Clinical implication of additional selective lateral lymph node excision in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy

Management of internal iliac and obturator lymph nodes in mid-low rectal cancer

In rectal cancer treatment, the diagnosis and management of lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LLN) are critical for preventing local recurrence. Over time, scholars have reached a consensus: when imaging suggests LLN metastasis, combining neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) with selective LLN dissection (LLND) can mitigate the risk of recurrence. Selective LLND typically encompasses lymph nodes in the internal iliac and obturator regions. Recent studies emphasize distinctions between internal iliac and obturator lymph nodes regarding prognosis and treatment outcomes, prompting the need for differentiated diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Short-term results after robot-assisted surgery for primary rectal cancers requiring beyond total mesorectal excision in multiple compartments

AIM

Rectal cancers requiring beyond total mesorectal excision (bTME) are traditionally operated using an open approach, but the use of minimally invasive robot-assisted procedures is increasing. Introduction of minimal invasive surgery for complex cancer cases could be associated with compromised surgical margins or increased complication rates. Therefore, reporting results both clinical and oncological in large series is important. Since bTME procedure reports are heterogeneous, comparing results is often difficult. In this study, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classification system was used to describe the bTME surgery according to pelvic compartments.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with primary rectal cancer operated with laparoscopic robot-assisted bTME were prospectively included for 2 years. All patients had tumors that threatened the mesorectal fascia, invaded adjacent organs, and/or involved metastatic pelvic lateral lymph nodes. Short-term clinical outcomes and oncological specimen quality were registered. Surgery was classified according to pelvic compartments resected.

RESULTS

Clear resection margins (R0 resection) were achieved in 95 out of 105 patients (90.5%). About 26% had Accordion Severity Grading System of Surgical Complications grade 3-4 complications and 15% required re-operations. About 7% were converted to open surgery. The number of compartments resected ranged from one to the maximum seven, with 83% having two or three compartments resected. All 10 R1 resections occurred in the lateral and posterior compartments.

CONCLUSIONS

The short-term clinical outcomes and oncological specimen quality after robot-assisted bTME surgery were comparable to previously published open bTME surgery. The description of surgical procedures using the Royal Marsden MRI compartment classification was feasible.

Use of a radiomics-clinical model based on magnetic diffusion-weighted imaging for preoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer patients

Rectal cancer is the eighth most prevalent malignancy worldwide with a 3.2% mortality rate and 3.9% incidence rate. Radiologists still have difficulty in correctly diagnosing lymph node metastases that have been suspected preoperatively. To assess the effectiveness of a model combining clinical and radiomics features for the preoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. We retrospectively analyzed data from 104 patients with rectal cancer. All patients were selected as samples for the training (n = 72) and validation cohorts (n = 32). Lymph nodes (LNs) in diffusion-weighted images were analyzed to obtain 842 radiomic characteristics, which were then used to draw the region of interest. Logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and between-group and within-group correlation analyses were combined to establish the radiomic score (rad-score). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to estimate the prediction accuracy of the model. A calibration curve was constructed to test the predictive ability of the model. A decision curve analysis was performed to analyze the model's value in clinical application. The area under the curve for the radiomics-clinical, clinical, and radiomics models was 0.856, 0.810, and 0.781, respectively, in the training cohort and 0.880, 0.849, and 0.827, respectively, in the validation cohort. The calibration curve and DCA showed that the radiomics-clinical prediction model had good prediction accuracy, which was higher than that of the other models. The radiomics-clinical model showed a favorable predictive performance for the preoperative prediction of LN metastasis in patients with rectal cancer.

Risk factors for lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with lower rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and objective

Lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis is one of the prominent reasons for local recurrence (LR) in patients with rectal cancer (RC). The evaluation criteria of lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) for patients in eastern (mainly in Japan) and western countries have been controversial. The aim of this study was to analyse the risk factors for LPLN metastasis in order to guide surgical methods.

Methods

We searched relevant databases (Embase (Ovid), Medline (Ovid), PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) for articles published between 1 January 2000 and 05 October 2022 to evaluate the risk factors for LPLN metastasis in patients with RC in this meta-analysis.

Results

A total of 24 articles with 5843 patients were included in this study. The overall results showed that female sex, age <60 years, pretherapeutic CEA level >5 ng/ml, clinical T4 stage (cT4), clinical M1 stage (cM1), distance of the tumour from the anal verge (AV) <50 mm, tumour centre located below the peritoneal reflection (Rb), short axis (SA) of LPLN ≥8 mm before nCRT, short axis (SA) of LPLN ≥5 mm after nCRT, border irregularity of LPLN, tumour size ≥50 mm, pathological T3-4 stage (pT3-4), pathological N2 stage (pN2), mesorectal lymph node metastasis (MLNM), lymphatic invasion (LI), venous invasion (VI), CRM (+) and poor differentiation were significant risk factors for LPLN metastasis (P <0.05).

Conclusion

This study summarized almost all potential risk factors of LPLN metastasis and expected to provide effective treatment strategies for patients with LRC. According to the risk factors of lateral lymph node metastasis, we can adopt different comprehensive treatment strategies. High-risk patients can perform lateral lymph node dissection to effectively reduce local recurrence; In low-risk patients, we can avoid overtreatment, reduce complications and trauma caused by lateral lymph node dissection, and maximize patient survival and quality of life.

MRI-based Radiomics Model for Preoperative Prediction of Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Metastasis in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES

To develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomics model for preoperative prediction of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis (LPLNM) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 263 patients with rectal cancer who underwent total mesorectal excision and LPLN dissection. Radiomics features from the primary lesion and LPLNs on baseline MRI images were utilized to construct a radiomics model, and their radiomics scores were combined to develop a radiomics scoring system. A clinical prediction model was developed using logistic regression. A hybrid predicting model was created through multivariable logistic regression analysis, integrating the radiomics score with significant clinical risk factors (baseline Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), clinical circumferential resection margin status, and the short axis diameter of LPLN). This hybrid model was presented with a hybrid clinical-radiomics nomogram, and its calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness were assessed.

RESULTS

A total of 148 patients were included in the analysis and randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 104) and an independent internal testing cohort (n = 44). The hybrid clinical-radiomics model exhibited the highest discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) of 0.843 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.706-0.968] in the testing cohort compared to the clinical model [AUC (95% CI) = 0.772 (0.589-0.856)] and radiomics model [AUC (95% CI) = 0.731 (0.613-0.849)]. The hybrid prediction model also demonstrated good calibration, and decision curve analysis confirmed its clinical usefulness.

CONCLUSION

This study developed a hybrid MRI-based radiomics model that incorporates a combination of radiomics score and significant clinical risk factors. The proposed model holds promise for individualized preoperative prediction of LPLNM in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Robotic and laparoscopic salvage lateral pelvic node dissection for the treatment of recurrent rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

The lateral pelvic sidewall is a major site of local recurrence after radical resection of rectal cancer. Salvage lateral pelvic node dissection (LPND) may be the only way to eliminate recurrent lateral pelvic nodes (LPNs). This study aimed to describe the technical details of robotic and laparoscopic salvage LPND and assess the short-term clinical and oncological outcomes in patients with recurrent LPNs who underwent salvage LPND by a minimally invasive approach for curative intent.

METHODS

Between September 2010 and 2019, 36 patients who underwent salvage surgery for LPN recurrence were retrospectively analyzed from a prospectively maintained database. Patients' characteristics, index operation, MRI findings, and perioperative and pathological outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS

Eleven and 14 patients underwent robotic and laparoscopic salvage LPND, respectively. Eight patients (32.0%) underwent a combined salvage operation for resectable extra-pelvic sidewall metastases. There were four cases of open-conversion during the laparoscopic approach due to uncontrolled bleeding of iliac vessels. In these patients, metastatic LPNs were suspected of iliac vessel invasion and were found to be larger in size (median 15 mm; range 12-20) than that in patients who underwent successful LPND using the minimally invasive approach (median 10 mm; range 5-20). The median number of metastatic LPNs and harvested LPNs was 1 (range 0-3) and 6 (range 1-16), respectively. Six patients (24.0%) experienced postoperative complications including lymphoceles and voiding difficulties. During the follow-up (median 44.6 months; range 24.0-87.7), eight patients developed recurrences, mainly the lung and para-aortic lymph nodes, and one patient developed pelvic sidewall recurrence after laparoscopic salvage LPND. The 3-year disease-free survival and overall survival after salvage LPND were 66.4% and 79.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Robotic and laparoscopic salvage LPND for recurrent LPNs are safe and feasible with favorable short-term surgical outcomes. However, the surgical approach should be carefully chosen in patients with large-sized and invasive recurrent LPNs.

The Role of Preoperative Imaging in the Detection of Lateral Lymph Node Metastases in Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Diagnostic Test Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Different techniques exist for the imaging of lateral lymph nodes in rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic MRI, 18 F-FDG-PET/CT, and 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI for the identification of lateral lymph node metastases in rectal cancer.

DATA SOURCES

Data sources include PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar.

STUDY SELECTION

All studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic MRI, 18 F-FDG-PET/CT, and 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI for the preoperative detection of lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with rectal cancer were selected.

INTERVENTIONS

The interventions were pelvic MRI, 18 F-FDG-PET/CT, and/or 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Definitive histopathology was used as a criterion standard.

RESULTS

A total of 20 studies (1,827 patients) were included out of an initial search yielding 7,360 studies. The pooled sensitivity of pelvic MRI was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.91), of 18 F-FDG-PET/CT was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.80-0.86), and of 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.51-0.87) for the detection of lateral lymph node metastasis. The pooled specificity of pelvic MRI was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.90), of 18 F-FDG-PET/CT was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86-0.98), and of 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.78-0.96). The area under the curve was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.91) for pelvic MRI and was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.80-0.86) for 18 F-FDG-PET/CT.

LIMITATIONS

Heterogeneity in terms of patients' populations, definitions of suspect lateral lymph nodes, and administration of neoadjuvant treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

For the preoperative identification of lateral lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer, this review found compelling evidence that pelvic MRI should constitute the imaging modality of choice. In contrast, to confirm the presence of lateral lymph node metastasis, 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI modalities allow discarding false positive cases because of increased specificity.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42020200319.

Development and External Validation of a Preoperative Nomogram for Predicting Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients With Advanced Lower Rectal Cancer

Background

The preoperative prediction of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis is crucial in determining further treatment strategies for advanced lower rectal cancer patients. In this study, we established a nomogram model to preoperatively predict LPLN metastasis and then externally validated the accuracy of this model.

Methods

A total of 287 rectal cancer patients who underwent LPLN dissection were included in this study. Among them, 200 patients from the Peking University First Hospital were included in the development set, and 87 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University were included in the independent external validation set. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop the nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was assessed based on its calibration, discrimination, and clinical utility.

Results

Five factors (differentiation grade, extramural vascular invasion, distance of the tumor from the anal verge, perirectal lymph node status, and largest short-axis diameter of LPLN) were identified and included in the nomogram. The nomogram developed based on the analysis showed robust discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.878 (95% CI, 0.824–0.932). The validation set showed good discrimination with an AUC of 0.863 (95% CI, 0.779–0.948). Decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram was clinically useful.

Conclusions

The present study proposed a clinical-imaging nomogram with a combination of clinicopathological risk factors and imaging features. After external verification, the predictive power of the nomogram model was satisfactory, and it is expected to be a convenient, visual, and personalized clinical tool for assessing the risk of LPLN metastasis in advanced lower rectal cancer patients.

Functional outcomes after lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) may improve oncological outcomes for select patients with rectal cancer, though functional outcomes may be adversely impacted. The aim of this study is to assess the functional outcomes associated with LPLND for rectal cancer and compare these outcomes with standard surgical resection.

METHODS

A systematic search was undertaken to identify relevant studies reporting on urinary dysfunction (UD), sexual dysfunction (SD), and defecatory dysfunction (DD) for patients who underwent LPLND for rectal cancer. Studies comparing functional outcomes in patients who underwent surgery with and without LPLND were assessed. In addition, a comparison of functional outcomes in patients who underwent LPLND before and after the year 2000 was performed.

RESULTS

Twenty-one studies of predominantly non-randomised observational data were included. Ten were comparative studies. Male SD was worse in patients who underwent LPLND compared with those who did not (RR 1.68 (95% CI 1.41-1.99, P < 0.001)). No difference was observed for the rate of UD between treatment groups. The rates of UD and male SD in patients who underwent LPLND after the year 2000 were significantly lower than those who underwent LPLND before the year 2000 ((UD) RR = 4.5, p value = 0.0034; male SD RR = 28.7, p value < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection is associated with worse male sexual dysfunction compared to standard surgical resection. However, the rates of urine dysfunction and male sexual dysfunction are better in contemporary cohorts which may reflect improved surgical technique and autonomic nerve preservation.

OUP accepted manuscript

Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

From "East vs West" towards international multidisciplinary collaboration: An appraisal of lateral lymph nodes in rectal cancer

Western and Eastern practices have traditionally differed in their approach to treating lateral lymph nodes in rectal cancer. While Western clinicians have primarily favored neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy to sterilize lateral compartments, Eastern physicians have often opted for the surgical removed of lymphatic tissue with a lateral lymph node dissection without neoadjuvant treatment. The literature suggests similar oncological outcomes for these two separate techniques, while tangible differences exist. The combination of these paradigms may be beneficial in reducing overall morbidity while sustaining low recurrence rates. This article considers traditional Eastern and Western perspectives, discusses nodal features important for predicting malignancy and attempts to stimulate international, multidisciplinary consensus and collaboration.

Lateral lymph node dissection in advanced low rectal cancer treatment

Lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis is a determinant of local recurrence in advanced low rectal cancer. Lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is effective in removing metastatic lymph nodes, and has been shown to have a decreased local recurrence rate. However, because of its complexity and complications it induces, there is still tremendous controversy about its usage. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME) are recommended as a conventional treatment for advanced rectal cancer. However, LLN metastasis and local recurrence still occur despite nCRT with TME. In Japan, TME with LLND is the standard surgical treatment for Stage II/III of advanced low rectal cancer. Before surgery, a proper evaluation of LLN status should be performed. Laparoscopic LLND and robotic-assisted LLND are useful for this. More research is necessary to improve the oncological outcomes of LLND. In this review, we retrospectively examine previous reports about LLND, aiming to emphasize its application prospects to improve patient survival and life quality.

Lateral pelvic lymph nodes for rectal cancer: A review of diagnosis and management

The current status and future prospects for diagnosis and treatment of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis of rectal cancer are described in this review. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for the diagnosis of LPLN metastasis. A LPLN-positive status on MRI is a strong risk factor for metastasis, and evaluation by MRI is important for deciding treatment strategy. LPLN dissection (LPLD) has an advantage of reducing recurrence in the lateral pelvis but also has a disadvantage of complications; therefore, LPLD may not be appropriate for cases that are less likely to have LPLN metastasis. Radiation therapy (RT) and chemoradiation therapy (CRT) have limited effects in cases with suspected LPLN metastasis, but a combination of preoperative CRT and LPLD may improve the treatment outcome. Thus, RT and CRT plus selective LPLD may be a rational strategy to omit unnecessary LPLD and produce a favorable treatment outcome.

Malignant Features in Pretreatment Metastatic Lateral Lymph Nodes in Locally Advanced Low Rectal Cancer Predict Distant Metastases

INTRODUCTION

Pretreatment enlarged lateral lymph nodes (LLN) in patients with locally advanced low rectal cancer are predictive for local recurrences after neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (n(C)RT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). Not much is known of the impact on oncological outcomes when in addition malignant features are present in enlarged LLN.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted at five tertiary referral centers in the Netherlands and Australia. All patients were diagnosed with locally advanced low rectal cancer with LLN on pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and underwent n(C)RT followed by TME. LLN were considered enlarged with a short axis of ≥ 5 mm. Malignant features were defined as nodes with internal heterogeneity and/or border irregularity. Outcomes of interest were local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), distant metastatic-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

Out of 115 patients, the majority was male (75%) and the median age was 64 years (range 26-85 years). Median pretreatment LLN short axis was 7 mm (range 5-28 mm), and 60 patients (52%) had malignant features. After a median follow-up of 47 months, patients with larger LLN (7 + mm) had a worse LRFS (p = 0.01) but no difference in DMFS (p = 0.37) and OS (p = 0.54) compared with patients with smaller LLN (5-6 mm). LLN patients with malignant features had no difference in LRFS (p = 0.20) but worse DMFS (p = 0.004) and OS (p = 0.006) compared with patients without malignant features in the LLN. Cox regression analysis identified LLN short axis as an independent factor for LR. Malignant features in LLN were an independent factor for DMFS.

CONCLUSION

The current study suggests that pretreatment enlarged LLN that also harbor malignant features are predictive of a worse DMFS. More studies will be required to further explore the role of malignant features in LLN.

Local recurrences in western low rectal cancer patients treated with or without lateral lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy: An international multi-centre comparative study

BACKGROUND

In the West, low rectal cancer patients with abnormal lateral lymph nodes (LLNs) are commonly treated with neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (nCRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). Additionally, some perform a lateral lymph node dissection (LLND). To date, no comparative data (nCRT vs. nCRT + LLND) are available in Western patients.

METHODS

An international multi-centre cohort study was conducted at six centres from the Netherlands, US and Australia. Patients with low rectal cancers from the Netherlands and Australia with abnormal LLNs (≥5 mm short-axis in the obturator, internal iliac, external iliac and/or common iliac basin) who underwent nCRT and TME (LLND-group) were compared to similarly staged patients from the US who underwent a LLND in addition to nCRT and TME (LLND + group).

RESULTS

LLND + patients (n = 44) were younger with higher ASA-classifications and ypN-stages compared to LLND-patients (n = 115). LLND + patients had larger median LLNs short-axes and received more adjuvant chemotherapy (100 vs. 30%; p < 0.0001). Between groups, the local recurrence rate (LRR) was 3% for LLND + vs. 11% for LLND- (p = 0.13). Disease-free survival (DFS, p = 0.94) and overall survival (OS, p = 0.42) were similar. On multivariable analysis, LLND was an independent significant factor for local recurrences (p = 0.01). Sub-analysis of patients who underwent long-course nCRT and had adjuvant chemotherapy (LLND-n = 30, LLND + n = 44) demonstrated a lower LRR for LLND + patients (3% vs. 16% for LLND-; p = 0.04). DFS (p = 0.10) and OS (p = 0.11) were similar between groups.

CONCLUSION

A LLND in addition to nCRT may improve loco-regional control in Western patients with low rectal cancer and abnormal LLNs. Larger studies in Western patients are required to evaluate its contribution.

Indications and oncological outcomes of selective dissection for clinically suspected lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with rectal cancer based on pretreatment imaging

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to identify the indications and oncological outcomes of selective lateral lymph node dissection (sLLND) in rectal cancer patients.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on consecutive patients with rectal cancer who had standard total mesorectal excision and sLLND at our institution. Clinicopathological characteristics and oncological outcomes were analyzed. We performed subgroup analysis and multivariate analysis based on patients with or without preoperative chemoradiotherapy to identify the related risk factors.

RESULTS

A total of 77 consecutive patients with TME and sLLND were included. Twenty-two (28.6%) patients with pathological positive lateral lymph nodes metastasis (LLNM) were identified. Forty-seven (61%) patients accepted neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). The pretreatment maximum short-axis diameters of LLN (≥ 8 mm) were the independent risk factors for LLNM among patients with LLN ≥ 5 mm. Lymph node metastasis were significantly higher in patients with pretreatment LLN ≥ 8 mm than in patients with LLN 5-8 mm (63% vs. 10%, p < 0.001). The receiver operating curve analysis suggested that the optimal cutoff value of LLN short-axis diameter for predicting LLNM was 8 mm. At a median follow-up of 42 months (range 6-140 months) 3 (3.9%) patients with lateral pelvic recurrence were observed. The 3-year cumulative overall survival in patients with LLNM and patients without LLNM was 76.7% and 89.8%, respectively (p = 0.01). The 3-year cumulative disease-free survival was 53.6% in patients with LLNM and 88.3% in patients without LLNM (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

Patients with LLNM had a worse prognosis. The pretreatment maximum short-axis diameter of LLN (≥ 8 mm) should be considered as an indication for sLLND.

Preliminary results of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on locally advanced rectal cancer with clinically suspected positive lateral pelvic lymph nodes

Background

Lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) is approximately 11–14% and always associated with poorer prognosis. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy (SIB-IMRT) based on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) on locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients with clinically suspected positive LPLNs.

Methods

We retrospectively screened distal LARC patients with NCRT in our center from May 2016 and June 2019. The diagnostic criteria of positive LPLN were nodes of over 7 mm in short axis and irregular border or mixed-signal intensity. All patients with clinically suspected positive LPLN received 56–60 Gy SIB-IMRT in the LPLN area. Concurrent chemotherapy regimens were capecitabine as monotherapy treatment or in combination with oxaliplatin. The toxicities, local-regional recurrence (LRR), and disease-free survival (DFS) were investigated.

Results

Fifty-two eligible patients with clinically suspected positive LPLN were screened and analyzed. The median distance from the distal tumor to the anal verge was 4 cm (range, 0–8 cm), while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis revealed the median short diameter of the pelvic LPLN to be 8 mm (range, 7–20 mm). There were 28 (53.8%) mesorectal fascia (MRF) positive and 22 (42.3%) extramural venous invasion (EMVI) positive patients. A radiotherapy dose of 41.8 Gy was administered to the pelvic area, while the LPLN received a median SIB dose of 60.0 Gy (range, 56–60 Gy) across 22 fractions. Synchronous capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin was administered during radiotherapy. In summary, 15 (28.8%) patients displayed grade 2–3 radiation-related toxicity, 8 (15.4%) patients underwent additional LPLN dissection, and positive nodes (26 nodes in total) were not observed. One patient suffered a LLR in the presacral region. The median follow-up duration was 21.2 months (range, 4.7–45.0 months), while the duration of 1- and 2-year DFS were 89.9% and 74.6%, respectively. Patients did not display LPLN recurrence.

Conclusions

The safety and efficacy of SIB-IMRT on clinically suspected positive LPLN of LARC patients were deemed acceptable. Patients did not exhibit in-field LPLN recurrence after NCRT combined with single total mesorectal excision (TME).

Rectal cancer lateral pelvic sidewall lymph nodes: a review of controversies and management

BACKGROUND

The management of lateral pelvic lymphadenopathy in low rectal cancer poses an oncological and technical challenge. Interpretation of the literature is confounded by different approaches to management in the East and West, and a lack of randomized data from which to draw accurate conclusions regarding the optimal approach. Recent collaboration between Eastern and Western centres has increased the standardization of care. Despite this, significant differences in international guidelines remain. The aim of this review was to appraise the available literature and propose a management algorithm.

METHODS

A literature review of all relevant studies was performed to summarize the historical evidence, as well as establish the significance of clinically positive lateral pelvic sidewall nodes, and the role of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and lateral pelvic node dissection. A management algorithm was developed based on this review of the literature.

RESULTS

The management of pelvic sidewall lymphadenopathy in rectal cancer is non-standardized, with geographical differences. The mechanism of lateral lymphatic spread is well defined; the risk increases with lower tumour height and advanced T category. Existing data indicate that acceptable disease-free and overall survival can be achieved by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with selective lateral pelvic node dissection.

CONCLUSION

Suspicious lateral pelvic sidewall nodes, particularly in the internal iliac chain, should be considered as resectable locoregional disease, and surgery offered for enlarged nodes that do not respond to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Lateral Lymph Node Metastases in Locally Advanced Low Rectal Cancers May Not Be Treated Effectively With Neoadjuvant (Chemo)Radiotherapy Only

Background: In the West, pre-treatment abnormal lateral lymph nodes (LLN+) in patients with a low locally advanced rectal cancer (AJCC Stage III), are treated with neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (nCRT), without a lateral lymph node dissection (LLND). It has been suggested, however, that LLN+ patients have higher local recurrence (LR) rates than similarly staged patients with abnormal mesorectal lymph nodes only (LLN−), but no comparative data exist. Therefore, we conducted this international multi-center study in the Netherlands and Australia of Stage III rectal cancer patients with either LLN+ or LLN− to compare oncological outcomes from both groups.

Materials and Methods: Patients with Stage III low rectal cancer with (LLN+ group) or without (LLN− group) abnormal lateral lymph nodes on pre-treatment MRI were included. Patients underwent nCRT followed by rectal resection surgery with curative intent between 2009 and 2016 with a minimum follow-up of 2-years. No patient had a LLND. Propensity score matching corrected differences in baseline characteristics.

Results: Two hundred twenty-three patients could be included: 125 in the LLN+ group and 98 in the LLN− group. Between groups, there were significant differences in cT-stage and in the rate of adjuvant chemotherapy administered. Propensity score matching resulted in 54 patients in each group, with equal baseline characteristics. The 5-year LR rate in the LLN+ group was 11 vs. 2% in the LLN− group (P = 0.06) and disease-free survival (DFS) was 64 vs. 76%, respectively (P = 0.09). Five-year overall survival was similar between groups (73 vs. 80%, respectively; P = 0.90).

Conclusions: In Western patients with Stage III low rectal cancer, there is a trend toward worse LR rate and DFS rates in LLN+ patients compared to similarly staged LLN− patients. These results suggest that LLN+ patients may currently not be treated optimally with nCRT alone, and the addition of LLND requires further consideration.

Clinical Implications of Lymph Node Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Lymph node metastasis is regarded as an indubitable prognostic factor for predicting disease recurrence and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Lymph node status based on examination of a resected specimen is a key element of the current staging system and is also a crucial factor to determine use of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection. However, the current tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system only incorporates the number of metastatic lymph nodes in the N category. Numerous attempts have been made to supplement this simplified N staging including lymph node ratio, distribution of metastatic lymph nodes, tumor deposits, or extracapsular invasion. In addition, several attempts have been made to identify more specific prognostic factors in resected colorectal specimens than lymph node status. In this review, we will discuss controversies in lymph node staging and factors that may influence survival beyond lymph node status.

S122: impact of fluorescence and 3D images to completeness of lateral pelvic node dissection

BACKGROUND

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPND) is a technically demanding procedure. Consequently, there is a possibility of incomplete dissection of lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPNs). We aimed to identify metastatic LPNs intraoperatively in real-time under dual guidance of fluorescence imaging and 3D lymphovascular reconstruction, and then to remove them completely.

METHODS

Rectal cancer patients who were scheduled to undergo LPND after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) were prospectively enrolled. We traced changes in suspected metastatic LPNs during preoperative CRT and defined them as index LPNs on post-CRT imaging studies. For fluorescence imaging, indocyanine green (ICG) at a dose of 2.5 mg was injected transanally around the tumor before the operation. For 3D reconstruction images, each patient underwent preoperative axial CT scan with contrast (0.6 mm slice thickness). These images were then manipulated with OsiriX. Index LPNs and essential structures in the pelvic sidewall, such as the obturator nerve, were reconstructed with abdominal arteries from 3D volume rendering. All surgical procedures were performed via laparoscopic or robotic approach.

RESULTS

From March to July 2017, ten rectal cancer patients underwent total mesorectal excision with LPND after preoperative CRT under dual image guidance. Bilateral LPND was performed in five patients. All index LPNs among ICG-bearing lymph nodes were clearly identified intraoperatively by matching with their corresponding 3D images. Pathologic LPN metastasis was confirmed in four patients (40.0%) and in five of the 15 dissected pelvic sidewalls (33.0%). All metastatic LPNs were identified among index LPNs. Four (80.0%) of the five metastatic LPNs were located in the internal iliac area.

CONCLUSION

Index LPNs among ICG-bearing lymph nodes in pelvic sidewall were clearly identified and completely removed by matching with their corresponding 3D reconstruction images. Further studies and long-term oncologic outcomes are required to determine the real impact of dual image guidance in LPND.

Radiation Therapy Dose Escalation to Clinically Involved Pelvic Sidewall Lymph Nodes in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Purpose

Lateral pelvic sidewall lymph nodes (PSW LN) may be involved in up to 24% of locoregionally advanced rectal cancers. PSW LN are not resected in total mesorectal excision (TME), and no standard of care regarding the management of PSW LN exists in the United States. We assessed our institutional experience of preoperative radiation therapy (RT) boost to clinically involved PSW LN that were not planned for resection.

Methods and materials

Data from all patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated between 2006 and 2018 were reviewed to identify those who received a cumulative dose of >50.4 Gy to suspicious PSW LN during neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT). Demographic, cancer characteristic, treatment, and toxicity data were derived from the chart.

Results

Of a total of 261 patients, 12 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 47.5 years, and 83% of patients were men. All patients had T3/4 disease, 17% of patients had N1b disease and the remainder had N2 disease, and 33% had M1 disease (all ≤2 metastases). Seventy-five percent of patients had moderately or poorly differentiated histology. The mean distance from the anal verge was 4.85 cm (range, 2-8.9 cm), and 58% had ≥2 PSW LN with an average short axis diameter of 1.11 cm (range, 0.4-3.2 cm). Boost doses ranged from 53.48 Gy to 60.2 Gy in 27 to 30 fractions (1.8-2.15 Gy/fraction). The median follow-up time was 18 months. One patient who received concurrent capecitabine and irinotecan had grade 3 perineal dermatitis and anemia during nCRT. The median hospitalization time for TME was 6.5 days. Within 90 days of TME, 1 patient required surgical exploration for perineal wound breakdown, and another required a blood transfusion for anemia. At the time of the last follow up, 75% of patients were alive. Local control at 12 months was 90%.

Conclusions

RT dose escalation to nonresected PSW LN during nCRT was well tolerated with a low risk of acute toxicity and perioperative complications and has a high rate of local control at 12 months. RT boost warrants further study in patients with clinically involved nonresected PSW LN.

Is There Any Reason to Still Consider Lateral Lymph Node Dissection in Rectal Cancer? Rationale and Technique

Nodal dissemination in locally advanced rectal cancer occurs mainly in two directions: upward and lateral. Lateral node involvement has been demonstrated; however, lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is not routinely performed in Western countries and the focus is more on neoadjuvant treatment regimens. The main reasons for this are the high morbidity associated with the operation and the uncertain oncological benefit. There is, however, recent evidence that in selected cases, neoadjuvant treatment combined with total mesorectal excision only might not be sufficient. In this article, the historical developments in the East and the West, the current evidence regarding lateral nodal disease, and the surgical steps in the LLND are discussed.

Selective lateral pelvic lymph node dissection: a comparative study of the robotic versus laparoscopic approach

BACKGROUND

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPND) is a challenging procedure due to its technical difficulty and higher incidence of surgical morbidity. We compared short-term outcomes between laparoscopic and robotic LPND in patients with rectal cancer.

METHODS

Between May 2006 and December 2014, prospectively collected data from consecutive patients undergoing robotic or laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) with LPND were retrospectively compared. Patients' demographics, perioperative outcomes, functional results, and initial oncologic outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS

Fifty and 35 patients underwent robotic or laparoscopic TME with LPND, respectively. Bilateral LPND was performed in 10 patients (20%) in the robotic group and 6 (17.1%) in the laparoscopic group. For unilateral pelvic dissection, the mean operative time was not significantly different between groups (robotic vs. laparoscopic group, 41.0 ± 15.8 min vs. 35.3 ± 13.4 min; P = 0.146), but the EBL was significantly lower in the robotic group (34.6 ± 21.9 mL vs. 50.6 ± 23.8 mL; P = 0.002). Two patients (4.0%) in the robotic group and 7 (20.0%) in the laparoscopic group underwent Foley catheter reinsertion for urinary retention postoperatively (P = 0.029). The mean number of harvested lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPNs) was 6.6 (range 0-25) in the robotic group and 6.4 (range 1-14) in the laparoscopic group. Pathologic LPN metastatic rate was not different between groups (robotic vs. laparoscopic group, 28.0 vs. 41.2%; P = 0.243). During the median follow-up of 26.3 months, overall recurrence rate was not different between groups (robotic vs. laparoscopic group, 30.0 vs. 31.2%; P = 0.850). Three patients (6.0%) in the robotic group and 4 (11.4%) in the laparoscopic group developed local recurrence (P = 0.653).

CONCLUSIONS

Robotic TME with LPND is safe and feasible with favorable short-term surgical outcomes.

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy changes the size criterion for predicting lateral lymph node metastasis in lower rectal cancer

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to identify the size criteria of lateral lymph node metastasis in lower rectal cancer both in patients who underwent preoperative CRT and those who did not.

METHODS

This study enrolled 150 patients who underwent resection for primary lower rectal adenocarcinoma with lateral lymph node dissection between 2013 and 2015. Patients were divided into two groups: the CRT group, treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy before surgery, and the non-CRT group, treated with surgery alone. The short-axis diameter of each dissected lateral lymph node was measured. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated to reveal the optimal cutoff values for determining lateral lymph node metastasis in both groups.

RESULTS

In the non-CRT group (n = 131), the ROC curve demonstrated that the optimal cutoff value for determining metastasis was 6.0 mm, with a sensitivity of 78.5% and specificity of 82.9%, and the AUC was 0.845. In comparison, in the CRT group (n = 19), the optimal cutoff value was 5.0 mm, with a sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 85.3% and an AUC of 0.836.

CONCLUSION

The cutoff size for determining lateral lymph node metastasis was smaller in the CRT group than in the non-CRT group.

Prediction of lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis from lower rectal cancer using magnetic resonance imaging and risk factors for metastasis: Multicenter study of the Lymph Node Committee of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum

PURPOSE

The goal of the study was to examine prediction of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis from lower rectal cancer using a logistic model including risk factors for LPLN metastasis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clinical LPLN (cLPLN) status, compared to prediction based on MRI alone.

METHODS

The subjects were 272 patients with lower rectal cancer who underwent MRI prior to mesorectal excision combined with LPLN dissection (LPLD) at six institutes. No patients received neoadjuvant therapy. Prediction models for right and left pathological LPLN (pLPLN) metastasis were developed using cLPLN status, histopathological grade, and perirectal lymph node (PRLN) status. For evaluation, data for patients with left LPLD were substituted into the right-side equation and vice versa.

RESULTS

Left LPLN metastasis was predicted using the right-side model with accuracy of 86.5%, sensitivity 56.4%, specificity 92.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) 61.1%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 91.2%, while these data using MRI cLPLN status alone were 80.4, 76.9, 81.2, 45.5, and 94.5%, respectively. Similarly, right LPLN metastasis was predicted using the left-side equation with accuracy of 83.8%, sensitivity 57.8%, specificity 90.4%, PPV 60.5%, and NPV 89.4%, and the equivalent data using MRI alone were 78.4, 68.9, 80.8, 47.7, and 91.1%, respectively. The AUCs for the right- and left-side equations were significantly higher than the equivalent AUCs for MRI cLPLN status alone.

CONCLUSIONS

A logistic model including risk factors for LPLN metastasis and MRI findings had significantly better performance for prediction of LPLN metastasis compared with a model based on MRI findings alone.

Optimal treatment strategies for clinically suspicious lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer

Background

Although lateral pelvic lymph node (LPN) metastasis is a major cause of local recurrence in patients with rectal cancer, controversy still remains on the treatment of suspected LPN metastasis, “suspicious LPN”. We aimed to determine the optimal treatment strategies for suspicious LPN, in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Materials and Methods

Of 377 patients who received preoperative CRT for rectal cancer between 2006 and 2013, 84 (22.3%) had suspicious LPNs on pretreatment MRI. Patients’ characteristics, MRI findings, operative and pathologic findings, and oncologic outcomes were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

Of 84 patients with suspicious LPNs, 61 showed good response to CRT on posttreatment MRI (short-axis LPN diameter < 5 mm). Among them, 31 patients underwent TME alone (group A), and 30 underwent TME plus LPND (group B). The remaining 23 patients had persistently suspicious LPNs on post-CRT MRI and underwent TME plus LPND (group C). Pathologic LPN metastasis was confirmed in five patients (16.7%) in group B and 15 (62.5%) in group C. Local recurrence developed in 7 (22.6%), 0 (0%), and 4 (17.4%) patients in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Five patients (16.1%) in group A developed in situ LPN recurrences. The 3-year disease-free survival rates were 53.7%, 74.2%, and 46.9% in groups A, B, and C, respectively.

Conclusions

Study findings suggested that LPND cannot be omitted for patients with suspicious LPNs on pretreatment MRI even with good response to CRT. Findings from pretreatment MRI should be considered to determine whether LPND is indicated.

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant chemo-radiation for preoperative enlarged lateral nodes in advanced low rectal cancer: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis is a major cause of local recurrence of advanced rectal cancer. Although there is much controversy between Western and Eastern countries on whether lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LLND) or neoadjuvant chemo-radiation (nCRT) is preferable for the treatment of LLN metastases, existing retrospective cohorts mainly focus on all middle/low advanced rectal cancer patients, not the specific individuals with suspicion of LLN metastases. The aim of this trial is to assess the efficacy and safety of LLND for rectal cancer patients with suspicion of LLN metastases.

METHODS

This prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled, single-blinded, phase III trial is designed to enroll 512 eligible patients with advanced rectal cancer and preoperative enlarged lateral lymph nodes. The population will be randomly assigned into the solely total mesorectal excision (TME) group or the TME + LLND group after eligible selection. The primary outcomes are to be 3-year local recurrence rate and 3-year disease-free survival, and the secondary outcomes include 3-year overall survival, 1-year sexual and urinary function, and perioperative outcomes.

DISCUSSION

This is the first randomized trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of LLND for advanced low rectal cancer patients with suspicion of LLN metastases; the result is expected to provide new evidence for the treatment of LLN where there is suspicion of metastases in advanced rectal cancer patients.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT02614157 ) Registered on 24 November 2015.

Clinical significance of enlarged lateral pelvic lymph nodes before and after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with total mesorectal excision (TME) is the widely accepted treatment for rectal cancer (RC) in Western countries. However, there remains controversy as to whether preoperative CRT is useful in tumors that extend beyond the mesorectum, including metastasis to the lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPLN). The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic significance of LPLN enlargement in patients with RC who receive preoperative CRT followed by TME without LPLN dissection. We evaluated the prognostic effect of radiographic LPLN enlargement before and after CRT, as well as the patients' clinicopathological and genetic profiles. Of the 104 patients investigated, pretreatment imaging identified 19 (18%) as LPLN-positive (>7 mm in diameter). Of these 19 patients, 7 (37%) exhibited LPLN downsizing to <7 mm following CRT. The median follow-up period was 52 months. The 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) or relapse-free survival (RFS) did not differ significantly between patients who did and those who did not have positive LPLN on pretreatment imaging. However, LPLN that remained positive after CRT were significantly associated with poorer 5-year CSS (73 vs. 84%, respectively; P=0.0052) and RFS (32 vs. 78%, respectively; P=0.0264). None of the patients whose LPLN were downsized to <7 mm following CRT developed recurrence; however, those with positive LPLN after CRT had a 55% higher recurrence rate, characterized by delayed local recurrence, a pattern that may be affected by certain chemokines. In conclusion, changes in initially positive LPLN (>7 mm) may predict the prognosis of patients with RC who receive preoperative CRT-TME. LPLN positivity after CRT was associated with shorter CSS and RFS. Strategies to improve patient survival may include selective LPLN dissection or more aggressive multimodality therapy.

Selection of Lymph Node-Positive Cases Based on Perirectal and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Nodes Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Study of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum

PURPOSE

To investigate the optimum cutoff for lymph node size to identify cases positive for perirectal lymph node (PRLN) and lateral lymph node (LPLN) metastasis of lower rectal cancer on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODS

The subjects were 449 patients who underwent preoperative MRI. Mesorectal excision was performed in all patients (combined with lateral pelvic lymph node [LN] dissection in 324) between 2004 and 2013 at 6 institutes. Cases were classified as cN positive and cN negative on the basis of the short axis of the largest LN being greater than or equal to a cutoff or less than a cutoff, respectively. PRLN and LPLN diagnoses using 5 and 10 mm cutoffs were compared with histologic diagnoses. Of the 449 patients, 55 received preoperative chemoradiotherapy. MRI was only performed after this therapy in all of these patients.

RESULTS

For PRLNs, 5 and 10 mm cutoffs gave area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.6364 and 0.5794, respectively. The 5 mm cutoff gave a significantly higher AUC value (P = 0.0152), with an accuracy of 63.7 %, sensitivity of 72.6 %, and specificity of 54.7 %. For right LPLNs, the respective AUC values were 0.7418 and 0.6326 (P = 0.0034), and the variables (5 mm cutoff) were 77.6, 68.6, and 79.7 %. For left LPLNs, AUC values were 0.7593 and 0.6559, respectively (P = 0.0057), and the variables (5 mm cutoff) were 79.3, 70.8, and 81.0 %.

CONCLUSIONS

Identification of LN-positive cases on the basis of PRLN and LPLN sizes was superior at a short-axis 5 mm cutoff. Size-based diagnosis of LN metastasis is simple and useful, but further investigation is needed to clarify whether it is superior to diagnosis based on morphology, such as shape, border, and signal intensity.

Laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection is achievable and offers advantages as a minimally invasive surgery over the open approach

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgical therapy for advanced low rectal cancer patients. This study assessed potential risk factors for lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis (LPLM) and evaluated the feasibility and oncological safety of laparoscopic LPLD compared with the conventional open approach.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 90 patients with advanced low rectal cancer who underwent LPLD following total mesorectal excision at Kyushu University Hospital between January 2001 and July 2014. We compared the clinicopathological features between the patients with and without LPLM and the surgical outcomes between patients who underwent laparoscopic LPLD (LL) and open LPLD (OL).

RESULTS

Fourteen (15.6 %) patients had LPLM. Univariate analysis revealed that undifferentiated cancer, positive lymphatic invasion, >50 % circumferential cancer extent, mesorectal lymph node metastases (MLM), and distant metastasis were associated with LPLM. In the multivariate analysis, MLM was the only independent risk factor for LPLM. Forty-six (51.1 %) patients underwent LL, and 44 (48.9 %) patients underwent OL. The mean surgical duration was longer in the LL group than in the OL group (641.0 vs. 312.0 min, P < 0.001). The LL group also had less hemorrhage (252.0 vs. 815.0 mL, P < 0.001) and a shorter hospital stay (22.9 vs. 29.1 days, P = 0.04) than the OL group. The mean number of harvested lateral pelvic lymph nodes was larger in the LL group than in the OL group (19.5 vs. 15.8, P < 0.05). The morbidity rate and overall survival (3-year OS: 94.7 vs. 82.9 %, P = 0.25) did not differ between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with advanced low rectal cancer presenting MLM are good candidates for LPLD. Laparoscopic LPLD enables retrieval of more lymph nodes and may be acceptable for the treatment of advanced low rectal cancer.

Indications for Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Before and After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy in Patients with Advanced Low-Rectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

We assessed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis in patients with advanced low-rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and LPLN dissection (LPLD) for clinically suspected LPLN metastasis. Our aim was to identify the optimal indications for LPLD.

METHODS

The study population consisted of 77 patients with advanced low-rectal cancer who underwent LPLD for clinically suspicious LPLN metastasis after preoperative CRT. MRI findings before/after CRT, clinical factors, and LPLN metastasis were evaluated.

RESULTS

LPLN metastasis was confirmed in 31 patients (40.3 %). Metastasis was significantly higher in patients with LPLNs with a short-axis diameter ≥8 mm than in patients with LPLNs with a short-axis diameter <8 mm before CRT (75 vs. 20 %, P < 0.0001). LPLN metastasis was also significantly higher in patients with LPLNs with a short-axis diameter >5 mm than in patients with LPLNs with a short-axis diameter ≤5 mm after CRT (75 vs. 20 %, P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed the independent association of female sex [P = 0.0192; odds ratio (OR) 5.616; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.315-28.942], pre-CRT short-axis diameter of the LPLN ≥8 mm (P = 0.0047; OR 9.188; 95 % CI 1.948-54.366), and CRT without induction systemic chemotherapy (P = 0.0285; OR 9.235; 95 % CI 1.241-106.947) with LPLN metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

MRI before CRT is useful to predict LPLN metastasis and to determine the indications for LPLD.