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Amphiphilic PTB7-Based Rod-Coil Block Copolymer for Water-Processable Nanoparticles as an Active Layer for Sustainable Organic Photovoltaic: A Case Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081588. [PMID: 35458337 PMCID: PMC9029162 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthetized a new rod-coil block copolymer (BCP) based on the semiconducting polymerpoly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) and poly-4-vinylpyridine (P4VP), tailored to produce water-processable nanoparticles (WPNPs) in blend with phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). The copolymer PTB7-b-P4VP was completely characterized by means of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm the molecular structure. The WPNPs were prepared through an adapted miniemulsion approach without any surfactants. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal the nano-segregation of two active materials inside the WPNPs. The nanostructures appear spherical with a Janus-like inner morphology. PTB7 segregated to one side of the nanoparticle, while PC71BM segregated to the other side. This morphology was consistent with the value of the surface energy obtained for the two active materials PTB7-b-P4VP and PC71BM. The WPNPs obtained were deposited as an active layer of organic solar cells (OSCs). The films obtained were characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). J-V characteristics of the WPNP-based devices were measured by obtaining a power conversion efficiency of 0.85%. Noticeably, the efficiency of the WPNP-based devices was higher than that achieved for the devices fabricated with the PTB7-based BCP dissolved in chlorinated organic solvent.
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Holmes A, Deniau E, Lartigau-Dagron C, Bousquet A, Chambon S, Holmes NP. Review of Waterborne Organic Semiconductor Colloids for Photovoltaics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3927-3959. [PMID: 33620200 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of carbon neutral and sustainable energy sources should be considered as a top priority solution for the growing worldwide energy demand. Photovoltaics are a strong candidate, more specifically, organic photovoltaics (OPV), enabling the design of flexible, lightweight, semitransparent, and low-cost solar cells. However, the active layer of OPV is, for now, mainly deposited from chlorinated solvents, harmful for the environment and for human health. Active layers processed from health and environmentally friendly solvents have over recent years formed a key focus topic of research, with the creation of aqueous dispersions of conjugated polymer nanoparticles arising. These nanoparticles are formed from organic semiconductors (molecules and macromolecules) initially designed for organic solvents. The topic of nanoparticle OPV has gradually garnered more attention, up to a point where in 2018 it was identified as a "trendsetting strategy" by leaders in the international OPV research community. Hence, this review has been prepared to provide a timely roadmap of the formation and application of aqueous nanoparticle dispersions of active layer components for OPV. We provide a thorough synopsis of recent developments in both nanoprecipitation and miniemulsion for preparing photovoltaic inks, facilitating readers in acquiring a deep understanding of the crucial synthesis parameters affecting particle size, colloidal concentration, ink stability, and more. This review also showcases the experimental levers for identifying and optimizing the internal donor-acceptor morphology of the nanoparticles, featuring cutting-edge X-ray spectromicroscopy measurements reported over the past decade. The different strategies to improve the incorporation of these inks into OPV devices and to increase their efficiency (to the current record of 7.5%) are reported, in addition to critical design choices of surfactant type and the advantages of single-component vs binary nanoparticle populations. The review naturally culminates by presenting the upscaling strategies in practice for this environmentally friendly and safer production of solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Holmes
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau 64012, France
| | - Elise Deniau
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau 64012, France
| | | | - Antoine Bousquet
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau 64012, France
| | - Sylvain Chambon
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI2820), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Natalie P Holmes
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Madsen Building F09, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Sabir F, Qindeel M, Rehman AU, Ahmad NM, Khan GM, Csoka I, Ahmed N. An efficient approach for development and optimisation of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles' patch for transdermal delivery. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:233-248. [PMID: 33689550 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1899321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and optimise a Curcumin-loaded SLNs (C-SLNs) patch through a new approach for transdermal delivery. C-SLNs were optimised through the response surface central composite design using the modified injection method. Optimised C-SLNs were loaded into a polyvinyl alcohol-based patch through the backing membrane method. Compatibility studies (FTIR, XRPD), in vitro release, ex vivo skin permeation, accelerated stability, and evaluation studies of the patch were also performed. Prepared C-SLNs exhibited average particle diameter of 170 ± 2 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 90 ± 3.5% (w/w) while SEM illustrated spherical shape of particles. In vitro release data ensured a sustained release for up to 72 hours. The enhancement ratio of C-SLNs based patch with permeation enhancer (PE) was high up to 6.5 folds as compared to patch without PE. It is concluded that the modified injection method is simple, economical, and less time consuming for the development of C-SLNs patch for the transdermal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhara Sabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maimoona Qindeel
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood Ahmad
- Polymer Research Lab, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ildiko Csoka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Liu J, Wang A, Liu X, Huang W, Nagai M. Ultrasmall Polymer Nanoparticles Formed by Instantaneous Nanosplitting of Surfactant-Free Emulsion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7933-7942. [PMID: 32551709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of polymer nanoparticles has progressively broadened. There is now increasing interest in smaller polymer nanoparticles for use in organic solar cells and drug delivery systems. Unfortunately, it is difficult to control the particle size below 50 nm with conventional synthesis methods. Our previously proposed "two-step nanoprecipitation method" overcomes this problem. An oil-in-water emulsion is first formed from polymer solution and deionized water without using surfactant; it is then injected into ethanol to form particles. The particle formation mechanism in this method has now been investigated, and an interesting phenomenon was discovered: the injected droplets instantaneously split into nanosize droplets with a size of 100-150 nm. The splitting was very effective, and the formed nanosize droplets were virtually monodisperse. This occurred only for a mixture composition in which the surface tension of the poor solvent mixture (water and ethanol) equaled that of the good solvent. This composition also resulted in formation of the smallest particles. By adjusting the conditions, we were able to synthesize extremely small nanoparticles (∼5 nm) of poly(3-hexylthiophene). This method has the potential to synthesize nanoparticles composed of other types of materials, such as nonconductive polymers and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhou Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Aoning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhou Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhou Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhou Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Masaru Nagai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhou Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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Tseng KH, Hsieh CL, Chung MY. Fabrication of nano-bismuth colloids in deionized water using an electrical discharge machine. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:425704. [PMID: 32554871 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth (Bi) is used to treat certain diseases, however the Bi powder or colloids used in medicine must be nonpolluting and safe. The use of electrical discharge machines (EDMs) to produce nano-Bi powder is a green process. A nonpolluting and safe nano-Bi colloid can be produced swiftly and easily in deionized water using the electrical spark discharge method, adjusting the discharge pulse width T on, T off and the discharge current I P of the EDM. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, the Zetasizer technique, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and other techniques were used to analyze a nano-Bi colloid prepared under various discharge parameters to optimize the preparation of Bi nanoparticles (Bi-NPs) using EDMs. The results of this study indicated that Bi-NP colloids were successfully prepared using EDM. TEM images revealed that the NPs were smaller than 50 nm with only the Bi element in the colloid. Furthermore, the zeta potential of the nano-Bi colloid exceeded 30 mV, which indicated that the suspension of the colloid was excellent. A UV-Vis absorption peak was observed at approximately 234-237 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsiung Tseng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Ding F, Yang S, Gao Z, Guo J, Zhang P, Qiu X, Li Q, Dong M, Hao J, Yu Q, Cui J. Antifouling and pH-Responsive Poly(Carboxybetaine)-Based Nanoparticles for Tumor Cell Targeting. Front Chem 2019; 7:770. [PMID: 31824916 PMCID: PMC6883901 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers with responsibility and surface functionality of targeting molecules have been widely used to improve therapeutic efficiency. Hence, we report the assembly of pH-responsive and targeted polymer nanoparticles (NPs) composed of poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) as the core and poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PCBMA) as the shell, functionalized with cyclic peptides containing Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid-D-Phenylalanine-Lysine (RGD). The resulting polymer NPs (PDPA@PCBMA-RGD NPs) can maintain the pH-responsivity of PDPA (pKa ~6.5) and low-fouling property of PCBMA that significantly resist non-specific interactions with RAW 264.7 and HeLa cells. Meanwhile, PDPA@PCBMA-RGD NPs could specifically target αvβ3 integrin-expressed human glioblastoma (U87) cells. The pH-responsiveness and low-fouling properties of PDPA@PCBMA NPs are comparable to PDPA@poly(ethylene glycol) (PDPA@PEG) NPs, which indicates that PCBMA is an alternative to PEG for low-fouling coatings. The advantage of PDPA@PCBMA NPs lies in the presence of carboxyl groups on their surfaces for further modification (e.g., RGD functionalization for cell targeting). The reported polymer NPs represent a new carrier that have the potential for targeted therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianman Guo
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Wen K, Xu X, Chen J, Lv L, Wu L, Hu Y, Wu X, Liu G, Peng A, Huang H. Triplet Tellurophene-Based Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Near-Infrared-Mediated Cancer Theranostics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17884-17893. [PMID: 30998309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymer (SP) nanoparticles (NPs) have recently emerged as one of the most promising agents for photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT). Herein, a triplet tellurophene-based SP (PNDI-2T) was synthesized with efficient tin-free direct heteroarylation polycondensation. The PNDI-2T NPs display remarkable near-infrared absorption and low cytotoxicity. In addition, PNDI-2T NPs can generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) since tellurophene facilitates the intersystem crossing to generate triplet excited states. Remarkably, PNDI-2T NPs present a high photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 45%) and a high ROS yield (ΦΔ = 38.7%) under 808 nm laser irradiation. Furthermore, we showed that PNDI-2T NPs could be excellent PAI-guided PTT/PDT agents for cancer theranostics. This study provides a new route to developing highly efficient and low cytotoxic agents for PAI-guided PTT/PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Wen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhou Xu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Lv
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Lifen Wu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Wu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | | | - Aidong Peng
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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Gautam P, Upadhyay PR, Srivastava V. Selective Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formic Acid over Alumina-Supported Ru Nanoparticles with Multifunctional Ionic Liquid. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Agglomeration controllable reprecipitation method using solvent mixture for synthesizing conductive polymer nanoparticles. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Zhang K, Gao YJ, Yang PP, Qi GB, Zhang JP, Wang L, Wang H. Self-Assembled Fluorescent Organic Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800344. [PMID: 30137689 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanomaterials, self-assembled from building blocks through multiple intermolecular interactions show diversified structures and functionalities, and are potential fluorescence contrast agents/probes for high-performance biomedical imaging. Self-assembled nanomaterials exhibit high stability, long circulation time, and targeted biological distribution. This review summarizes recent advances of self-assembled nanomaterials as fluorescence contrast agents/probes for biomedical imaging. The self-assembled nanomaterials are classified into two groups, i.e., ex situ and in situ construction of self-assembled nanomaterials. The advantages of ex situ as well as in situ constructed nanomaterials for biomedical applications are discussed thoroughly. The directions of future developments for self-assembled nanomaterials are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
- CAS Center for Excellence Nanoscience; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST); No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yu-Juan Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence Nanoscience; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST); No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
| | - Pei-Pei Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence Nanoscience; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST); No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
| | - Guo-Bin Qi
- CAS Center for Excellence Nanoscience; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST); No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence Nanoscience; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST); No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence Nanoscience; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST); No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
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