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Di Fiore V, Del Punta L, De Biase N, Pellicori P, Gargani L, Dini FL, Armenia S, Li Vigni M, Maremmani D, Masi S, Taddei S, Pugliese NR. Integrative assessment of congestion in heart failure using ultrasound imaging. Intern Emerg Med 2024:10.1007/s11739-024-03755-9. [PMID: 39235709 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
In heart failure (HF), congestion is a key pathophysiologic hallmark and a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. However, the presence of congestion is often overlooked in both acute and chronic settings, particularly when it is not clinically evident, which can have important clinical consequences. Ultrasound (US) is a widely available, non-invasive, sensitive tool that might enable clinicians to detect and quantify the presence of (subclinical) congestion in different organs and tissues and guide therapeutic strategies. In particular, left ventricular filling pressures and pulmonary pressures can be estimated using transthoracic echocardiography; extravascular lung water accumulation can be evaluated by lung US; finally, systemic venous congestion can be assessed at the level of the inferior vena cava or internal jugular vein. The Doppler evaluation of renal, hepatic and portal venous flow can provide additional valuable information. This review aims to describe US techniques allowing multi-organ evaluation of congestion, underlining their role in detecting, monitoring, and treating volume overload more objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Di Fiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lavinia Del Punta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicolò De Biase
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Luna Gargani
- Thoracic and Vascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Frank Lloyd Dini
- Istituto Auxologico IRCCS, Centro Medico Sant'Agostino, Via Temperanza, 6, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Armenia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Myriam Li Vigni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Maremmani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Masi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Riccardo Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Rastogi T, Gargani L, Pellicori P, Lamiral Z, Ambrosio G, Bayés-Genis A, Domingo M, Lupon J, Simonovic D, Pugliese NR, Ruocco G, Duarte K, Coiro S, Palazzuoli A, Girerd N. Prognostic implication of lung ultrasound in heart failure: a pooled analysis of international cohorts. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 25:1216-1225. [PMID: 38606932 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lung ultrasound (LUS) is often used to assess congestion in heart failure (HF). In this study, we assessed the prognostic role of LUS in patients with HF at admission and hospital discharge, and in an outpatient setting, and explored whether clinical factors [age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and atrial fibrillation] impact the prognostic value of LUS findings. Further, we assessed the incremental prognostic value of LUS on top of the following two clinical risk scores: (i) the atrial fibrillation, haemoglobin, elderly, abnormal renal parameters, diabetes mellitus (AHEAD) and (ii) the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) clinical risk scores. METHODS AND RESULTS We pooled data on patients hospitalized for HF or followed up in outpatient clinics from international cohorts. We enrolled 1947 patients at admission (n = 578), discharge (n = 389), and in outpatient clinics (n = 980). The total LUS B-line count was calculated for the eight-zone scanning protocol. The primary outcome was a composite of rehospitalization for HF and all-cause death. Compared with those in the lower tertiles of B lines, patients in the highest tertiles were older, more likely to have signs of HF and had higher N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. A higher number of B lines was associated with increased risk of primary outcome at discharge [Tertile 3 vs. Tertile 1: adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 5.74 (3.26-10.12), P < 0.0001] and in outpatients [Tertile 3 vs. Tertile 1: adjusted HR: 2.66 (1.08-6.54), P = 0.033]. Age and LVEF did not influence the prognostic capacity of LUS in different clinical settings. Adding B-line count to the MAGGIC and AHEAD scores improved net reclassification significantly in all three clinical settings. CONCLUSION A higher number of B lines in patients with HF was associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, regardless of the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Rastogi
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pierre Drouin-INSERM-Unité mixte de recherche U1116 DCAC-CHRU de Nancy, Institut lorrain du cœur et des vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, 4, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Luna Gargani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zohra Lamiral
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pierre Drouin-INSERM-Unité mixte de recherche U1116 DCAC-CHRU de Nancy, Institut lorrain du cœur et des vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, 4, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genis
- Heart Failure Clinic, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Domingo
- Heart Failure Clinic, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lupon
- Heart Failure Clinic, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dejan Simonovic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation 'Niška Banja', Clinic of Cardiology, University of Niš School of Medicine, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Gaetano Ruocco
- Cardiology Division, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, ASL CN-1, Mondovì, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Kevin Duarte
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pierre Drouin-INSERM-Unité mixte de recherche U1116 DCAC-CHRU de Nancy, Institut lorrain du cœur et des vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, 4, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stefano Coiro
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Palazzuoli
- Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Department of Cardio Thoracic and Vascular, Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pierre Drouin-INSERM-Unité mixte de recherche U1116 DCAC-CHRU de Nancy, Institut lorrain du cœur et des vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, 4, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
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3
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Palazzuoli A, Ruocco G, Pellicori P, Gargani L, Coiro S, Lamiral Z, Ambrosio G, Rastogi T, Girerd N. Multi-modality assessment of congestion in acute heart failure: Associations with left ventricular ejection fraction and prognosis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102374. [PMID: 38185433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrating clinical examination with ultrasound measures of congestion could improve risk stratification in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF). AIM To investigate the prevalence of clinical, echocardiographic and lung ultrasound (LUS) signs of congestion according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and their association with prognosis in patients with AHF. METHODS We pooled the data of four cohorts of patients (N = 601, 74.9±10.8 years, 59 % men) with AHF and analysed six features of congestion at enrolment: clinical (peripheral oedema and respiratory rales), biochemical (BNP/NT-proBNP≥median), echocardiographic (inferior vena cava (IVC)≥21 mm, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)≥40 mmHg, E/e'≥15) and B-lines ≥25 (8-zones) in those with reduced (<40 %, HFrEF), mildly reduced (40-49 %, HFmrEF and preserved (≥50 %HFpEF) LVEF. RESULTS Compared to patients with HFmrEF (n = 110) and HFpEF (n = 201), those with HFrEF (N = 290) had higher natriuretic peptides, but prevalence of clinical (39 %), echocardiographic (IVC≥21 mm: 56 %, E/e'≥15: 57 %, PASP≥40 mmHg: 76 %) and LUS (48 %) signs of congestion was similar. In multivariable analysis, clinical (HR: 3.24(2.15-4.86), p < 0.001), echocardiographic [(IVC≥21 mm (HR:1.91, 1.21-3.03, p=0.006); E/e'≥15 (HR:1.54, 1.04-2.28, p = 0.031)] and LUS (HR:2.08, 1.34-3.24, p = 0.001) signs of congestion were significantly associated with all-cause mortality and/or HF re-hospitalization. Adding echocardiographic and LUS features of congestion to a model than included age, sex, systolic blood pressure, clinical congestion and natriuretic peptides, improved prediction at 90 and 180 days. CONCLUSIONS Clinical and ultrasound signs of congestion are highly prevalent in patients with AHF, regardless of LVEF and their combined assessment improves risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Palazzuoli
- Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Department Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Ruocco
- Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Cardiology Unit Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Luna Gargani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Coiro
- Cardiology Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Zohra Lamiral
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques 1433, CHRU de Nancy, Inserm 1116 and INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Division of Cardiology and Center for Clinical and Translational Research - CERICLET, Hospital Santa Maria Della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tripti Rastogi
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques 1433, CHRU de Nancy, Inserm 1116 and INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques 1433, CHRU de Nancy, Inserm 1116 and INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France.
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Gargani L, Girerd N, Platz E, Pellicori P, Stankovic I, Palazzuoli A, Pivetta E, Miglioranza MH, Soliman-Aboumarie H, Agricola E, Volpicelli G, Price S, Donal E, Cosyns B, Neskovic AN. Lung ultrasound in acute and chronic heart failure: a clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 24:1569-1582. [PMID: 37450604 PMCID: PMC11032195 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luna Gargani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2 5614, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- Université de Lorraine, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, Institut Lorrain du Cœur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, CHRU de Nancy, INSERM DCAC, F-CRIN INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
| | - Elke Platz
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ivan Stankovic
- Clinical Hospital Centre Zemun, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alberto Palazzuoli
- Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Le Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pivetta
- Medicina d'Urgenza-MECAU, Presidio Molinette, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza
- EcoHaertel - Hospital Mae de Deus, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hatem Soliman-Aboumarie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Harefield Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, UK
| | - Eustachio Agricola
- Cardiovascular Imaging Unit, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Volpicelli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Susanna Price
- Departments of Cardiology & Intensive Care, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Erwan Donal
- University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Sampath-Kumar R, Ben-Yehuda O. Inferior vena cava diameter and risk of acute decompensated heart failure rehospitalisations. Open Heart 2023; 10:e002331. [PMID: 37696618 PMCID: PMC10496688 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter may be a surrogate for volume status in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The utility of IVC diameter measurement is under studied. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between IVC diameter, clinical variables and ADHF rehospitalisations. METHODS Retrospective chart review of 200 patients admitted for ADHF from 2018 to 2019 with transthoracic echocardiogram during index hospitalisation. Charts were assessed for ADHF rehospitalisation within 1 year. RESULTS The median age was 64, 30.5% were female, and average left ventricular ejection fraction was 41%±20%. IVC diameter correlated to pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure (R=0.347, p<0.001) and body surface area (BSA) (R=0.424 p<0.001). IVC diameter corrected for BSA correlated to PA pressure (R=0.287, p<0.001) and log N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (R=0.247, p≤0.01). Patients rehospitalised within 1 year had significantly greater mean IVC diameter compared with those not rehospitalised (p<0.001) while there was no difference in mean net weight lost during index hospitalisation or mean log NT-proBNP. Patients with IVC diameter greater than 2.07 cm had significantly increased ADHF rehospitalisation (85.6% vs 49.3%, log rank p<0.001) with HR 2.44 (95% CI 1.85 to 3.23, p<0.001). In multivariable Cox regression only IVC diameter (p<0.001), presence of tricuspid regurgitation (p=0.02) and NYHA class III/IV (p<0.001) independently predicted ADHF rehospitalisation within 1 year. CONCLUSIONS IVC diameter is predictive of rehospitalisation in patients with ADHF and may identify patients in need of greater monitoring and diuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sampath-Kumar
- Cardiology, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ori Ben-Yehuda
- Cardiology, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
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Graham FJ, Iaconelli A, Sonecki P, Campbell RT, Hunter D, Cleland JGF, Pellicori P. Defining Heart Failure Based on Imaging the Heart and Beyond. Card Fail Rev 2023; 9:e10. [PMID: 37427007 PMCID: PMC10326661 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2022.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Water and salt retention, in other words congestion, are fundamental to the pathophysiology of heart failure and are important therapeutic targets. Echocardiography is the key tool with which to assess cardiac structure and function in the initial diagnostic workup of patients with suspected heart failure and is essential for guiding treatment and stratifying risk. Ultrasound can also be used to identify and quantify congestion in the great veins, kidneys and lungs. More advanced imaging methods might further clarify the aetiology of heart failure and its consequences for the heart and periphery, thereby improving the efficiency and quality of care tailored with greater precision to individual patient need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser J Graham
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Antonio Iaconelli
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | | | - Ross T Campbell
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - David Hunter
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - John GF Cleland
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
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7
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Inciardi RM, Pellicori P, Chandra A. Identification and quantification of congestion in heart failure: a work in progress. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:61-62. [PMID: 36464796 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alvin Chandra
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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8
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Lung Congestion Severity in Kidney Transplant Recipients Is Not Affected by Arteriovenous Fistula Function. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030842. [PMID: 35160293 PMCID: PMC8836698 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung ultrasound is a bedside technique for the assessment of pulmonary congestion. The study aims to assess the severity of lung congestion in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) in relation to arteriovenous fistula (AVF) patency. One hundred fifty-seven patients at least 12 months after kidney transplantation were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Apart from routine visits, lung ultrasound at 28 typical points was performed. The patients were assigned to either AVF+ or AVF− groups. The mean number of lung ultrasound B-lines (USBLs) was 5.14 ± 4.96 with no differences between groups: 5.5 ± 5.0 in AVF+ and 4.8 ± 4.9 in AVF−, p = 0.35. The number and proportion of patients with no congestion (0–5 USBLs), mild congestion (6–15 USBLs), and moderate congestion (16–30 USBLs) were as follows: 101 (64.7%), 49 (31.4%), and 6 (3.8%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, only symptoms (OR 5.90; CI 2.43,14.3; p = 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.09; CI 1.03,1.17; p = 0.0046), and serum cholesterol level (OR 0.994; CI 0.998,1.000; p = 0.0452) contributed significantly to the severity of lung congestion. Lung ultrasound is a valuable tool for the evaluation of KTR. Functioning AVF in KTR is not the major factor affecting the severity of pulmonary congestion.
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9
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Domingo M, Lupón J, Girerd N, Conangla L, de Antonio M, Moliner P, Santiago‐Vacas E, Codina P, Cediel G, Spitaleri G, González B, Diaz V, Rivas C, Velayos P, Núñez J, Bayes‐Genís A. Lung ultrasound in outpatients with heart failure: the wet-to-dry HF study. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:4506-4516. [PMID: 34725962 PMCID: PMC8712798 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure (HF), congestion and decongestion assessment may be challenging. The aim of this study is to assess the value of lung ultrasound (LUS) in outpatients with HF in characterizing decompensation and recompensation, and in outcomes prediction. METHODS AND RESULTS Heart failure outpatients attended to establish HF decompensation were included. LUS was blindly performed at baseline (LUS1) and at clinical recompensation (LUS2). B-lines were counted in eight scanned areas. Diagnosis of no HF decompensation vs. right-sided, left-sided, or global HF decompensation, and patients' management were performed by physicians blinded to LUS1. Outcome was the composite of all-cause death or HF-related hospitalization. Two hundred and thirty-three suspicions of HF decompensation were included in 187 patients (71.4 ± 11.3 years, 66.8% men). Mean B-line (LUS1) was 17.6 ± 11.2 vs. 3.7 ± 4.5 for episodes with and without HF decompensation, respectively (P < 0.001). Global HF decompensation showed the highest number of B-lines (20.6 ± 11), followed by left-sided (19.7 ± 11.6) and right-sided (13.5 ± 9.8). B-lines declined to 6.9 ± 6.7 (LUS2) (P < 0.001 vs. LUS1) after treatment, within a mean time of 24.2 ± 23.7 days [median 13.5 days (interquartile range 6-40)]. B-lines were significantly associated with the composite endpoint at 30 days (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04 [95% confidence interval 1.01-1.07], P = 0.02), but not at 60 (P = 0.22) or 180 days (P = 0.54). In multivariable analysis, B-line number remained as an independent predictor of the composite endpoint at 30 days, [HR 1.04 (1.01-1.07), P = 0.014], with a 4% increase risk per B-line added. B-lines correlated significantly with CA125 (R = 0.30, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lung ultrasound supports the diagnostic work-up of congestion and decongestion in chronic HF outpatients and identifies patients at high risk of short-term events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Domingo
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Josep Lupón
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
- Department of MedicineAutonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CIBERCVInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, INSERM DCAC, CHRU de Nancy, F‐CRIN INI‐CRCTUniversité de LorraineVandoeuvre‐lès‐NancyFrance
| | - Laura Conangla
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Marta de Antonio
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
- CIBERCVInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Pedro Moliner
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Evelyn Santiago‐Vacas
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Pau Codina
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - German Cediel
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Giosafat Spitaleri
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Beatriz González
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Violeta Diaz
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Carmen Rivas
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Patricia Velayos
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
| | - Julio Núñez
- CIBERCVInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Cardiology DepartmentHospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVAValènciaSpain
- Department of MedicineUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain
| | - Antoni Bayes‐Genís
- Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiology ServiceGermans Trias i Pujol HospitalCarretera del Canyet s/nBarcelona08916Spain
- Department of MedicineAutonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CIBERCVInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Pulmonary Congestion Assessment in Heart Failure: Traditional and New Tools. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081306. [PMID: 34441241 PMCID: PMC8394474 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestion related to cardiac pressure and/or volume overload plays a central role in the pathophysiology, presentation, and prognosis of heart failure (HF). Most HF exacerbations are related to a progressive rise in cardiac filling pressures that precipitate pulmonary congestion and symptomatic decompensation. Furthermore, persistent symptoms and signs of congestion at discharge or among outpatients are strong predictors of an adverse outcome. Pulmonary congestion is also one of the most important diagnostic and therapeutic targets in chronic heart failure. The aim of this review is to analyze the importance of clinical, instrumental, and biochemical evaluation of congestion in HF by describing old and new tools. Lung ultrasonography (LUS) is an emerging method to assess pulmonary congestion. Accordingly, we describe the additive prognostic role of chest ultrasound with respect to traditional clinical and X-ray assessment in acute and chronic HF setting.
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11
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Johannessen Ø, Myhre PL, Omland T. Assessing congestion in acute heart failure using cardiac and lung ultrasound - a review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2021; 19:165-176. [PMID: 33432851 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2021.1865155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Acute heart failure (AHF) is one of the leading causes of hospital admissions and is characterized by systemic and pulmonary congestion, which often precedes the overt clinical signs and symptoms. Echocardiography in the management of chronic HF is well described; however, there are less evidence regarding echocardiography and lung ultrasound (LUS) in the acute setting.Areas covered: We have summarized current evidence regarding the use of echocardiography and LUS for assessing congestion in patients with AHF. We discuss the value and reliability of handheld/pocketsize ultrasound devices in AHF.Expert opinion: Echocardiography is an essential tool for the diagnostic work up in patients with AHF. No individual parameter reliably detects congestion, thus the physician must integrate several measurements from the right and left heart. Novel methods and advances in cardiac imaging and clinical chemistry make it possible to detect congestion at an early stage. LUS is particularly helpful in assessing congestion, and it has demonstrated diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic value in AHF. LUS is relatively easy to learn and allows for quick assessment of the presence of pulmonary congestion and pleural effusion. We recommend integration of LUS for routine management of patients with AHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Johannessen
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peder L Myhre
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Omland
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Pellicori P, Platz E, Dauw J, Ter Maaten JM, Martens P, Pivetta E, Cleland JGF, McMurray JJV, Mullens W, Solomon SD, Zannad F, Gargani L, Girerd N. Ultrasound imaging of congestion in heart failure: examinations beyond the heart. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 23:703-712. [PMID: 33118672 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestion, related to pressure and/or fluid overload, plays a central role in the pathophysiology, presentation and prognosis of heart failure and is an important therapeutic target. While symptoms and physical signs of fluid overload are required to make a clinical diagnosis of heart failure, they lack both sensitivity and specificity, which might lead to diagnostic delay and uncertainty. Over the last decades, new ultrasound methods for the detection of elevated intracardiac pressures and/or fluid overload have been developed that are more sensitive and specific, thereby enabling earlier and more accurate diagnosis and facilitating treatment strategies. Accordingly, we considered that a state-of-the-art review of ultrasound methods for the detection and quantification of congestion was timely, including imaging of the heart, lungs (B-lines), kidneys (intrarenal venous flow), and venous system (inferior vena cava and internal jugular vein diameter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Pellicori
- Robertson Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elke Platz
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeroen Dauw
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg (ZOL), Genk, Belgium.,Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jozine M Ter Maaten
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg (ZOL), Genk, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Martens
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg (ZOL), Genk, Belgium.,Doctoral School for Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Emanuele Pivetta
- Division of Emergency Medicine and High Dependency Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Cancer Epidemiology Unit and CPO Piemonte, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - John G F Cleland
- Robertson Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wilfried Mullens
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg (ZOL), Genk, Belgium.,Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, LCRC, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique, INSERM 1433, CHRU de Nancy, Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Nancy, France.,INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France
| | - Luna Gargani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique, INSERM 1433, CHRU de Nancy, Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Nancy, France.,INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France
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Simonavičius J, Maeder MT, Eurlings CGMJ, Aizpurua AB, Čelutkienė J, Barysienė J, Toggweiler S, Kaufmann BA, Brunner-La Rocca HP. Intensification of pharmacological decongestion but not the actual daily loop diuretic dose predicts worse chronic heart failure outcome: insights from TIME-CHF. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 110:1221-1233. [PMID: 33216179 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both loop diuretics (LDs) and congestion have been related to worse heart failure (HF) outcome. The relationship between the cause and effect is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between congestion, diuretic use and HF outcome. METHODS Six hundred and twenty-two chronic HF patients from TIME-CHF were studied. Congestion was measured by means of a clinical congestion index (CCI). Loop diuretic dose was considered at baseline and month 6. Treatment intensification was defined as the increase in LD dose over 6 months or loop diuretic and thiazide or thiazide-like diuretic co-administration. The end-points were survival and HF hospitalisation-free survival. RESULTS High-LD dose at baseline and month 6 (≥ 80 mg of furosemide per day) was not identified as an independent predictor of outcome. CCI at baseline remained independently associated with impaired survival [hazard ratio (HR) 1.34, (95% confidence interval) (95% CI) (1.20-1.50), p < 0.001] and HF hospitalisation-free survival [HR 1.09, 95% CI (1.02-1.17), p = 0.015]. CCI at month 6 was independently associated with HF hospitalisation-free survival [HR 1.24, 95% CI (1.11-1.38), p < 0.001]. Treatment intensification was independently associated with survival [HR 1.75, 95% CI (1.19-1.38), p = 0.004] and HF hospitalisation-free survival [HR 1.69, 95% CI (1.22-2.35), p = 0.002]. Patients undergoing treatment intensification resulting in decongestion had better outcome than patients with persistent (worsening) congestion despite LD dose up-titration (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Intensification of pharmacological decongestion but not the actual LD dose was related to poor outcome in chronic HF. If treatment intensification translated into clinical decongestion, outcome was better than in case of persistent or worsening congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justas Simonavičius
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu str. 2, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,The Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Micha T Maeder
- Cardiology Department, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Casper G M J Eurlings
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jelena Čelutkienė
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Barysienė
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Stefan Toggweiler
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Centre Lucerne, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Kaufmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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