic drainage and/or vagal vasoconstriction of pulmonary artery. Such a predominant fH reflex response to hypothension, previously observed in anurans, crocodilians and mammals, may be a common feature of tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. Zena
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Valter Dantonio
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Luciane H. Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Denis V. Andrade
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Augusto S. Abe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Kênia C. Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
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