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Xiao Y, Jin L, Zhang C. From a hunger-regulating hormone to an antimicrobial peptide: gastrointestinal derived circulating endocrine hormone-peptide YY exerts exocrine antimicrobial effects against selective gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2316927. [PMID: 38356283 PMCID: PMC10878018 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2316927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xiao
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Conlon JM. The Enigmatic N-Terminal Domain of Proglucagon; A Historical Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:683089. [PMID: 34177808 PMCID: PMC8226317 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.683089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroglucagon refers to the predominant peptide with glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) that is released by the intestine into the circulation in response to nutrients. Development of a radioimmunoassay for glucagon revealed issues that were not apparent in applications of the insulin radioimmunoassay. The fact that some antisera raised against glucagon recognized glucagon-related peptides in extracts of both pancreas and gut whereas others recognized only components in the pancreas remained a mystery until it was realized that the "gut GLI cross-reactive" antisera were directed against an epitope in the N-terminal to central region of glucagon whereas the "pancreatic glucagon specific" antisera were directed against an epitope in the C-terminal region. Unlike the cross-reactive antisera, the glucagon specific antisera did not recognize components in which glucagon was extended from its C-terminus by additional amino acids. Initial attempts to purify enteroglucagon from porcine ileum led to the erroneous conclusion that enteroglucagon comprised 100 amino acids with an apparent molecular mass of 12,000 Da and was consequently given the name glicentin. Subsequent work established that the peptide constituted residues (1-69) of proglucagon (Mr 8128). In the 40 years since the structural characterization of glicentin, attempts to establish an unambiguous physiological function for enteroglucagon have not been successful. Unlike the oxyntomodulin domain at the C-terminus of enteroglucagon, the primary structure of the N-terminal domain (glicentin-related pancreatic peptide) has been poorly conserved among mammals. Consequently, most investigations of the bioactivity of porcine glicentin may have been carried out in inappropriate animal models. Enteroglucagon may simply represent an inactive peptide that ensures that the intestine does not release equimolar amounts of a hyperglycemic agent (glucagon) and a hypoglycemic agent (GLP-1) after ingestion of nutrients.
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Azmy Nabeh O, Ishak Attallah M, El-Sayed El-Gawhary N. The pivotal relation between glucagon-like peptides, NFκB and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1641-1648. [PMID: 32511781 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptides (GLPs), GLP-1 and GLP-2, are released from intestinal enteroendocrine cells (L cells) in response to ingested nutrients. GLP-1 plays a crucial role in lowering blood glucose and controlling body weight, through stimulating the islet ß cells of pancreas to secrete insulin, inhibiting gastric emptying, and reducing food ingestion. Therefore, GLP-1 receptor agonists are now used in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-2, on the other hand, is used as a novel therapy for short bowel syndrome (SBS) through its ability to restore intestinal homeostasis and induce epithelial proliferation. GLPs and the inhibitors of their degradation enzymes, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, have many anti-inflammatory actions. Many animal-based clinical trials have proved that GLP-based therapy has a pivotal role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), possibly through regulating the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-ligand B (NFκB). NFκB controls the production and secretion of many cytokines and chemokines encountered in the pathophysiology of IBD such as interleukin (IL-1β-IL-12, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and hence, may provide a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Azmy Nabeh
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdy Ishak Attallah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kokkinos A, Tsilingiris D, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Mantzoros CS. Will medications that mimic gut hormones or target their receptors eventually replace bariatric surgery? Metabolism 2019; 100:153960. [PMID: 31412266 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective therapeutic modality through which sustained beneficial effects on weight loss and metabolic improvement are achieved. During recent years, indications for bariatric surgery have been expanded to include cases of poorly controlled type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus in lesser extremes of body weight. A spectrum of the beneficial effects of surgery is attributed to robust changes of postprandial gut peptide responses that are observed post operatively. Consolidated knowledge regarding gut peptide physiology as well as emerging new evidence shedding light on the mode of action of previously overlooked gut hormones provide appealing potential obesity and T2DM therapeutic perspectives. The accumulation of evidence from the effect of exogenous administration of native gut peptides alone or in combinations to humans as well as the development of mimetic agents exerting agonistic effects on combinations of gut hormone receptors pave the way for future integrated gut peptide-based treatments, which may mimic the effects of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesco Rubino
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Diabetes and Nutritional Science Division, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Raffort J, Lareyre F, Massalou D, Fénichel P, Panaïa-Ferrari P, Chinetti G. Insights on glicentin, a promising peptide of the proglucagon family. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2017; 27:308-324. [PMID: 28736498 PMCID: PMC5508206 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2017.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glicentin is a proglucagon-derived peptide mainly produced in the L-intestinal cells. While the roles of other members of the proglucagon family including glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2 and oxyntomodulin has been well studied, the functions and variation of glicentin in human are not fully understood. Experimental and clinical studies have highlighted its role in both intestinal physiology and glucose metabolism, pointing to its potential interest in a wide range of pathological states including gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders. Due to its structure presenting many similarities with the other proglucagon-derived peptides, its measurement is technically challenging. The recent commercialization of specific detection methods has offered new opportunities to go further in the understanding of glicentin physiology. Here we summarize the current knowledge on glicentin biogenesis and physiological roles. In the limelight of clinical studies investigating glicentin variation in human, we discuss future directions for potential applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Raffort
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Fabien Lareyre
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France.,Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Damien Massalou
- Department of General Surgery and Digestive Cancerology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Fénichel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Patricia Panaïa-Ferrari
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Giulia Chinetti
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
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Gunawardene AR, Corfe BM, Staton CA. Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:219-31. [PMID: 21518048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With over thirty different hormones identified as being produced in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the gut has been described as 'the largest endocrine organ in the body' (Ann. Oncol., 12, 2003, S63). The classification of these hormones and the cells that produce them, the enteroendocrine cells (EECs), has provided the foundation for digestive physiology. Furthermore, alterations in the composition and function of EEC may influence digestive physiology and thereby associate with GI pathologies. Whilst there is a rapidly increasing body of data on the role and function of EEC in the upper GI tract, there is a less clear-cut understanding of the function of EEC in the lower GI. Nonetheless, their presence and diversity are indicative of a role. This review focuses on the EECs of the lower GI where new evidence also suggests a possible relationship with the development and progression of primary adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok R Gunawardene
- Department of Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Cani PD, Delzenne NM. The gut microbiome as therapeutic target. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:202-12. [PMID: 21295072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, type-2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation are becoming worldwide epidemics. In this regard, the literature provides a novel concept that we call "MicrObesity" (Microbes and Obesity), which is devoted to deciphering the specific role of dysbiosis and its impact on host metabolism and energy storage. In the present review, we discuss novel findings that may partly explain how the microbial community participates in the development of the fat mass development, insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation that characterise obesity. In recent years, numerous mechanisms have been proposed and several proteins identified. Amongst the key players involved in the control of fat mass development, Fasting induced adipose factor, AMP-activated protein kinase, G-protein coupled receptor 41 and G-protein coupled receptor 43 have been linked to gut microbiota. In addition, the discovery that low-grade inflammation might be directly linked to the gut microbiota through metabolic endotoxaemia (elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide levels) has led to the identification of novel mechanisms involved in the control of the gut barrier. Amongst these, the impacts of glucagon-like peptide-2, the endocannabinoid system and specific bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium spp.) have been investigated. Moreover, the advent of probiotic and prebiotic treatments appears to be a promising "pharmaco-nutritional" approach to reversing the host metabolic alterations linked to the dysbiosis observed in obesity. Although novel powerful molecular system biology approaches have offered great insight into this "small world within", more studies are needed to unravel how specific changes in the gut microbial community might affect or counteract the development of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium.
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