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Kilday JP, Caldarelli M, Massimi L, Chen RHH, Lee YY, Liang ML, Parkes J, Naiker T, van Veelen ML, Michiels E, Mallucci C, Pettorini B, Meijer L, Dorfer C, Czech T, Diezi M, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Holm S, Gustavsson B, Benesch M, Müller HL, Hoffmann A, Rutkowski S, Flitsch J, Escherich G, Grotzer M, Spoudeas HA, Azquikina K, Capra M, Jiménez-Guerra R, MacDonald P, Johnston DL, Dvir R, Constantini S, Kuo MF, Yang SH, Bartels U. Intracystic interferon-alpha in pediatric craniopharyngioma patients: an international multicenter assessment on behalf of SIOPE and ISPN. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1398-1407. [PMID: 28499018 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Craniopharyngiomas are frequent hypothalamo-pituitary tumors in children, presenting predominantly as cystic lesions. Morbidity from conventional treatment has focused attention on intracystic drug delivery, hypothesized to cause fewer clinical consequences. However, the efficacy of intracystic therapy remains unclear. We report the retrospective experiences of several global centers using intracystic interferon-alpha. Methods European Société Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique and International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery centers were contacted to submit a datasheet capturing pediatric patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas who had received intracystic interferon-alpha. Patient demographics, administration schedules, adverse events, and outcomes were obtained. Progression was clinical or radiological (cyst reaccumulation, novel cysts, or solid growth). Results Fifty-six children (median age, 6.3 y) from 21 international centers were identified. Median follow-up from diagnosis was 5.1 years (0.3-17.7 y). Lesions were cystic (n = 22; 39%) or cystic/solid (n = 34; 61%). Previous progression was treated in 43 (77%) patients before interferon use. In such cases, further progression was delayed by intracystic interferon compared with the preceding therapy for cystic lesions (P = 0.0005). Few significant attributable side effects were reported. Progression post interferon occurred in 42 patients (median 14 mo; 0-8 y), while the estimated median time to definitive therapy post interferon was 5.8 (1.8-9.7) years. Conclusions Intracystic interferon-alpha can delay disease progression and potentially offer a protracted time to definitive surgery or radiotherapy in pediatric cystic craniopharyngioma, yet demonstrates a favorable toxicity profile compared with other therapeutic modalities-important factors for this developing age group. A prospective, randomized international clinical trial assessment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Kilday
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Massimo Caldarelli
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luca Massimi
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Hsin-Hung Chen
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yi Yen Lee
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Muh-Lii Liang
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeanette Parkes
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thuran Naiker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marie-Lise van Veelen
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erna Michiels
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Conor Mallucci
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benedetta Pettorini
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lisethe Meijer
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christian Dorfer
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Czech
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manuel Diezi
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antoinette Y N Schouten-van Meeteren
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stefan Holm
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bengt Gustavsson
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Martin Benesch
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hermann L Müller
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anika Hoffmann
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joerg Flitsch
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Grotzer
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen A Spoudeas
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristian Azquikina
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Capra
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rolando Jiménez-Guerra
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick MacDonald
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donna L Johnston
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rina Dvir
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Meng-Fai Kuo
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shih-Hung Yang
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ute Bartels
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK; The Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, England, UK; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK ; Beatrix Childrens' Hospital, University MC, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Pediatric Oncology Department, Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Departments of Paediatric Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Mexico, Mexico City,Mexico; Department of Neurosurgery, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Donson AM, Apps J, Griesinger AM, Amani V, Witt DA, Anderson RCE, Niazi TN, Grant G, Souweidane M, Johnston JM, Jackson EM, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Handler MH, Tan AC, Gore L, Virasami A, Gonzalez-Meljem JM, Jacques TS, Martinez-Barbera JP, Foreman NK, Hankinson TC. Molecular Analyses Reveal Inflammatory Mediators in the Solid Component and Cyst Fluid of Human Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:779-788. [PMID: 28859336 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a highly solid and cystic tumor, often causing substantial damage to critical neuroendocrine structures such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic apparatus. Paracrine signaling mechanisms driving tumor behavior have been hypothesized, with IL-6R overexpression identified as a potential therapeutic target. To identify potential novel therapies, we characterized inflammatory and immunomodulatory factors in ACP cyst fluid and solid tumor components. Cytometric bead analysis revealed a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern in fluid from ACP compared to fluids from another cystic pediatric brain tumor, pilocytic astrocytoma. Cytokines and chemokines with particularly elevated concentrations in ACPs were IL-6, CXCL1 (GRO), CXCL8 (IL-8) and the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. These data were concordant with solid tumor compartment transcriptomic data from a larger cohort of ACPs, other pediatric brain tumors and normal brain. The majority of receptors for these cytokines and chemokines were also over-expressed in ACPs. In addition to IL-10, the established immunosuppressive factor IDO-1 was overexpressed by ACPs at the mRNA and protein levels. These data indicate that ACP cyst fluids and solid tumor components are characterized by an inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression pattern. Further study regarding selective cytokine blockade may inform novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Donson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John Apps
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrea M Griesinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vladimir Amani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Davis A Witt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard C E Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Toba N Niazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mark Souweidane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric M Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bette K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael H Handler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lia Gore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alex Virasami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jose Mario Gonzalez-Meljem
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nicholas K Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Todd C Hankinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Miami Children's Hospital, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK; Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado; and Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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