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Zhang H, Zu Q, Zhang J, Liu S, Zhang G, Chang X, Li X. Soluble Dietary Fiber of Hawthorn Relieves Constipation Induced by Loperamide Hydrochloride by Improving Intestinal Flora and Inflammation, Thereby Regulating the Aquaporin Ion Pathway in Mice. Foods 2024; 13:2220. [PMID: 39063304 PMCID: PMC11275587 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber can be fermented and utilized by gut microbiota to reshape the gut microbiota, thereby alleviating constipation. This experiment mainly studied the physicochemical functions of hawthorn soluble dietary fiber (HSDF)and its effect and mechanism in alleviating constipation in mice. Forty-five mice were divided into blank control group C, model group M, positive control HS group, low-dose LHSDF group (1 g/kg/bw), and high-dose HHSDF group (2 g/kg/bw). The mice were modeled at a dose of 10 mg/kg/bw of loperamide hydrochloride for 7 days, while the remaining groups were orally administered an equal amount of distilled water and test samples. After continuous gavage for 45 days we performed a bowel movement test, and then continued gavage for 7 days and performed a small intestine propulsion test and indicator testing. The results showed that HSDF is mainly composed of galacturonic acid, belonging to the type I crystal structure, with a loose surface resembling a snowflake, a small molecular weight, and strong water-holding and antioxidant abilities. Animal experiments showed that compared with group M, HSDF significantly upregulated AQP3 and AQP8 by 52.67% and 164.54%, respectively, and downregulated AQP9 protein expression by 45.88%, thereby promoting intestinal peristalsis. It can also alleviate constipation by increasing the levels of excitatory hormones such as MTL, GAS, and SP in the gastrointestinal tract, and reducing the levels of inhibitory hormones such as SS, NO, and MDA. In addition, HSDF can reduce the levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and PL-1 β, increase the content of various short-chain fatty acids, alleviate intestinal inflammation, maintain intestinal integrity, and promote defecation. It can also promote the growth of probiotics such as Bacteroides, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and alter the diversity of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henghui Zhang
- Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qixin Zu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jiancai Zhang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Suwen Liu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuedong Chang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Huang YP, Shi JY, Luo XT, Luo SC, Cheung PCK, Corke H, Yang QQ, Zhang BB. How do probiotics alleviate constipation? A narrative review of mechanisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38710624 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2336531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Constipation is a common gastrointestinal condition, which may occur at any age and affects countless people. The search for new treatments for constipation is ongoing as current drug treatments fail to provide fully satisfactory results. In recent years, probiotics have attracted much attention because of their demonstrated therapeutic efficacy and fewer side effects than pharmaceutical products. Many studies attempted to answer the question of how probiotics can alleviate constipation. It has been shown that different probiotic strains can alleviate constipation by different mechanisms. The mechanisms on probiotics in relieving constipation were associated with various aspects, including regulation of the gut microbiota composition, the level of short-chain fatty acids, aquaporin expression levels, neurotransmitters and hormone levels, inflammation, the intestinal environmental metabolic status, neurotrophic factor levels and the body's antioxidant levels. This paper summarizes the perception of the mechanisms on probiotics in relieving constipation and provides some suggestions on new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Huang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Yan Shi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Tao Luo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Si-Chen Luo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, P.R. China
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, P.R. China
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Qiong-Qiong Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
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Wen Y, Zhan Y, Tang S, Liu F, Wu R, Kong P, Li Q, Tang X. Zhizhu decoction alleviates slow transit constipation by regulating aryl hydrocarbon receptor through gut microbiota. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:111-124. [PMID: 36562308 PMCID: PMC9793913 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2157020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Slow transit constipation (STC), the most common type of constipation, seriously affects the life of patients. Zhizhu decoction (ZZD), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, has is effective against functional constipation, but the mechanism is still unclear. OBJECTIVE This research explores the mechanism of ZZD on STC from the perspective of metabolomics and gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 9): control (control); STC (model); positive control (positive); low-dose (5 g/kg; L-ZZD), medium-dose (10 g/kg; M-ZZD), and high-dose (20 g/kg; H-ZZD) ZZD treatment. Following treatment of mice with ZZD for two weeks, the changes in intestinal motility, colon histology, intestinal neurotransmitters, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway determined the effects of ZZD on the pathophysiology of STC. LC-MS targeting serum metabolomics was used to analyze the regulation of ZZD on neurotransmitters, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to detect the regulation of the gut microbiome. RESULTS ZZD had the highest content of naringin (6348.1 mg/L), and could significantly increase the 24 h defecations (1.10- to 1.42-fold), fecal moisture (1.14-fold) and intestinal transport rate (1.28-fold) of STC mice, increased the thickness of the mucosal and muscular tissue (1.18- to 2.16-fold) and regulated the neurotransmitters in the colon of STC mice. Moreover, ZZD significantly activated the AHR signaling pathway, and also affected the composition of gut microbiota in STC mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The beneficial effect and the possible mechanism of ZZD on STC could provide a theoretical basis for the broader clinical application of ZZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Kong
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xuegui Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Liu B, Zhang Z, Liu X, Hu W, Wu W. Gastrointestinal Fermentable Polysaccharide Is Beneficial in Alleviating Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4364. [PMID: 37892439 PMCID: PMC10610129 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of gastrointestinal (GI) polysaccharide fermentation in alleviating constipation, two polysaccharide fractions were isolated from a soluble fiber extract with determined anti-constipation activity: a 2.04 kDa neutral fraction (SSP-1) contained 99.29% glucose, and a 41.66 kDa acidic fraction (SSP-2) contained 63.85% uronic acid. After mice were given loperamide for 14 d to induce constipation, the GI transit rate increased significantly in the SSP-1 group (p < 0.05) but not in the SSP-2 group. The stool weight in the SSP-2 group was significantly higher than that in SSP-1 (383.60 mg vs. 226.23 mg) (p < 0.05). Both SSP-1 and SSP-2 groups had significantly increased serum gastrin and motilin levels (p < 0.05) and changes in their fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, while SSP-1 showed better fermentation properties than SSP-2 in terms of statistically higher fecal contents of acetic acid and total SCFAs (p < 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis indicated that SSP-1 upregulated bacteria such as Oscillibacter to improve SCFA metabolism and stimulate GI hormone secretion, while SSP-2 had less influence on the gut microbiota. These results suggest that the neutral polysaccharide with superior GI fermentation properties exerted beneficial effects on constipation, while the less fermentable pectic fraction might act as a stool-bulking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyu Liu
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (B.L.); (W.H.)
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (B.L.); (W.H.)
| | - Xingquan Liu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (B.L.); (W.H.)
| | - Weicheng Wu
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (B.L.); (W.H.)
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Laxative Effects of Yangyin Tongmi Capsule on a Model of Diphenoxylate-Induced Constipation in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1471824. [PMID: 32148532 PMCID: PMC7056994 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1471824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Constipation is characterized by reduced number of bowel movements, dry stools, and difficult defecation. Yangyin Tongmi capsule (YTC), a traditional Chinese formula, is used in the treatment of constipation, while the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, this work attempted to prove the effects of YTC on constipation treatment and its possible mechanisms. KM mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group) and treated with double distilled water (Control), diphenoxylate (Model: 10 mg/kg), or diphenoxylate plus low-dose YTC (L-YTC: 0.6 g/kg) or high-dose YTC (H-YTC: 1.2 g/kg). The data indicated that YTC can significantly shorten the discharge time of the first black stool, improve intestinal propulsion rate, and increase the water content and quantity of feces in mice. ELISA suggested that YTC regulate the content of intestinal hormones and neurotransmitters, such as motilin (MTL), gastrin (GT), somatostatin (SST), substance P (SP), acetylcholine (Ach), and nitric oxide (NO). The expression levels of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 8 (AQP8) in the colon were examined by immunohistochemistry. In the meantime, the expression levels of P2X2, C-kit, and stem cell factor (SCF) in the colon were examined by western blot analysis. The results of this study suggest that YTC has mitigative effects on diphenoxylate-induced constipation by regulating the content of intestinal hormones and neurotransmitters and regulating the expression of related proteins in the colon.
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Wen J, Zhuang Z, Zhao M, Xie D, Xie B, Zhuang L, Liang Z, Wu W, Xu H. Treatment of poststroke constipation with moxibustion: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11134. [PMID: 29901642 PMCID: PMC6024066 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Moxibustion, an important therapeutic measure of TCM, can stimulate acupoints to unblock the meridians and collaterals, regulate the function of qi and blood, support health, and expel pathogens. So it could be an effective and safe for the treatment of constipation and improvement of the quality of life in poststroke patients with constipation. PATIENT CONCERNS He has a history of constipation, with the defecation of hard, bound stool every 2 to 3 days with the help of glycerin enema. DIAGNOSES Constipation for >6 months; Cerebral infarction for 9 months; Type 2 diabetes for 3 years. Hypertension for approximately 1 month. INTERVENTIONS From the fifth day after admission, 5 rounds of moxibustion with moxa cones were administered at the bilateral ST25 and CV6 acupoints. OUTCOMES The patient successfully defecated within 1hour. Subsequently, the patient could maintain daily unobstructed defecation with a normal total stool weight and moderate hardness. LESSONS Moxibustion is effective and safe for the treatment of constipation and improvement of the quality of life in post-stroke patients with constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmao Wen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | | | | | - Dongming Xie
- The Affiliated Hospital Of South China University Of Technology
| | - Bo Xie
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Lixing Zhuang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Li Y, Yu Y, Li S, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Shi Y, Zhang S. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomic analysis that reveals the roles of progesterone receptor, inflammation, and fibrosis for slow-transit constipation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:385-392. [PMID: 28699285 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Progesterone receptor, inflammation, neurotransmitter expression, and fibrosis are involved in slow-transit constipation. The aim of the present study was to examine whether patients with slow-transit constipation have an overexpression of progesterone receptor and serotonin, which may impair the fibrosis of muscularis propria in colorectal wall. METHODS High-resolution colon manometry was used to record the colorectal peristaltic contractions of the proximal ascending and sigmoid colon in patients. Protein samples prepared from frozen sigmoid colon tissue and the proximal margin of the ascending colon of four female patients were compared using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling technique coupled to 2D liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Immunohistochemical staining of progesterone receptor, serotonin, and fibronectin was performed in paraffin-embedded sigmoid colon tissues and the proximal margin of the ascending colon or ileum from 43 patients with slow-transit constipation. RESULTS Among these differentially regulated proteins based on isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, 56 proteins involved in the response to progesterone, inflammation, matrix remodeling, fibrosis, and muscle metabolism. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that there was significantly higher expression of progesterone receptor (t = 19.19, P = 0.000) and serotonin (t = 13.52, P = 0.004) in sigmoid colon than in the proximal margin of the ascending colon and ileum. Progesterone receptor and fibronectin expression in the outer layer of muscularis propria were higher than in the middle layer. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that progesterone receptor, along with inflammation and fibrosis, may take part in slow-transit constipation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingqing Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xipeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
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Piccini P, Montagnani C, de Martino M. Gender disparity in pediatrics: a review of the current literature. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:1. [PMID: 29291737 PMCID: PMC5748940 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-based medicine is an innovative branch of biomedical research and represents a new perspective for the future of health research. Many studies have been published on gender medicine in adults but very few data regarding children are available. LITERATURE SEARCH AND RESULTS A literature search covering articles published between 1stJuly, 2006 and 1st February, 2017 and concerning children only was conducted using multiple keywords and standardized terminology in Pubmed database. The search was limited to English-language publications. All relevant articles on endocrines, neurological, psychiatric, gastrointestinal, immunological, oncological, rheumatic, pneumological disorders, infectious diseases and analgesia were evaluated and pertinent articles were included in this review. Most of the available studies on gender disparity in childhood are about endocrine and neuro-psychiatric disorders, while there are few data in other areas of medicine. CONCLUSIONS Even if several studies on pediatric gender differences can be found on literature, few of them move forwards to analyze the reasons of the observed diversity. No data on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between boys and girls can be found. Hence, more efforts should be directed to investigate these topics in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Piccini
- Post Graduate Pediatric School, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini 24, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta Montagnani
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini 24, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Director Post Graduate Pediatric Scool University of Florence, Director Anna Meyer University Campus, viale Gaetano Pieraccini 24, I-50139 Florence, Italy
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Yin J, Liang Y, Wang D, Yan Z, Yin H, Wu D, Su Q. Naringenin induces laxative effects by upregulating the expression levels of c-Kit and SCF, as well as those of aquaporin 3 in mice with loperamide-induced constipation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:649-658. [PMID: 29207043 PMCID: PMC5752176 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is a common affliction which causes discomfort and affects the quality of life of affected individuals. Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavonoid widely found in citrus fruits and tomatoes, has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-mutagenic, hepatoprotective and anticancer effects. Increasing evidence has indicated that NAR has potential for use in the treatment of constipation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the laxative effects of NAR in mice with loperamide-induced (Lop-induced) constipation. The data indicated that NAR relieved Lop-induced constipation in mice based on the changes of fecal parameters (numbers, weight and water content), the intestinal charcoal transit ratio and the histological alteration. ELISA revealed that NAR regulated the production levels of gastrointestinal metabolic components, such as motilin (MTL), gastrin (Gas), endothelin (ET), substance P (SP), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in serum. The expression levels of enteric nerve-related factors, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), c-Kit, stem cell factor (SCF) and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) were examined by western blot analysis and RT-PCR analysis. The results of this study suggest that NAR relieves Lop-induced constipation by increasing the levels of interstitial cells of Cajal markers (c-Kit and SCF), as well as AQP3. Thus, NAR may be effective as a candidate in patients suffering from lifestyle-induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yichao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Dalu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Zhaopeng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhuan Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qi Su
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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10
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The association between substance P and white matter integrity in medication-naive patients with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9707. [PMID: 28852030 PMCID: PMC5575350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance P (SP) has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD), with SP antagonists being studied as potential antidepressants. Although impaired neural plasticity is considered a key mechanism in MDD pathophysiology, the association between SP and brain structural changes in depression has not been investigated. We investigated the correlations between SP levels and white matter (WM) integrity in 42 medication-naive patients with MDD and 57 healthy controls (HCs). Plasma levels of SP were determined, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed to investigate microstructural changes in WM tracts. In patients, negative correlations between SP levels and fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the forceps minor of the corpus callosum, and positive correlations between SP levels and radial diffusivity (RD) and mean diffusivity (MD) values of the right corticospinal tract (CST) were observed, with no significant correlations in HCs. Linear regression analyses showed SP levels to significantly predict FA values of the forceps minor, and RD and MD values of the right CST in patients, but not in HCs. We consider our findings to contribute to the neurobiological evidence on the association between SP and brain structural changes in depression, which may be related with the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD.
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Abstract
Urbanization, population aging and lifestyle changes have resulted in great changes in global disease pattern and medical model. Chronic non-communicable diseases have become the main cause of premature death around the world in the 21st century, and their prevention and control have also changed from "treatment" to "management". As a result, chronic disease management (CDM) model arises. Chronic constipation (CC) has a hidden onset, complex etiology, prolonged course, and high prevalence, and it can induce a variety of diseases and affect the quality of life seriously. Mainstream therapy for CC is empirical treatment for facilitating feces excretion, but it may lead to more serious symptoms. Application of the CDM model to CC management may solve this problem. In the current review, we will discuss the progress in research of CC and the current status of CDM.
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Brosens E, Burns AJ, Brooks AS, Matera I, Borrego S, Ceccherini I, Tam PK, García-Barceló MM, Thapar N, Benninga MA, Hofstra RMW, Alves MM. Genetics of enteric neuropathies. Dev Biol 2016; 417:198-208. [PMID: 27426273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal development or disturbed functioning of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, is associated with the development of neuropathic gastrointestinal motility disorders. Here, we review the underlying molecular basis of these disorders and hypothesize that many of them have a common defective biological mechanism. Genetic burden and environmental components affecting this common mechanism are ultimately responsible for disease severity and symptom heterogeneity. We believe that they act together as the fulcrum in a seesaw balanced with harmful and protective factors, and are responsible for a continuum of symptoms ranging from neuronal hyperplasia to absence of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alan J Burns
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Matera
- UOC Medical Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Paul K Tam
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria-Mercè García-Barceló
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Hutson JM, Dughetti L, Stathopoulos L, Southwell BR. Transabdominal electrical stimulation (TES) for the treatment of slow-transit constipation (STC). Pediatr Surg Int 2015; 31:445-51. [PMID: 25672282 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Slow-transit constipation (STC) is a newly described subtype of intractable constipation in children which we originally identified with deficiency of substance P in axons supplying the proximal colonic muscle. When nuclear transit studies became available, the patients were found to have slow proximal colonic transit, and responded to antegrade enemas. Using the appendicostomy, we found that there was reduced frequency in propagating sequences throughout the colon. We began testing whether transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) could improve motility and symptoms, and over several trials have now shown that TES is remarkably effective in treating children with STC, with long-lasting effects. TES holds promise for treating STC, as well as a range of gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hutson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Laboratory, F Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Melbourne, Australia,
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE Slow transit constipation (STC) and functional fecal retention (FFR) are two forms of severe intractable constipation in childhood diagnosed by nuclear transit studies (NTS). This retrospective study aims to identify the predicting factors for STC and FFR by looking at the association with neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD), obesity, family history of constipation and atopic disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on children with intractable constipation referred for NTS between 1st April 2003 and 1st April 2014. Comparisons were made between STC, FFR and normal transit patients with regards to NPD, obesity (BMI z score >95th percentile), family history of constipation in first and second-degree relatives and atopic disease which included food allergy, asthma and eczema. RESULTS Between 2003 and 2014, 97 patients were referred for a NTS. Out of 36 patients with NPD, 21 (58.3 %) had STC and 13 (36.1 %) had FFR (p < 0.05). 15.8 % of patients with constipation were obese, compared to 6.4 % in the general Australian paediatric population (p < 0.05). There was no significant association between constipation and atopic disease or family history. CONCLUSION Neuropsychiatric disorders, in particular autism, are useful predictors of STC and FFR in children. Obesity may be associated with a higher risk of developing chronic constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Ridha
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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15
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Therapeutic effect of activated carbon-induced constipation mice with Lactobacillus fermentum Suo on treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21875-95. [PMID: 25464378 PMCID: PMC4284683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Suo (LF-Suo) on activated carbon-induced constipation in ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice. ICR mice were orally administered with lactic acid bacteria for 9 days. Body weight, diet intake, drinking amount, defecation status, gastrointestinal transit and defecation time, and the serum levels of MTL (motilin), Gas (gastrin), ET (endothelin), SS (somatostatin), AChE (acetylcholinesterase), SP (substance P), VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) were used to evaluate the preventive effects of LF-Suo on constipation. Bisacodyl, a laxative drug, was used as a positive control. The normal, control, 100 mg/kg bisacodyl treatment, LB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus)-, LF-Suo (L)- and LF-Suo (H)-treated mice showed the time to the first black stool defecation at 90, 218, 117, 180, 155 and 137 min, respectively. By the oral administration of LB-, LF-Suo (L), LF-Suo (H) or bisacodyl (100 mg/kg), the gastrointestinal transit was reduced to 55.2%, 72.3%, 85.5% and 94.6%, respectively, of the transit in normal mice, respectively. In contrast to the control mice, the serum levels of MTL, Gas, ET, AChE, SP and VIP were significantly increased and the serum levels of SS were reduced in the mice treated with LF-Suo (p < 0.05). By the RT-PCR (reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction) and western blot assays, LF-Suo increased the c-Kit, SCF (stem cell factor), GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) and decreased TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1), NOS (nitric oxide synthase) expressions of small intestine tissue in mice. These results demonstrate that lactic acid bacteria has preventive effects on mouse constipation and LF-Suo demonstrated the best functional activity.
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16
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Substance P mRNA expression during zebrafish development: influence of mu opioid receptor and cocaine. Neuroscience 2013; 242:53-68. [PMID: 23528978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish has emerged as an important vertebrate animal model for the study of human diseases and for developmental studies in mammals. Since there are few studies of the tachykinin 1 gene (TAC1), precursor of substance P (SP), in relation to embryonic development, we aimed to study the expression of SP transcript (mRNA) and determine the influence of cocaine and opioid receptors on the expression of this neuropeptide. In order to analyse the spatial and temporal SP mRNA expression in zebrafish, we cloned - based on human TAC1 sequence - the sequence that originates SP. Phylogenetic analyses of the precursor of SP, revealed an alignment in the fish cluster, with a clear distinction from other species (amphibians, birds and mammals). Real time PCR (qPCR) results showed that SP mRNA was expressed in several stages of embryonic development, where it increased progressively from gastrula-8hpf (hour post-fertilisation) to the end of the embryogenesis-72hpf. SP mRNA was expressed mainly in the spinal cord in embryos at 20-30hpf, whereas at 36, 42 and 48hpf embryos SP mRNA was expressed mainly in the CNS telencephalon, diencephalon, hypothalamus, rhombomeres, epiphysis and in peripheral areas (heart and somites). Exposure of embryos to 1.5μM cocaine altered the SP mRNA expression at 24 (increasing) and 48hpf (decreasing). We also report that knockdown of μ-opioid receptor induced an increase of SP mRNA expression while the knockdown of the two delta opioid receptors did not produce changes in SP mRNA expression. In conclusion, SP mRNA in zebrafish is expressed during embryonic development in the CNS and peripherally, suggesting that SP would play a critical role during embryogenesis. Furthermore, cocaine exposure and the knockdown of μ-opioid receptor affect the SP mRNA expression. These observations can be important in the pain and addiction field where SP is involved.
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Obermayr F, Hotta R, Enomoto H, Young HM. Development and developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:43-57. [PMID: 23229326 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) arises from neural crest-derived cells that migrate into and along the gut, leading to the formation of a complex network of neurons and glial cells that regulates motility, secretion and blood flow. This Review summarizes the progress made in the past 5 years in our understanding of ENS development, including the migratory pathways of neural crest-derived cells as they colonize the gut. The importance of interactions between neural crest-derived cells, between signalling pathways and between developmental processes (such as proliferation and migration) in ensuring the correct development of the ENS is also presented. The signalling pathways involved in ENS development that were determined using animal models are also described, as is the evidence for the involvement of the genes encoding these molecules in Hirschsprung disease-the best characterized paediatric enteric neuropathy. Finally, the aetiology and treatment of Hirschsprung disease in the clinic and the potential involvement of defects in ENS development in other paediatric motility disorders are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Straße 3, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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