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Li Y, Wang T, Shi HH, Wang YM, Xue CH, Huang QR, Zhang TT. Absorption, Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Excretion Profiles of Sea Cucumber-Derived Sulfated Sterols in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:480-487. [PMID: 34936372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumber-derived sulfated sterols exhibited more significant bioactivities compared to plant sterols due to the distinctive structure of the sulfate group at the C-3 position; however, their absorption, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion profiles are unknown, which limits the analysis of molecular mechanisms related to their unique activities. In this study, the absorption characteristics of sea cucumber sterols were determined by oral gavage administration, and their pharmacokinetics, excretion, and tissue distribution were studied by tail vein injection. The results showed that SS1 and SS2 reached the peak at 3 h (20.14 ± 1.2 μg/mL) and 4 h (13.32 ± 0.9 μg/mL) in serum, respectively, after oral gavage administration, suggesting the faster absorption rate of SS1 than SS2 due to the difference in the side-chain groups. Besides, lipid-containing food media improved the digestion and absorption rates of sea cucumber sterols. Moreover, SS1 exhibited a relatively longer duration of efficacy than SS2, and they were almost completely excreted within 9 h through urine. Additionally, sea cucumber sterols were found to be mainly accumulated in the liver (P < 0.05), followed by the kidney and spleen. These findings might provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of functional foods and nutraceuticals associated with sea cucumber sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237 Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237 Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Rong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
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2
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Compositional and structural aspects of hydro- and oleogels: Similarities and specificities from the perspective of digestibility. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:991-1014. [PMID: 30886367 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1625] [Impact Index Per Article: 325.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing a mechanistic understanding of the impact of food structure and composition on human health has increasingly involved simulating digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These simulations have used a wide range of different conditions that often have very little physiological relevance, and this impedes the meaningful comparison of results. The standardized protocol presented here is based on an international consensus developed by the COST INFOGEST network. The method is designed to be used with standard laboratory equipment and requires limited experience to encourage a wide range of researchers to adopt it. It is a static digestion method that uses constant ratios of meal to digestive fluids and a constant pH for each step of digestion. This makes the method simple to use but not suitable for simulating digestion kinetics. Using this method, food samples are subjected to sequential oral, gastric and intestinal digestion while parameters such as electrolytes, enzymes, bile, dilution, pH and time of digestion are based on available physiological data. This amended and improved digestion method (INFOGEST 2.0) avoids challenges associated with the original method, such as the inclusion of the oral phase and the use of gastric lipase. The method can be used to assess the endpoints resulting from digestion of foods by analyzing the digestion products (e.g., peptides/amino acids, fatty acids, simple sugars) and evaluating the release of micronutrients from the food matrix. The whole protocol can be completed in ~7 d, including ~5 d required for the determination of enzyme activities.
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Bentley‐Hewitt KL, Narbad A, Majsak‐Newman G, Philo MR, Lund EK. Lactobacilli survival and adhesion to colonic epithelial cell lines is dependent on long chain fatty acid exposure. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L. Bentley‐Hewitt
- Institute of Food ResearchGastrointestinal HealthNorwichNorfolkUK
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Food and Nutrition GroupFood Industry Science CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Institute of Food ResearchGastrointestinal HealthNorwichNorfolkUK
| | - Gosia Majsak‐Newman
- Institute of Food ResearchGastrointestinal HealthNorwichNorfolkUK
- Norfolk and Norwich University HospitalNHS Foundation TrustNorwichUK
| | - Mark R. Philo
- Institute of Food ResearchGastrointestinal HealthNorwichNorfolkUK
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Cholesterol Lowering Effect of Plant Stanol Ester Yoghurt Drinks with Added Camelina Oil. CHOLESTEROL 2016; 2016:5349389. [PMID: 26998355 PMCID: PMC4779525 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5349389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoghurt minidrinks containing two doses of plant stanol ester either with or without added camelina oil on the serum cholesterol levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. In this randomised, double-blind, parallel group study, 143 subjects consumed a 65 mL minidrink together with a meal daily for four weeks. The minidrink contained 1.6 or 2.0 grams of plant stanols with or without 2 grams of alpha-linolenic acid-rich camelina oil. The placebo minidrink did not contain plant stanols or camelina oil. All plant stanol treated groups showed statistically significant total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol lowering relative to baseline and relative to placebo. Compared to placebo, LDL cholesterol was lowered by 9.4% (p < 0.01) and 8.1% (p < 0.01) with 1.6 g and 2 g plant stanols, respectively. With addition of Camelina oil, 1.6 g plant stanols resulted in 11.0% (p < 0.01) and 2 g plant stanols in 8.4% (p < 0.01) reduction in LDL cholesterol compared to placebo. In conclusion, yoghurt minidrinks with plant stanol ester reduced serum LDL cholesterol significantly and addition of a small amount of camelina oil did not significantly enhance the cholesterol lowering effect. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02628990.
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6
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Thilakarathna SH, Rogers M, Lan Y, Huynh S, Marangoni AG, Robinson LE, Wright AJ. Investigations of in vitro bioaccessibility from interesterified stearic and oleic acid-rich blends. Food Funct 2016; 7:1932-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interesterification was previously found to impact stearic acid absorption in a randomized cross-over study, when human volunteers consumed a 70 : 30 wt% high-oleic sunflower and canola stearin blend (NIE) compared to the same blend which had undergone either chemical (CIE) or enzymatic (EIE) interesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Thilakarathna
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - M. Rogers
- Department of Food Science
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- N1G 2W1 Canada
- New Jersey Institute of Food
| | - Y. Lan
- New Jersey Institute of Food
- Nutrition
- and Health
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers
| | - S. Huynh
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - A. G. Marangoni
- Department of Food Science
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - L. E. Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - A. J. Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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7
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Carden TJ, Hang J, Dussault PH, Carr TP. Dietary Plant Sterol Esters Must Be Hydrolyzed to Reduce Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption in Hamsters. J Nutr 2015; 145:1402-7. [PMID: 25972524 PMCID: PMC4478947 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.207662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated concentrations of LDL cholesterol are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and therefore are considered an important target for intervention to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is an attractive approach to lowering plasma cholesterol, one that is addressed by drug therapy as well as dietary supplementation with plant sterols and plant sterol esters (PSEs). OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the cholesterol-lowering effects of PSE require hydrolysis to free sterols (FSs). METHODS Male Syrian hamsters were fed atherogenic diets (AIN-93M purified diet containing 0.12% cholesterol and 8% coconut oil) to which one of the following was added: no PSEs or ethers (control), 5% sterol stearate esters, 5% sterol palmitate esters (PEs), 5% sterol oleate esters (OEs), 5% sterol stearate ethers (STs; to mimic nonhydrolyzable PSE), or 3% FSs plus 2% sunflower oil. The treatments effectively created a spectrum of PSE hydrolysis across which cholesterol metabolism could be compared. Metabolic measurements included cholesterol absorption, plasma and liver lipid concentration, and fecal neutral sterol and bile acid excretion. RESULTS The STs and the PEs and SEs were poorly hydrolyzed (1.69-4.12%). In contrast, OEs were 88.3% hydrolyzed. The percent hydrolysis was negatively correlated with cholesterol absorption (r = -0.85; P < 0.0001) and positively correlated with fecal cholesterol excretion (r = 0.92; P < 0.0001), suggesting that PSE hydrolysis plays a central role in the cholesterol-lowering properties of PSE. CONCLUSIONS Our data on hamsters suggest that PSE hydrolysis and the presence of FSs is necessary to induce an optimum cholesterol-lowering effect and that poorly hydrolyzed PSEs may lower cholesterol through an alternative mechanism than that of competition with cholesterol for micelle incorporation.
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Abdallah IB, Tlili N, Martinez-Force E, Rubio AGP, Perez-Camino MC, Albouchi A, Boukhchina S. Content of carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, triterpenic and aliphatic alcohols, and volatile compounds in six walnuts (Juglans regia L.) varieties. Food Chem 2014; 173:972-8. [PMID: 25466114 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the content of tocopherols, sterols, triterpenic and aliphatic alcohols, carotenoids, and volatile compounds in the kernel oils from six walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties. The levels of β-carotene ranged between 0.22 and 0.62 mg/kg, followed by lutein (0.01-0.06 mg/kg). The total content of tocopherol ranged from 186.5 to 436.2 mg/kg of the extracted oil and the major isoform in all samples was γ-tocopherol. The most abundant phytosterol was β-sitosterol (974-1494 mg/kg) followed by campesterol then Δ-5-avenasterol. The major triterpenic alcohol was cycloartenol (226.4-532.1 mg/kg). Hexacosanol (9.71-28.15 mg/kg) was the major aliphatic alcohol. The detected volatile compounds were pentanal, hexanal, nonanal, 2-decenal and hexanol. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between varieties, which are probably due to genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Bou Abdallah
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipides, Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Nizar Tlili
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipides, Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Enrique Martinez-Force
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Gracia Pérez Rubio
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ali Albouchi
- Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sadok Boukhchina
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipides, Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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He B, Deng T, Li J, Yan F, Wang H, Huang Y, Peng C. An innovative auto-catalytic esterification for the production of phytosterol esters: experiment and kinetics. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11702f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe, practicable and environmental friendly method was developed to synthesize phytosterol esters from phytosterols and long-chain fatty acids without adding any catalyst or solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqiao He
- State Key Lab of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Lab of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Jianxin Li
- State Key Lab of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- State Key Lab of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Lab of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Lab of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Lab of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387, PR China
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10
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Progress and prospective of plant sterol and plant stanol research: Report of the Maastricht meeting. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:521-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Moran-Valero MI, Martin D, Torrelo G, Reglero G, Torres CF. Phytosterols esterified with conjugated linoleic acid. In vitro intestinal digestion and interaction on cholesterol bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11323-11330. [PMID: 23130954 DOI: 10.1021/jf303148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal in vitro digestion of phytosterols esterified with conjugated linoleic acid (PS-CLA) was performed to study (1) the potential bioaccessibility of the released bioactive-lipid products and (2) the interference with cholesterol bioaccessibility. Commercial food-grade PS ester (PS-C) was assayed as reference. Hydrolysis of PS-CLA by digestive enzymes was similar to that of PS-C (51 and 47%, respectively), most lipids products being mainly included in the bioaccessible fraction, namely, the micellar phase (MP). Control assays in the absence of PS esters showed most cholesterol solubilized within the MP, whereas a displacement of total cholesterol was caused from MP after digestion of PS esters (14 and 36% displacement for PS-CLA and PS-C, respectively), cholesterol being partially precipitated. Precipitated cholesterol was linearly related to a parallel precipitation of saturated-chain PS, mainly determined by sitosterol (R² = 0.936). The higher composition in sitosteryl esters of PS-C with respect to PS-CLA might explain their different effects on cholesterol. Therefore, besides being a lipid delivery form of PS similar to other commercial esterified PS, the PS-CLA might have the additional advantage of being a lipid delivery form of CLA. Moreover, PS-CLA might hinder the bioaccessibility of cholesterol. Furthermore, the qualitative/quantitative profile in esterified PS forms might determine the magnitude of cholesterol interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Moran-Valero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación-CIAL-CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Comparable reduction in cholesterol absorption after two different ways of phytosterol administration in humans. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1215-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Fate of dietary phytosteryl/-stanyl esters: analysis of individual intact esters in human feces. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:997-1013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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De Smet E, Mensink RP, Plat J. Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1058-72. [PMID: 22623436 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plant sterols and stanols are natural food ingredients found in plants. It was already shown in 1950 that they lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. Meta-analysis has reported that a daily intake of 2.5 g plant sterols/stanols reduced serum LDL-C concentrations up to 10%. Despite many studies, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the proposed mechanisms that have been presented over the past decades will be described and discussed in the context of the current knowledge. In the early days, it was suggested that plant sterols/stanols compete with intestinal cholesterol for incorporation into mixed micelles as well as into chylomicrons. Next, the focus shifted toward cellular processes. In particular, a role for sterol transporters localized in the membranes of enterocytes was suggested. All these processes ultimately lowered intestinal cholesterol absorption. More recently, the existence of a direct secretion of cholesterol from the circulation into the intestinal lumen was described. First results in animal studies suggested that plant sterols/stanols activate this pathway, which also explains the increased fecal neutral sterol content and as such could explain the cholesterol-lowering activity of plant sterols/stanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els De Smet
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Amiot MJ, Knol D, Cardinault N, Nowicki M, Bott R, Antona C, Borel P, Bernard JP, Duchateau G, Lairon D. Phytosterol ester processing in the small intestine: impact on cholesterol availability for absorption and chylomicron cholesterol incorporation in healthy humans. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1256-1264. [PMID: 21482714 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m013730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) can lower intestinal cholesterol absorption, but the complex dynamics of the lipid digestion process in the presence of phytosterol esters (PEs) are not fully understood. We performed a clinical experiment in intubated healthy subjects to study the time course of changes in the distribution of all lipid moieties present in duodenal phases during 4 h of digestion of meals with 3.2 g PE (PE meal) or without (control meal) PE. In vitro experiments under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were also performed. The addition of PE did not alter triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis in the duodenum or subsequent chylomicron TG occurrence in the circulation. In contrast, cholesterol accumulation in the duodenum aqueous phase was markedly reduced in the presence of PE (-32%, P < 0.10). In vitro experiments confirmed that PE reduces cholesterol transfer into the aqueous phase. The addition of PE resulted in a markedly reduced presence of meal-derived hepta-deuterated cholesterol in the circulation, i.e., in chylomicrons (-43%, PE meal vs. control; P < 0.0001) and plasma (-54%, PE meal vs. control; P < 0.0001). The present data show that addition of PE to a meal does not alter TG hydrolysis but displaces cholesterol from the intestinal aqueous phase and lowers chylomicron cholesterol occurrence in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Josèphe Amiot
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; Université Aix-Marseille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, F-13385 France.
| | - Diny Knol
- Unilever Research and Development, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Cardinault
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; Université Aix-Marseille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, F-13385 France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025
| | - Romain Bott
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025
| | - Claudine Antona
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025
| | - Patrick Borel
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025
| | | | - Guus Duchateau
- Unilever Research and Development, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Lairon
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025
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Relationship between Fecal Content of Fatty Acids and Cyclooxygenase mRNA Expression and Fatty Acid Composition in Duodenal Biopsies, Serum Lipoproteins, and Dietary Fat in Colectomized Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patients. J Nutr Metab 2010; 2010:862569. [PMID: 21052495 PMCID: PMC2967835 DOI: 10.1155/2010/862569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A few familial adenomatous polyposis studies have focused upon faecal sterols and bile acids but none has analysed the fecal content of fatty acids. We report here findings of an observational study on 29 colectomized familial adenomatous polyposis patients that describe the fecal content of fatty acids, and relate this to the proportions of fatty acids and levels of cyclooxygenase mRNA expression in duodenal biopsies, levels of serum lipoproteins, and diet. In the ileostomy group separately (n = 12), the fecal content of arachidonic acid was correlated negatively to the proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in duodenal biopsies. Total serum-cholesterol was negatively correlated to the fecal content of saturates and monounsaturates. The fecal palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid ratio was positively correlated to the levels of cyclooxygease-2 expression in duodenal biopsies.In the ileal-pouch-anal anastomosis group separately (n = 17), significant correlations were found between the fecal contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid, and the proportions of myristic acid, oleic acid and eicosaenoic acid in duodenal biopsies. Dietary monounsaturates were positively correlated to different fecal fatty acids. Future studies should focus on molecular mechanisms relevant to fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and angiogenesis, in addition to nutrition.
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17
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Julien-David D, Ennahar S, Miesch M, Geoffroy P, Raul F, Aoude-Werner D, Lessinger JM, Marchioni E. Effects of oxidation on the hydrolysis by cholesterol esterase of sitosteryl esters as compared to a cholesteryl ester. Steroids 2009; 74:832-6. [PMID: 19464305 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytosteryl esters (PE) are used as ingredients in functional food to decrease plasma concentration of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Effective impairment of cholesterol absorption by PE suggests that these esters are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase, EC 3.1.1.13) and the liberated sterol may interfere with cholesterol reducing its intestinal absorption. PE-enriched foods are marketed for cooking purposes, and temperature is one of the most important factors leading to the formation of oxidation products. Very little is known about the outcome of PE oxides during the digestive process. A new analytical method based on mass spectrometric detection directly after enzymatic reaction was developed to determine in vitro the activity of CEase on PE and their oxides present in functional food. Using this method, we identified a new inhibitor of CEase: sitosteryl 9,10-dihydroxystearate, which behaves as a non-competitive inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate and sitosteryl oleate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Julien-David
- IPHC, UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Sciences de l'Aliment-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route de Rhin, 67640 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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Carr TP, Krogstrand KLS, Schlegel VL, Fernandez ML. Stearate-enriched plant sterol esters lower serum LDL cholesterol concentration in normo- and hypercholesterolemic adults. J Nutr 2009; 139:1445-50. [PMID: 19535421 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.106328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in our laboratory have previously demonstrated in hamsters a superior cholesterol-lowering ability of plant sterol (PS) esters enriched in stearate compared with linoleate. We therefore conducted a randomized, double-blind, 2-group parallel, placebo-controlled study to test the cholesterol-lowering properties of stearate-enriched PS esters in normo- and hypercholesterolemic adults. Thirty-two adults, 16 per group with equal number of males and females in each group, participated in the 4-wk study. Participants consumed 3 g/d (1 g three times per day with meals) of either PS esters or placebo delivered in capsules. Serum LDL cholesterol concentration significantly decreased 0.42 mmol/L (11%) and the LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio decreased 10% with PS ester supplementation, whereas LDL particle size and lipoprotein subclass particle concentrations (as measured by NMR) were not affected. The percent change in LDL cholesterol was positively correlated with baseline lathosterol concentration (r = 0.729; P = 0.0014), indicating an association between the magnitude of LDL change and the rate of whole-body cholesterol synthesis. Serum campesterol (but not sitosterol) concentration significantly increased in the PS ester group. Serum tocopherol, retinol, and beta-carotene concentrations were not affected by PS ester supplementation. Thus, our findings demonstrate the usefulness of a novel stearate-enriched PS ester compound in decreasing LDL cholesterol in both normo- and hypercholesterolemic adults. The extent to which PS ester fatty acid composition affects intestinal micelle formation and cholesterol absorption in humans requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Carr
- Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Abstract
Phytosterol and stanol (or phytosterols) consumption reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption, leading to decreased blood LDL-cholesterol levels and lowered cardiovascular disease risk. However, other biological roles for plant sterols and stanols have also been proposed. The objective of this review is to critically examine results from recent research regarding the potential effects and mechanisms of action of phytosterols on forms of cancer. Considerable emerging evidence supports the inhibitory actions of phytosterols on lung, stomach, as well as ovarian and breast cancer. Phytosterols seem to act through multiple mechanisms of action, including inhibition of carcinogen production, cancer-cell growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and through the promotion of apoptosis of cancerous cells. Phytosterol consumption may also increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and thereby reduce oxidative stress. In addition to altering cell-membrane structure and function, phytosterols probably promote apoptosis by lowering blood cholesterol levels. Moreover, consumption of phytosterols by healthy humans at the recommended level of 2 g per day does not cause any major health risks. In summary, mounting evidence supports a role for phytosterols in protecting against cancer development. Hence, phytosterols could be incorporated in diet not only to lower the cardiovascular disease risk, but also to potentially prevent cancer development.
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Miller MR, Nichols PD, Carter CG. The digestibility and accumulation of dietary phytosterols in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt fed diets with replacement plant oils. Lipids 2008; 43:549-57. [PMID: 18408959 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols occur in high concentration in canola (Brassica napus L.) and other vegetable oils such as from the borage plant Echium (Echium plantagineum L.). We investigated if Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) digest and accumulate dietary phytosterols in significant amounts in muscle and liver. Phytosterols are lipid soluble, lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in humans. We aimed to determine if fatty fish, such as salmon, can be used as a delivery source of this functional food component. Three diets containing canola oil (CO), Echium oil (EO) and fish oil (FO) were fed to Atlantic salmon smolt over 9 weeks. The digestibility of natural abundances of phytosterols by Atlantic salmon was poor compared to cholesterol. However, phytosterols accumulated in liver and muscle of fish. Significantly increased concentrations of 24-methylenecholesterol, campesterol, beta-sitosterol and total phytosterol occurred in livers of EO fed fish compared to FO fed fish. Campesterol concentrations increased in CO fed fish compared to the FO fed fish. We demonstrated that natural abundances of dietary phytosterols are digested by and accumulated in liver and white muscle of Atlantic salmon smolt. However, phytosterol levels in salmon muscle will not be a major source of phytosterols in human diets and would not be expected to significantly effect human cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Miller
- School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
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Brufau G, Canela MA, Quílez J, Rafecas M. Phytosterols and pectin added to a high‐saturated fat diet do not show hypocholesterolemic activity in female guinea pigs. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Brufau
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science − CeRTA (Nutrició i Salut), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Canela
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Analysis, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Quílez
- Departament de Tecnologia, Europastry S.A., Sarral, Spain
| | - Magda Rafecas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science − CeRTA (Nutrició i Salut), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Cholesterol-lowering properties of plant sterols esterified with beef tallow fatty acids in hamsters. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Brufau G, Canela MA, Rafecas M. Phytosterols, but not pectin, added to a high-saturated-fat diet modify saturated fatty acid excretion in relation to chain length. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 18:580-6. [PMID: 17142034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this article was to study how the excretion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) is modified after the consumption of a high-saturated-fat diet that was supplemented with phytosterol and pectin. We present the results of a longitudinal 4-week study on guinea pigs. Diets were supplemented with 0.33% of cholesterol and differed in the content of pectin (three levels) and of phytosterols (three levels). Seventy-two female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were randomly assigned to the treatment groups (8 animals/group). Addition of phytosterol resulted in a decrease of lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) excretions and in an increase of arachidic (20:0) and behenic (22:0) excretions. Palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids did not show a clear change after phytosterol supplementation. Addition of pectin resulted in a decreased excretion of all SFA, although this was not significant. These results suggest that phytosterols added to a high-saturated-fat diet enhance the absorption of the most atherogenic fatty acids (lauric and myristic) after 1 week of treatment, as compared with the high-saturated-fat diet alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Brufau
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science-CeRTA, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Rasmussen HE, Guderian DM, Wray CA, Dussault PH, Schlegel VL, Carr TP. Reduction in cholesterol absorption is enhanced by stearate-enriched plant sterol esters in hamsters. J Nutr 2006; 136:2722-7. [PMID: 17056791 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.11.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of plant sterol esters reduces plasma LDL cholesterol concentration by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Commercially available plant sterol esters are prepared by esterifying free sterols to fatty acids from edible plant oils such as canola, soybean, and sunflower. To determine the influence of the fatty acid moiety on cholesterol metabolism, plant sterol esters were made with fatty acids from soybean oil (SO), beef tallow (BT), or purified stearic acid (SA) and fed to male hamsters for 4 wk. A control group fed no plant sterol esters was also included. Hamsters fed BT and SA had significantly lower cholesterol absorption and decreased concentrations of plasma non-HDL cholesterol and liver esterified cholesterol, and significantly greater fecal sterol excretion than SO and control hamsters. Cholesterol absorption was lowest in hamsters fed SA (7.5%), whereas it was 72.9% in control hamsters. Cholesterol absorption was correlated with fecal sterol excretion (r = -0.72, P < 0.001), liver cholesterol concentration (r = 0.88, P < 0.001), and plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration (r = 0.85, P < 0.001). A multiple regression model that included each sterol ester type vs. cholesterol absorption indicated that intake of steryl stearate was the only dietary component that contributed significantly to the model (R2 = -0.75, P < 0.001). Therefore, our results demonstrate that BT and SA are more effective than SO in reducing cholesterol absorption, liver cholesterol, and plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration, suggesting that cardioprotective benefits can be achieved by consuming stearate-enriched plant sterol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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