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Prusinkiewicz MA, Park C, Cheung C, Li YJ, Poon B, Skarsgard ED, Lavoie PM, Lee AF, Mudri M. Decreased β-catenin Protein in Lungs From Human Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Archival Pathology Specimens: A Case-control Study. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:832-838. [PMID: 38418278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung hypoplasia contributes to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) associated morbidity and mortality. Changes in lung wingless-type MMTV integration site family member (Wnt)-signalling and its downstream effector beta-catenin (CTNNB1), which acts as a transcription coactivator, exist in animal CDH models but are not well characterized in humans. We aim to identify changes to Wnt-signalling gene expression in human CDH lungs and hypothesize that pathway expression will be lower than controls. METHODS We identified 51 CDH cases and 10 non-CDH controls with archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) autopsy lung tissue from 2012 to 2022. 11 liveborn CDH cases and an additional two anterior diaphragmatic hernias were excluded from the study, leaving 38 CDH cases. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of Wnt-signalling effectors WNT2B and CTNNB1 was determined for 19 CDH cases and 9 controls. A subset of CDH cases and controls lung sections were immunostained for β-catenin. Clinical variables were obtained from autopsy reports. RESULTS Median gestational age was 21 weeks. 81% (n = 31) of hernias were left-sided. 47% (n = 18) were posterolateral. Liver position was up in 81% (n = 31) of cases. Defect size was Type C or D in 58% (n = 22) of cases based on autopsy photos, and indeterminable in 42% (n = 16) of cases. WNT2B and CTNNB1 mRNA expression did not differ between CDH and non-CDH lungs. CDH lungs had fewer interstitial cells expressing β-catenin protein than non-CDH lungs (13.2% vs 42.4%; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION There appear to be differences in the abundance and/or localization of β-catenin proteins between CDH and non-CDH lungs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. TYPE OF STUDY Case-Control Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claire Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ying Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bethany Poon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erik D Skarsgard
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna F Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Martina Mudri
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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Montalva L, Antounians L, Zani A. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia: factors and pathways involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:754-768. [PMID: 30780153 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect that is characterized by pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). PHTN secondary to CDH is a result of vascular remodeling, a structural alteration in the pulmonary vessel wall that occurs in the fetus. Factors involved in vascular remodeling have been reported in several studies, but their interactions remain unclear. To help understand PHTN pathophysiology and design novel preventative and treatment strategies, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature and comprehensively analyzed all factors and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular remodeling secondary to CDH in the nitrofen model. Moreover, we have linked the dysregulated factors with pathways involved in human CDH. Of the 358 full-text articles screened, 75 studies reported factors that play a critical role in vascular remodeling secondary to CDH. Overall, the impairment of epithelial homeostasis present in pulmonary hypoplasia results in altered signaling to endothelial cells, leading to endothelial dysfunction. This causes an impairment of the crosstalk between endothelial cells and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, resulting in increased smooth muscle cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and vasoconstriction, which clinically translate into PHTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Montalva
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lina Antounians
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Augusto Zani
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. .,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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Assessment of the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and of the dysregulated factors involved in pulmonary hypoplasia. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:41-61. [PMID: 30386897 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), investigators have been employing a fetal rat model based on nitrofen administration to dams. Herein, we aimed to: (1) investigate the validity of the model, and (2) synthesize the main biological pathways implicated in the development of PH associated with CDH. METHODS Using a defined strategy, we conducted a systematic review of the literature searching for studies reporting the incidence of CDH or factors involved in PH development. We also searched for PH factor interactions, relevance to lung development and to human PH. RESULTS Of 335 full-text articles, 116 reported the incidence of CDH after nitrofen exposure or dysregulated factors in the lungs of nitrofen-exposed rat fetuses. CDH incidence: 54% (27-85%) fetuses developed a diaphragmatic defect, whereas the whole litter had PH in varying degrees. Downregulated signaling pathways included FGF/FGFR, BMP/BMPR, Sonic Hedgehog and retinoid acid signaling pathway, resulting in a delay in early epithelial differentiation, immature distal epithelium and dysfunctional mesenchyme. CONCLUSIONS The nitrofen model effectively reproduces PH as it disrupts pathways that are critical for lung branching morphogenesis and alveolar differentiation. The low CDH rate confirms that PH is an associated phenomenon rather than the result of mechanical compression alone.
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George L, Mitra A, Thimraj TA, Irmler M, Vishweswaraiah S, Lunding L, Hühn D, Madurga A, Beckers J, Fehrenbach H, Upadhyay S, Schulz H, Leikauf GD, Ganguly K. Transcriptomic analysis comparing mouse strains with extreme total lung capacities identifies novel candidate genes for pulmonary function. Respir Res 2017; 18:152. [PMID: 28793908 PMCID: PMC5551015 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure to attain peak lung function by early adulthood is a risk factor for chronic lung diseases. Previously, we reported that C3H/HeJ mice have about twice total lung capacity (TLC) compared to JF1/MsJ mice. We identified seven lung function quantitative trait loci (QTL: Lfnq1-Lfnq7) in backcross/intercross mice derived from these inbred strains. We further demonstrated, superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (Sod3), Kit oncogene (Kit) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) located on these Lfnqs as lung function determinants. Emanating from the concept of early origin of lung disease, we sought to identify novel candidate genes for pulmonary function by investigating lung transcriptome in C3H/HeJ and JF1/MsJ mice at the completion of embryonic development, bulk alveolar formation and maturity. METHODS Design-based stereological analysis was performed to study lung structure in C3H/HeJ and JF1/MsJ mice. Microarray was used for lung transcriptomic analysis [embryonic day 18, postnatal days 28, 70]. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemical analysis were used to confirm selected differences. RESULTS Stereological analysis revealed decreased alveolar number density, elastin to collagen ratio and increased mean alveolar volume in C3H/HeJ mice compared to JF1/MsJ. Gene ontology term "extracellular region" was enriched among the decreased JF1/MsJ transcripts. Candidate genes identified using the expression-QTL strategy include: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 1 (Abcg1), formyl peptide receptor 1 (Fpr1), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 (Gabbr1); histocompatibility 2 genes: class II antigen E beta (H2-Eb1), D region locus 1 (H2-D1), and Q region locus 4 (H2-Q4); leucine rich repeat containing 6 (testis) (Lrrc6), radial spoke head 1 homolog (Rsph1), and surfactant associated 2 (Sfta2). Noteworthy genes selected as candidates for their consistent expression include: Wnt inhibitor factor 1 (Wif1), follistatin (Fst), chitinase-like 1 (Chil1), and Chil3. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of late embryonic, adolescent and adult lung transcript profiles between mouse strains with extreme TLCs lead to the identification of candidate genes for pulmonary function that has not been reported earlier. Further mechanistic investigations are warranted to elucidate their mode of action in determining lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leema George
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, 603203 India
| | - Ankita Mitra
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, 603203 India
| | | | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich Germany
| | | | - Lars Lunding
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Dorothea Hühn
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Present address: Lahn-Dill-Kliniken, Klinikum Wetzlar, Medizinische Klinik II, Forsthausstraße 1, D-35578 Wetzlar, Germany
| | - Alicia Madurga
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich, Germany
| | - George D. Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, 603203 India
- Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich Germany
- Work Environment Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Takahashi T, Zimmer J, Friedmacher F, Puri P. Follistatin-like 1 expression is decreased in the alveolar epithelium of hypoplastic rat lungs with nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:706-709. [PMID: 28188034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH), characterized by incomplete alveolar development, remains a major therapeutic challenge associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) is a crucial regulator of alveolar formation and maturation, which is strongly expressed in distal airway epithelium. Fstl1-deficient mice exhibit reduced airspaces, impaired alveolar epithelial cell differentiation, and insufficient production of surfactant proteins similar to PH in human CDH. We hypothesized that pulmonary Fstl1 expression is decreased during alveolarization in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. METHODS Timed-pregnant rats received nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9 (D9). Fetal lungs were harvested on D18 and D21 and divided into control-/nitrofen-exposed specimens. Alveolarization was assessed using morphometric analysis techniques. Pulmonary gene expression of Fstl1 was determined by qRT-PCR. Immunofluorescence-double-staining for Fstl1 and alveolar epithelial marker surfactant protein C (SP-C) was performed to evaluate protein expression/localization. RESULTS Radial alveolar count was significantly reduced in hypoplastic lungs of nitrofen-exposed fetuses with significant down regulation of Fstl1 mRNA expression on D18 and D21 compared to controls. Confocal-laser-scanning-microscopy revealed strikingly diminished Fstl1 immunofluorescence and SP-C expression in distal alveolar epithelium of nitrofen-exposed fetuses with CDH-associated PH on D18 and D21 compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of Fstl1 in alveolar epithelium may disrupt alveolarization and pulmonary surfactant production, thus contributing to the development of PH in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b (Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takahashi
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Gate 5, Dublin 12, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julia Zimmer
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Gate 5, Dublin 12, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florian Friedmacher
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Gate 5, Dublin 12, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Gate 5, Dublin 12, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Dublin, Ireland.
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6
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Kleyman M, Sefer E, Nicola T, Espinoza C, Chhabra D, Hagood JS, Kaminski N, Ambalavanan N, Bar-Joseph Z. Selecting the most appropriate time points to profile in high-throughput studies. eLife 2017; 6:e18541. [PMID: 28124972 PMCID: PMC5319842 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological systems are increasingly being studied by high throughput profiling of molecular data over time. Determining the set of time points to sample in studies that profile several different types of molecular data is still challenging. Here we present the Time Point Selection (TPS) method that solves this combinatorial problem in a principled and practical way. TPS utilizes expression data from a small set of genes sampled at a high rate. As we show by applying TPS to study mouse lung development, the points selected by TPS can be used to reconstruct an accurate representation for the expression values of the non selected points. Further, even though the selection is only based on gene expression, these points are also appropriate for representing a much larger set of protein, miRNA and DNA methylation changes over time. TPS can thus serve as a key design strategy for high throughput time series experiments. Supporting Website: www.sb.cs.cmu.edu/TPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kleyman
- Machine Learning and Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Emre Sefer
- Machine Learning and Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Teodora Nicola
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Celia Espinoza
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, United States.,CARady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Divya Chhabra
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, United States.,CARady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - James S Hagood
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, United States.,CARady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Machine Learning and Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
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Engels AC, Brady PD, Kammoun M, Finalet Ferreiro J, DeKoninck P, Endo M, Toelen J, Vermeesch JR, Deprest J. Pulmonary transcriptome analysis in the surgically induced rabbit model of diaphragmatic hernia treated with fetal tracheal occlusion. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:221-8. [PMID: 26744354 PMCID: PMC4770142 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a malformation leading to pulmonary hypoplasia, which can be treated in utero by fetal tracheal occlusion (TO). However, the changes of gene expression induced by TO remain largely unknown but could be used to further improve the clinically used prenatal treatment of this devastating malformation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the pulmonary transcriptome changes caused by surgical induction of diaphragmatic hernia (DH) and additional TO in the fetal rabbit model. Induction of DH was associated with 378 upregulated genes compared to controls when allowing a false-discovery rate (FDR) of 0.1 and a fold change (FC) of 2. Those genes were again downregulated by consecutive TO. But DH+TO was associated with an upregulation of 157 genes compared to DH and controls. When being compared to control lungs, 106 genes were downregulated in the DH group and were not changed by TO. Therefore, the overall pattern of gene expression in DH+TO is more similar to the control group than to the DH group. In this study, we further provide a database of gene expression changes induced by surgical creation of DH and consecutive TO in the rabbit model. Future treatment strategies could be developed using this dataset. We also discuss the most relevant genes that are involved in CDH. Summary: Rabbit fetuses with induced diaphragmatic hernia and treated with prenatal tracheal occlusion have a similar pulmonary transcriptome as unaffected controls. This study describes a valuable database of gene expressions in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Engels
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division Woman and Child, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul D Brady
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Molka Kammoun
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Finalet Ferreiro
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip DeKoninck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division Woman and Child, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masayuki Endo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Division Woman and Child, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division Woman and Child, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ren Z, Hou Y, Ma S, Tao Y, Li J, Cao H, Ji L. Effects of CCN3 on fibroblast proliferation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix production. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1607-12. [PMID: 24715059 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN2 and CCN3 belong to the CCN family of proteins, which show a high level of structural similarity.Previous studies have shown that CCN2 mediates the ability of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β to stimulate collagen synthesis, leading to keloid formation. CCN2 and CCN3 are opposing factors in regulating the promoter activity and secretion of this extracellular matrix (ECM) protein. Thus, we hypothesize that CCN3 possesses an anti‑scarring effect. However, the exact mechanism of CCN3 in this anti‑scarring effect remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of CCN3 in reducing scar formation. Palatal fibroblasts were obtained from the explants of the oral palatal mucosa of 8‑week‑old male Sprague‑Dawley rats. CCN3 overexpression vector was constructed and then transfected into cells. The inhibitory effects of CCN3 on cell growth were detected via the 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was measured using an Annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis detection kit and flow cytometry. The expression levels of collagen I, collagen III and α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) were determined by western blot analysis and RT‑PCR. Following treatment with TGF‑β1, we detected the expression of CCN3 and Smad1 in the fibroblasts. CCN3 significantly inhibited the growth and induction of apoptosis of fibroblasts. The expression of collagen I, collagen III and α‑SMA was lower in the CCN3‑transfected group as compared to the control and vector groups. TGF‑β1 stimulation efficiently suppressed the expression of CCN3 at the mRNA and protein levels, and CCN3 was required for TGF‑β1‑induced Smad1 phosphorylation. Results of this study demonstrated that CCN3 is involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts and the synthesis of ECM proteins. Therefore, CCN3 may play an important role in the development of scar tissue, and may represent a novel therapeutic target for reducing scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanping Ren
- Department of Cranio‑Maxillofacial Trauma Plastic Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Ma
- Department of Cranio‑Maxillofacial Trauma Plastic Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yongwei Tao
- Department of Cranio‑Maxillofacial Trauma Plastic Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Cranio‑Maxillofacial Trauma Plastic Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Huiqin Cao
- Department of Cranio‑Maxillofacial Trauma Plastic Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Ji
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Makanga M, Dewachter C, Maruyama H, Vuckovic A, Rondelet B, Naeije R, Dewachter L. Downregulated bone morphogenetic protein signaling in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:823-34. [PMID: 23832098 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-013-3340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been shown to play crucial roles in not only lung and heart development, but also in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). We therefore hypothesized that BMP signaling could be altered in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and associated PH. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to either 100 mg nitrofen or vehicle on embryonic day (E) 9.5. On E17 and E21, fetuses were delivered by cesarean section, killed and checked for left-sided CDH. The tissue was then harvested for pathobiological evaluation. RESULTS In nitrofen-induced CDH, pulmonary expressions of BMP4, BMP receptor (BMPR) type 2 and Id1 decreased on E17 and E21. On E17, pulmonary gremlin-1 expression increased, while BMP7 decreased. In the lungs, Id1 expression was correlated to BMP4 and BMPR2 and inversely correlated to gremlin-1 expression. Myocardial expressions of BMPR2, BMPR1A, BMP7 and SERCA-2A decreased, while gremlin-1 and noggin expressions increased on E17. On E21, myocardial expressions of Id1 and SERCA-2A decreased, while gremlin-1 expression increased. Moreover, BMPR2 and BMPR1A expressions were correlated to SERCA-2A expression and inversely correlated to pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl2 ratio within the myocardium. CONCLUSION Downregulation of BMP signaling seems to contribute to pulmonary and myocardial anomalies observed in nitrofen-induced CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Makanga
- Laboratory of Physiology and Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, Lennik Road, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Gosemann JH, Friedmacher F, Fujiwara N, Alvarez LAJ, Corcionivoschi N, Puri P. Disruption of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 pathway in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:304-9. [PMID: 23780850 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains a major therapeutic challenge despite advances in neonatal resuscitation and intensive care. The high mortality and morbidity in CDH has been attributed to pulmonary hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH). Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) plays a key role in pulmonary vasculogenesis during the late stages of fetal lung development. BMPR2 is essential for control of endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Dysfunction of BMPR2 and downstream signaling have been shown to disturb the crucial balance of proliferation of smooth muscle cells contributing to the pathogenesis of human and experimental PH. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that BMPR2 signaling is disrupted in nitrofen-induced CDH. METHODS Pregnant rats were treated with nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9 (D9). Fetuses were sacrificed on D21 and divided into CDH and control. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and confocal-immunofluorescence were performed to determine pulmonary gene expression levels and protein expression of BMPR2 and related proteins. RESULTS Pulmonary Bmpr2 gene expression levels were significantly decreased in nitrofen-induced CDH compared to controls. Western blotting and confocal microscopy revealed decreased pulmonary BMPR2 protein expression and increased activation of p38(MAPK) in CDH compared to controls. CONCLUSION The observed disruption of the BMPR2 signaling pathway may lead to extensive vascular remodeling and contribute to PH in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. BMPR2 may therefore represent a potential target for the treatment of PH in CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Gosemann
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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