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Palavra F, Geria L, Jorge A, Marques M, dos Santos CS, Amaral J, Ribeiro JA, Pereira C, Robalo C. Neutrophil/lymphocyte and monocyte/lymphocyte indexes as potential predictors of relapse at 1 year after diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis: a single-center, exploratory and proof-of-concept study. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1305176. [PMID: 38287987 PMCID: PMC10822923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1305176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early identification of patients with a more unfavorable outcome in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is crucial to optimize individualized treatment. Neutrophil-lymphocyte index (NLI) and monocyte-lymphocyte index (MLI) have been considered as potential biomarkers for disease prognosis. Our study aims to investigate the usefulness of NLI and MLI as predictors of relapse, disability progression, and lesion accumulation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1 year after diagnosis and treatment initiation, in pediatric-onset MS. Methods A retrospective single-center study was conducted, including patients with diagnosis of MS established in pediatric age (<18 years old), at least 1-year of follow-up, and a complete blood count (CBC) performed at diagnosis. We collected the nearest-to-diagnosis NLI and MLI, as well as clinical and imaging variables, at diagnosis and 12 months later. Our cohort was further dichotomized into two groups, based on the presence of relapses. Statistical significance was considered for p < 0.05. Results Eighteen patients (n = 18) were included. The relapsing group had higher mean, minimum, and maximum values for both NLI (5.17 ± 5.85, range: 1.57-11.92) and MLI (0.35 ± 0.22, range: 0.19-0.59), compared to the non-relapsing group (2.19 ± 1.63, range: 1.12-7.32 for NLI, and 0.24 ± 0.09, range: 0.14-0.44 for MLI). A higher percentage of patients in the relapsing group had increased NLI (>1.89, 66.7%) and MLI (>0.21, 66.7%) values than those in the non-relapsing group (46.7%). Patients who presented new T2-hyperintense lesions on MRI after 1 year of follow-up also had higher mean, minimum, and maximum values of both biomarkers. Patients who did not achieve No Evidence of Disease Activity-3 (NEDA-3) state exhibited higher values for both ratios. However, in our sample, no statistically significant correlations were found between MLI and NLI values and the clinical and imaging variables considered. Conclusion The ease of obtaining NLI and MLI from routine blood tests renders them useful biomarkers as a screening tool in longitudinal follow-up. Our study was based on a very small sample size, but it allowed us to verify the feasibility of the protocol used. It is intended to involve other centers in the next phase of this work, testing the possible usefulness of the indices under analysis on a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Palavra
- Center for Child Development–Neuropediatrics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonor Geria
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Jorge
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Marques
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Constança Soares dos Santos
- Center for Child Development–Neuropediatrics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Amaral
- Center for Child Development–Neuropediatrics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Afonso Ribeiro
- Center for Child Development–Neuropediatrics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Pereira
- Center for Child Development–Neuropediatrics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Conceição Robalo
- Center for Child Development–Neuropediatrics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Grasso EA, Pozzilli V, Tomassini V. Transverse myelitis in children and adults. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:101-117. [PMID: 37620065 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Transverse myelitis is a noncompressive myelopathy of inflammatory origin. The causes are broad, ranging from infective or toxic to immuno-mediated etiology. They can be manifestations of systemic diseases, such as sarcoidosis and systemic lupus erythematous, or phenotypes of neuroinflammation; in a portion of cases, the etiology remains unknown, leading to the designation idiopathic. The clinical presentation of transverse myelitis depends on the level of spinal cord damage and may include sensorimotor deficits and autonomic dysfunction. The age of onset of the disorder can impact the symptoms and outcomes of affected patients, with differences in manifestation and prognosis between children and adults. Spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination are the main diagnostic tools that can guide clinicians in the diagnostic process, even though the search for antibodies that target the structural components of the neural tissue (anti-aquaporin4 antibodies and anti-myelin-oligodendrocyte antibodies) helps in the distinction among the immune-mediated phenotypes. Management and outcomes depend on the underlying cause, with different probabilities of relapse according to the phenotypes. Hence, immunosuppression is often recommended for the immune-mediated diseases that may have a higher risk of recurrence. Age at onset has implications for the choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Agata Grasso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Pozzilli
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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Padilha IG, Fonseca APA, Pettengill ALM, Fragoso DC, Pacheco FT, Nunes RH, Maia ACM, da Rocha AJ. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: from clinical basis to imaging spectrum and differential diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:776-792. [PMID: 31925460 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) deserves special attention because of its impact on cognitive function and development. Although knowledge regarding pediatric MS has rapidly increased, understanding the peculiarities of this population remains crucial for disease management. There is limited expertise about the efficacy and safety of current disease-modifying agents. Although pathophysiology is not entirely understood, some risk factors and immunological features have been described and are discussed herein. While the revised International Pediatric MS Study Group diagnostic criteria have improved the accuracy of diagnosis, the recently revised McDonald criteria also offer some new insights into the pediatric population. It is fundamental that radiologists have strong knowledge about the vast spectrum of demyelinating disorders that can occur in childhood to ensure appropriate diagnosis and provide early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G Padilha
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil.
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana P A Fonseca
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L M Pettengill
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego C Fragoso
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe T Pacheco
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato H Nunes
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C M Maia
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio J da Rocha
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
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Current Advances in Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8040071. [PMID: 32231060 PMCID: PMC7235875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system leading to demyelination. MS in the pediatric population is rare, but has been shown to lead to significant disability over the duration of the disease. As we have learned more about pediatric MS, there has been a development of improved diagnostic criteria leading to earlier diagnosis, earlier initiation of disease-modifying therapies (DMT), and an increasing number of DMT used in the treatment of pediatric MS. Over time, treatment with DMT has trended towards the initiation of higher efficacy treatment at time of diagnosis to help prevent further disease progression and accrual of disability over time, and there is evidence in current literature that supports this change in treatment patterns. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge in diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes in pediatric MS.
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