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Vasil’kov A, Migulin D, Naumkin A, Volkov I, Butenko I, Golub A, Sadykova V, Muzafarov A. Hybrid Materials with Antimicrobial Properties Based on Hyperbranched Polyaminopropylalkoxysiloxanes Embedded with Ag Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030809. [PMID: 36986670 PMCID: PMC10057488 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New hybrid materials based on Ag nanoparticles stabilized by a polyaminopropylalkoxysiloxane hyperbranched polymer matrix were prepared. The Ag nanoparticles were synthesized in 2-propanol by metal vapor synthesis (MVS) and incorporated into the polymer matrix using metal-containing organosol. MVS is based on the interaction of extremely reactive atomic metals formed by evaporation in high vacuum (10−4–10−5 Torr) with organic substances during their co-condensation on the cooled walls of a reaction vessel. Polyaminopropylsiloxanes with hyperbranched molecular architectures were obtained in the process of heterofunctional polycondensation of the corresponding AB2-type monosodiumoxoorganodialkoxysilanes derived from the commercially available aminopropyltrialkoxysilanes. The nanocomposites were characterized using transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). TEM images show that Ag nanoparticles stabilized in the polymer matrix have an average size of 5.3 nm. In the Ag-containing composite, the metal nanoparticles have a “core-shell” structure, in which the “core” and “shell” represent the M0 and Mδ+ states, respectively. Nanocomposites based on silver nanoparticles stabilized with amine-containing polyorganosiloxane polymers showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vasil’kov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(915)-416-5011
| | - Dmitry Migulin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, RAS, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Naumkin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Volkov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Butenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- G. F. Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandre Golub
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Sadykova
- G. F. Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aziz Muzafarov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, RAS, 117393 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Wagner M, Strassert CA, Gröhn F. Hierarchical electrostatic nanotemplating and self-assembly of electron-transferring hybrid nanostructures: CdS-polymer-porphyrin particles. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13040-13045. [PMID: 35912789 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02132c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a versatile route to functional multi-component nanostructures by a hierarchical electrostatic nanotemplating - self-assembly approach: CdS-polyelectrolyte-porphyrin structures are formed in aqueous solution. The system was investigated with regard to its photocatalytic activity in different model reactions, and the mechanisms upon excitation were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander - Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Center for Nanotechnology - Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander - Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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3
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Nanoarchitectured Cu based catalysts supported on alginate/glycyl leucine hybrid beads for tainted water treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:56-69. [PMID: 35278516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water pollution reached worrying point due to different dye pollutants which demands an instant solution. One of the best ways to manage water pollutants is their reduction and decolorization to less-toxic and useful compounds. However, reduction process requires an effective, stable, and recyclable catalyst to reduce such pollutants more effectively. Metal nanoparticles (M0) are highly effective catalysts but separation of nanoparticles after reaction is difficult and requires a high-speed centrifugation. If loaded on polymer-beads, they can be easily separated from the reaction-mixture. Hearin, alginate/glycyl leucine (AGL) hybrid-beads were prepared, and copper nanoparticles (Cu0) were grown on it by simple process. M0/AGL bead catalysts were tested toward reducing various toxic compounds. Among all developed composite-beads, the catalytic performance of Cu0/AGL was highest in terms of reduction kinetics. After initial screening for different pollutants, Cu0/AGL was much more effective for MO reduction, thus, all optimized different parameters i.e., catalyst dosage, stability, amount of reducing-agent and recyclability were experimentally determined. The Cu0/AGL showed high-rate constants (kapp) of 0.7566 and 2.9506 min-1 depending on beads content. The reusability of the Cu0/AGL catalysts up to the 7th cycle has been checked. With the use of AGL as support for the Cu nanoparticles, not only the catalytic activity was retained for longer times during reusability, but it helped in their easy separation.
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Arkas M, Douloudi M, Nikoli E, Karountzou G, Kitsou I, Kavetsou E, Korres D, Vouyiouka S, Tsetsekou A, Giannakopoulos K, Papageorgiou M. Investigation of two bioinspired reaction mechanisms for the optimization of nano catalysts generated from hyperbranched polymer matrices. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sonia, Komal, Kukreti S, Kaushik M. Gold nanoclusters: An ultrasmall platform for multifaceted applications. Talanta 2021; 234:122623. [PMID: 34364432 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with a core size below 2 nm form an exciting class of functional nano-materials with characteristic physical and chemical properties. The properties of Au NCs are more prominent and extremely different from their bulk counterparts. The synthesis of Au NCs is generally assisted by template or ligand, which impart excellent cluster stability and high quantum yield. The tunable and sensitive physicochemical properties of Au NCs open horizons for their advanced applications in various interdisciplinary fields. In this review, we briefly summarize the solution phase synthesis and origin of the characteristic properties of Au NCs. A vast review of recent research work introducing biosensors based on Au NCs has been presented along with their specifications and detection limits. This review also highlights recent progress in the use of Au NCs as bio-imaging probe, enzyme mimic, temperature sensing probe and catalysts. A speculation on present challenges and certain future prospects have also been provided to enlighten the path for advancement of multifaceted applications of Au NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia
- Nano-bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Komal
- Nano-bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shrikant Kukreti
- Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mahima Kaushik
- Nano-bioconjugate Chemistry Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Wang Y, Zhu X. Nanofabrication within unimolecular nanoreactors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12698-12711. [PMID: 32525189 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02674c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been a research focus over the last three decades owing to their unique properties and extensive applications. It is crucial to precisely control the features of NPs including topology, architecture, composition, size, surface and assembly because these features will affect their properties and then applications. Ingenious nanofabrication strategies have been developed to precisely control these features of NPs, especially for templated nanofabrication within predesigned nanoreactors. Compared with conventional nanoreactors (hard templates and supramolecular nanoreactors), unimolecular nanoreactors exhibit (1) covalently stable nanostructures uninfluenced by environmental variations, (2) extensively regulated features of the structure including topology, composition, size, surface and valence due to the rapid development of polymer chemistry, and (3) effective encapsulation of abundant guests with or without strong interaction to achieve the function of loading, delivery and conversion of guests. Thus, unimolecular nanoreactors have shown fascinating prospects as templates for nanofabrication. Various NPs with expected topologies (sphere, rod, tube, branch, and ring), architectures (compact, hollow, core-shell, and necklace-like), compositions (metal, metal oxide, semiconductor, doping, alloy, silica, and composite), sizes (generally 1-100 nm), surface properties (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, reactivity, valence and responsivity) and assemblies (oligomer, chain, and aggregate) can be fabricated easily within reasonably designed unimolecular nanoreactors in a programmable way. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the properties and types of unimolecular nanoreactors, a condensed summary of representative methodologies of nanofabrication within various unimolecular nanoreactors and a predicted outlook of the potential further developments of this charming nanofabrication approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Shi Y, Lei G, Zhou L, Li Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Peng H, Peng R, Wang H, Cai X, Chen X, Wang M, Wang G. Nanocrystal Encapsulation, Release and Application Based on pH-Sensitive Covalent Dynamic Hyperbranched Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121926. [PMID: 31766705 PMCID: PMC6960846 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy for nanocrystal encapsulation, release and application based on pH-sensitive covalent dynamic hyperbranched polymers is described. The covalent dynamic hyperbranched polymers, with multi-arm hydrophobic chains and a hydrophilic hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (HPAMAM) core connected with pH-sensitive imine bonds (HPAMAM–DA), could encapsulate CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and Au nanoparticles (NPs). Benefiting from its pH response property, CdTe QDs and Au NPs encapsulated by HPAMAM–DA could be released to aqueous phase after imine hydrolysis. The released CdTe/HPAMAM and Au/HPAMAM nanocomposites exhibited excellent biological imaging behavior and high catalytic activities on p-nitrophenol hydrogenation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (G.W.)
| | - Gaiying Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
| | - Linzhu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yueyang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Yujiao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Han Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Rui Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Huichun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Xiufen Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Xinglong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.P.); (R.P.); (H.W.); (X.C.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (G.W.)
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8
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Wang K, Pang H, Huang H, Song L, Huang J, Zhao Y. Study on the dispersion, adsorption and early hydration behavior of cement pastes containing multi-armed polycarboxylate superplasticizers. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1571925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linxia Song
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Jeon IY, Noh HJ, Baek JB. Hyperbranched Macromolecules: From Synthesis to Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:E657. [PMID: 29538327 PMCID: PMC6017023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched macromolecules (HMs, also called hyperbranched polymers) are highly branched three-dimensional (3D) structures in which all bonds converge to a focal point or core, and which have a multiplicity of reactive chain-ends. This review summarizes major types of synthetic strategies exploited to produce HMs, including the step-growth polycondensation, the self-condensing vinyl polymerization and ring opening polymerization. Compared to linear analogues, the globular and dendritic architectures of HMs endow new characteristics, such as abundant functional groups, intramolecular cavities, low viscosity, and high solubility. After discussing the general concepts, synthesis, and properties, various applications of HMs are also covered. HMs continue being materials for topical interest, and thus this review offers both concise summary for those new to the topic and for those with more experience in the field of HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Yup Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Jun Noh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Korea.
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Disulfide-functionalized hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) derivatives as both reductant and stabilizer for the synthesis of fluorescent gold nanoclusters. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Shi Y, Liu L, Zhang F, Niu M, Zhao Y, Fan Y, Liang Y, Liu M, Zhang Z, Wang J. Catalyst System for Hydrogenation Catalysis Based on Multiarm Hyperbranched Polymer Templated Metal (Au, Pt, Pd, Cu) Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E459. [PMID: 30965762 PMCID: PMC6418630 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With a hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) core and many water-soluble poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether arms connected by pH-sensitive acylhydrazone bonds, multiarm hyperbranched polymer was used as nanoreactor and reductant to prepare metal nanoparticles endowed with intelligence and biocompatibility. The multiarm hyperbranched polymer encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) showed excellent catalytic activity for hydrogenation, thus an excellent catalyst system for hydrogenation was established. The rate constants could reach as high as 3.48 L·s-1·m-2, which can be attributed to the lack of surface passivation afforded by the multiarm hyperbranched polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Fengyue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Mengyuan Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yanzhu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yifan Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yanping Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Mei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Zhenzhu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
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Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using poly(ethyleneglycol)-b-poly(N,N-diethylaminoethylmethacrylate) as nanoreactors. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-1906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Zheng Y, Tang A, Weng Z, Cai S, Jin Y, Gao Z, Gao C. Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymers: Synthesis and Host-Guest Supermolecular Coloring Application. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 P. R. China
| | - Aijin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Zhulin Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Shengying Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yu Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 P. R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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Drozd M, Pietrzak M, Parzuchowski P, Mazurkiewicz-Pawlicka M, Malinowska E. Peroxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles stabilized by hyperbranched polyglycidol derivatives over a wide pH range. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:495101. [PMID: 26567596 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/49/495101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to carry out comparative studies on the peroxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized with low molecular weight hyperbranched polyglycidol (HBPG-OH) and its derivative modified with maleic acid residues (HBPG-COOH). The influence of the stabilizer to gold precursor ratio on the size and morphology of nanoparticles obtained was checked, and prepared nanoparticles were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results indicated the divergent effect of increasing the concentration of stabilizers (HBPG-OH or HBPG-COOH) on the size of the nanostructures obtained. The gold nanoparticles obtained were characterized as having intrinsic peroxidase-like activity and the mechanism of catalysis in acidic and alkaline mediums was consistent with the standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics, revealing a strong affinity of AuNPs with 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), and significantly lower affinity towards phenol. By comparing the kinetic parameters, a negligible effect of polymeric ligand charge on activity against various types of substrates (anionic or cationic) was indicated. The superiority of steric stabilization via the application of tested low-weight hyperbranched polymers over typical stabilizers in preventing salt-induced aggregation and maintaining high catalytic activity in time was proved. The applied hyperbranched stabilizers provide a good tool for manufacturing gold-based nanozymes, which are highly stable and active over a wide pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Drozd
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Düring J, Butz B, Spiecker E, Gröhn F. Formation of CdS in Supramolecular Dendrimer–Dye Assemblies: Electrostatic and Electrostatic-Coordination Templating. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Düring
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Butz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Liu H, Wan D, Du J, Jin M. Dendritic Amphiphile Mediated One-Pot Preparation of 3D Pt Nanoparticles-Decorated PolyHIPE as a Durable and Well-Recyclable Catalyst. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20885-20892. [PMID: 26327523 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Straightforward organization of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) onto a macroscopic and robust material is described. PtNPs are in situ produced and stabilized by a dendritic amphiphile, where the latter consists of a hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) as core and poly(styrene-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate (P(St-EHA)) as shell. The resulting Pt@PEI@P(St-EHA), upon mixing with biphasic water and oil (a mixture of EHA and a dimethacrylate cross-linker in toluene), can self-assemble along the water/oil (W/O) interface and result in a stable emulsion. At W/O = 80/20 (volume ratio), a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) forms and can be radically transformed into an open-cellular and elastic monolith termed Pt-polyHIPE, with PtNPs decorated on the surface. The Pt-polyHIPE is mechanically robust, and the cross-linking homogeneity by the dimethacrylate is responsible for the strength. The Pt-polyHIPE shows an active catalytic property, as evaluated by reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The material is conveniently and well recyclable, showing no decrease in catalytic activity at least within 20 cycles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra and thermogravimetric analysis also support sufficient retaining of the Pt species, where the multivalent and multiligand PEI should be responsible for this property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Liu
- Institute of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Decheng Wan
- Institute of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Institute of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Institute of Functional Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, China
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17
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Pan H, Liu D, Hu N, Shi J, Liu HX. Hyperbranched polymer-protected gold nanoparticles well-dispersed in different organic solvents: preparation and their catalytic applications to 4-nitrophenol reduction. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Meng Y, Zhang C, Xu L, Kuang J, Bi R. Low-polydispersity Hyperbranched Polyphenylene Sulfide as a Protectant for Palladium Nanocomposites. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.141188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Meng
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University
| | - Jinzhi Kuang
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University
| | - Ruilin Bi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University
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19
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Nguyen HH, Brûlet A, Goudounèche D, Saint-Aguet P, Lauth-de Viguerie N, Marty JD. The effect of polymer branching and average molar mass on the formation, stabilization and thermoresponsive properties of gold nanohybrids stabilized by poly(N-isopropylacrylamides). Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00659g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The architecture of PNIPAM based polymers strongly influences both their thermoresponsiveness and their abilities to control and stabilize AuNP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin
- UMR12 CEA-CNRS
- F-91191 GIF/Yvette
- France
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20
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Zheng Y, Li S, Weng Z, Gao C. Hyperbranched polymers: advances from synthesis to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4091-130. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the advances in hyperbranched polymers from the viewpoint of structure, click synthesis and functionalization towards their applications in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Sipei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Zhulin Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
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21
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Nilov D, Kucheryavy P, Walker V, Kidd C, Kolesnichenko VL, Goloverda GZ. Synthesis of 5-Substituted Derivatives of Isophthalic Acid as Non-Polymeric Amphiphilic Coating for Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:5078-5081. [PMID: 25152545 PMCID: PMC4138530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the course of development of novel capping ligands with variable steric factor, which will be used as an organic coating for metal oxide nanoparticles, a base-catalyzed nucleophilic oxirane ring-opening addition reaction between dimethyl 5-hydroxyisophthalate and allyl glycidyl ether was studied. The allyl-terminated 1-1, 1-2 and 1-3 adducts and dihydroxylated derivative of the 1-1 adduct, 5-diglyceroxy isophthalic acid, were synthesized. The latter binds to the surface of 5 nm γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in reaction with their surfactant-free diethylene glycol colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Nilov
- Xavier University, Chemistry Department, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, USA
| | - Pavel Kucheryavy
- Xavier University, Chemistry Department, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, USA
| | - Verina Walker
- Xavier University, Chemistry Department, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, USA
| | - Clayton Kidd
- Xavier University, Chemistry Department, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, USA
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22
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Thomas A, Bauer H, Schilmann AM, Fischer K, Tremel W, Frey H. The “Needle in the Haystack” Makes the Difference: Linear and Hyperbranched Polyglycerols with a Single Catechol Moiety for Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Coating. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Thomas
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko Bauer
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Schilmann
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Fischer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Tolstov AL. Production and Physicochemical Characteristics of Silver-Containing Polyurethane Systems. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-014-9336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Skaria S, Thomann R, Gómez-Garcia CJ, Vanmaele L, Loccufier J, Frey H, Stiriba SE. A convenient approach to amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers with thioether shell for the preparation and stabilization of coinage metal (Cu, Ag, Au) nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Skaria
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55099 Mainz Germany
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungzentrum FMF der Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21/31 D-79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Carlos J. Gómez-Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular / ICMol; Universidad de Valencia; C/ Catedrático Jose Beltrán, 2 46980 Valencia Spain
| | - Luc Vanmaele
- Materials Technology Centre; Agfa Gevaert NV Septestraat 2 B-2640 Mortsel Belgium
| | - Johan Loccufier
- Materials Technology Centre; Agfa Gevaert NV Septestraat 2 B-2640 Mortsel Belgium
| | - Holger Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55099 Mainz Germany
| | - Salah-Eddine Stiriba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular / ICMol; Universidad de Valencia; C/ Catedrático Jose Beltrán, 2 46980 Valencia Spain
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25
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Weng Z, Zheng Y, Tang A, Gao C. Synthesis, Dye Encapsulation, and Highly Efficient Colouring Application of Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymers. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel kind of amphiphilic hyperbranched polymer (AHP), poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-co-polystyrene (HPTAM-co-PS), was synthesized via the combination of reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization and self-condensing vinyl polymerization (RAFT-SCVP). HPTAM-co-PS was functionalized via the highly efficient Menschutkin click reaction, resulting in hyperbranched poly(propargyl quaternary ammonium methacrylate)-co-polystyrene (HPPrAM-co-PS) with a hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt core and hydrophobic PS shell. The average numbers of dye molecules trapped by each molecule of HPPrAM-co-PS (24.2 kDa) were 24.1 for methyl orange (MO), 22.0 for fluorescein sodium (FS), 24.2 for rose bengal (RB), and 238.4 for Congo red (CR). The polymer–dye complexes show excellent colouring effects for both PS and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) membranes; the colour of the membrane containing AHP is very stable and uniform. Our work opens an avenue for the design of efficient dye-colouring additives and for the application of hyperbranched polymers in the field of polymer colouring.
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26
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Schüll C, Frey H. Grafting of hyperbranched polymers: From unusual complex polymer topologies to multivalent surface functionalization. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Siao YY, Shau SM, Hu SH, Lee RH, Lin CH, Wu JY, Jeng RJ. Nonlinear optical hyperbranched polyaspartimide/montmorillonite nanocomposites based on reactive fluorine- or phosphorous-containing organoclays. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Ai-jin T, Jin H, Zhu-lin W, Chao G. DESIGN, SYNETHESIS, DYE-LOADING AND HOST-GUEST COLORING APPLICATION OF AMPHIPHILIC HYPERBRANCHED POLY(QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT)S. ACTA POLYM SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2013.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Postnova I, Silant’ev V, Kim MH, Song GY, Kim I, Ha CS, Shchipunov Y. Hyperbranched polyglycerol hydrogels prepared through biomimetic mineralization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Bao Y, Shen G, Liu H, Li Y. Fabrication of gold nanoparticles through autoreduction of chloroaurate ions by thermo- and pH-responsive amino acid-based star-shaped copolymers. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Hu X, Xu Z, Gao C. Multifunctional, supramolecular, continuous artificial nacre fibres. Sci Rep 2012; 2:767. [PMID: 23097689 PMCID: PMC3479450 DOI: 10.1038/srep00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has created amazing materials during the process of evolution, inspiring scientists to studiously mimic them. Nacre is of particular interest, and it has been studied for more than half-century for its strong, stiff, and tough attributes resulting from the recognized "brick-and-mortar" (B&M) layered structure comprised of inorganic aragonite platelets and biomacromolecules. The past two decades have witnessed great advances in nacre-mimetic composites, but they are solely limited in films with finite size (centimetre-scale). To realize the adream target of continuous nacre-mimics with perfect structures is still a great challenge unresolved. Here, we present a simple and scalable strategy to produce bio-mimic continuous fibres with B&M structures of alternating graphene sheets and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) binders via wet-spinning assembly technology. The resulting macroscopic supramolecular fibres exhibit excellent mechanical properties comparable or even superior to nacre and bone, and possess fine electrical conductivity and outstanding corrosion-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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32
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Orlicki JA, Zander NE, Martin GR, Kosik WE, Derek Demaree J, Leadore JL, Rawlett AM. Self-segregating hyperbranched polymer/silver nanoparticle hybrids in thermoplastic polyurethane films. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Ho CH, Thiel M, Celik S, Odermatt EK, Berndt I, Thomann R, Tiller JC. Conventional and microwave-assisted synthesis of hyperbranched and highly branched polylysine towards amphiphilic core–shell nanocontainers for metal nanoparticles. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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35
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Han J, Zhao B, Tang A, Gao Y, Gao C. Fast and scalable production of hyperbranched polythioether-ynes by a combination of thiol-halogen click-like coupling and thiol-yne click polymerization. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00367d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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