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Della Rosa G, Gostynska NE, Ephraim JW, Sganga S, Panuccio G, Palazzolo G, Tirelli N. Magnesium alginate as a low-viscosity (intramolecularly cross-linked) system for the sustained and neuroprotective release of magnesium. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 331:121871. [PMID: 38388038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The administration of Mg ions is advantageous in pathological scenarios such as pre-enclampsia and forms of neuroinflammation (e.g. stroke or injury); yet, few systems exist for their sustained delivery. Here, we present the (static light scattering and diffusing-wave spectroscopy) characterization of magnesium alginate (MgAlg) as a potentially injectable vehicle ifor the delivery of Mg. Differently from other divalent cations, Mg does not readily induce gelation: it acts within MgAlg coils, making them more rigid and less prone to entangle. As a result, below a threshold concentration (notionally below 0.5 % wt.) MgAlg are inherently less viscous than those of sodium alginate (NaAlg), which is a major advantage for injectables; at higher concentrations, however, (stable, Mg-based) aggregation starts occurring. Importantly, Mg can then be released e.g. in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, via a slow (hours) process of ion exchange. Finally, we here show that MgAlg protects rat neural stem cells from the consequence of an oxidative insult (100 μM H2O2), an effect that we can only ascribe to the sustained liberation of Mg ions, since it was not shown by NaAlg, MgSO4 or the NaAlg/MgSO4 combination. Our results therefore indicate that MgAlg is a promising vehicle for Mg delivery under pathological (inflammatory) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Della Rosa
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Natalia Ewa Gostynska
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - John Wesley Ephraim
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sganga
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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2
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G Lopez C, Matsumoto A, Shen AQ. Dilute polyelectrolyte solutions: recent progress and open questions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2635-2687. [PMID: 38427030 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are a class of polymers possessing ionic groups on their repeating units. Since counterions can dissociate from the polymer backbone, polyelectrolyte chains are strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions. As a result, the physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are significantly different from those of electrically neutral polymers. The aim of this article is to highlight key results and some outstanding questions in the polyelectrolyte research from recent literature. We focus on the influence of electrostatics on conformational and hydrodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte chains. A compilation of experimental results from the literature reveals significant disparities with theoretical predictions. We also discuss a new class of polyelectrolytes called poly(ionic liquid)s that exhibit unique physical properties in comparison to ordinary polyelectrolytes. We conclude this review by listing some key research challenges in order to fully understand the conformation and dynamics of polyelectrolytes in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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3
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López-Santiago RF, Delgado J, Castillo R. Competition among physical, chemical, and hybrid gelation mechanisms in biopolymers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2518-2531. [PMID: 38404139 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01682j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Depending on how they form their linkages, biopolymer gelatin gels are commonly classified as physical, chemical, or hybrid; in gelatin hybrid gels, the physical and chemical crosslinking mechanisms occur simultaneously. The viscoelastic behavior of gels following different gelation processes was determined around the gel point. Their gel fractal dimensions were obtained using the BST-scaling model from large amplitude oscillatory shear results. The fractal dimension of hybrid gels is between 1.46 and 1.60, depending on the dominant crosslinking process. The main features of the Lissajous-Bowditch curves were determined for maturated gels that follow different gelation processes, and it is possible to observe the dominant gelation mechanism. The gelation kinetics process is followed by measuring the mean squared displacement (MSD) of microspheres embedded in gelatin solutions using diffusion wave spectroscopy, which in turn allows evaluating G'(ω) and G''(ω), the persistence length, and the mesh size as a function of time throughout the gelation process. The MSD, as a function of elapsed time from the start of the gelation process, follows a behavior that depends on the gelation processes. As time elapses after gelation starts, the persistence length of the unstructured, non-bonded flexible polymer sections decreases due to the formation of bonds. In the hybrid case, it is not a mixture of both processes; they are not independent when occurring simultaneously. The time evolution of the gel network's mesh size roughly follows an exponential decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky F López-Santiago
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 20-364, 01000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Delgado
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rolando Castillo
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 20-364, 01000, Mexico City, Mexico.
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4
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Kitana W, Levario-Diaz V, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Ionov L. Biofabrication of Composite Bioink-Nanofiber Constructs: Effect of Rheological Properties of Bioinks on 3D (Bio)Printing and Cells Interaction with Aligned Touch Spun Nanofibers. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303343. [PMID: 38009530 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a novel approach for the fabrication of composite multilayered bioink-nanofibers construct. This work achieves this by using a hands-free 3D (bio)printing integrated touch-spinning approach. Additionally, this work investigates the interaction of fibroblasts in different bioinks with the highly aligned touch-spun nanofibers. This work conducts a comprehensive characterization of the rheological properties of the inks, starting with low-strain oscillatory rheology to analyze the viscoelastic behavior, when the material structure remains intact. Moreover, this work performs amplitude sweeps to investigate the stability of the inks under large deformations, rotational rheology to examine the shear thinning profile, and a three-step creep experiment to study time-dependent rheological behavior. The obtained rheological results are correlated to visual observation of the flow behavior of inks. These behaviors span from an ink with zero-shear viscosity, very weak shear thinning, and no thixotropic behavior to inks exhibiting flow stress, pronounced shear thinning, and thixotropy. It is demonstrated that inks have an essential effect on cell behavior. While all bioinks allow a preferred directionality of the fibroblasts along the fiber direction, cells tend to form aggregates in bioinks with higher viscosity, and a considerable number of agglomerates are observed in the presence of laponite-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kitana
- Professorship of Biofabrication, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig-Thoma-Straße 36A, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Victoria Levario-Diaz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Professorship of Cellular Biomechanics, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Professorship of Biofabrication, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig-Thoma-Straße 36A, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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5
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Bhattarai A, Banerjee A, Das B. Dimension and Flexibility of Polystyrenesulfonate Chains in Methanol-Water. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2010-2017. [PMID: 38378451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The influence of the relative permittivity of the solvent medium on the single-chain dimension and flexibility of sodium polystyrenesulfonate chains has been investigated in mixed solvent media of methanol and water using viscosity experiments. Particular attention has been paid to explore the effect of the added low-molar-mass electrolyte. The root-mean-square (rms) radii of gyration of the chains in the unperturbed state have been calculated by applying the Flory model, while the intrinsic persistence lengths by the Benoit-Doty equation on the basis of the Kratky-Porod worm-like chain model. Estimation of the expansion factors for the rms radius of gyration, and the electrostatic persistence length helps evaluate the rms radii of gyration and the total persistence length of polystyrenesulfonate chains in the presence of varying amount of the supporting electrolyte. The polyion chains are highly extended at low ionic strengths but exhibit coil-like behavior with small persistence lengths when an excess of the supporting electrolyte is added in all the methanol-water mixtures investigated. Specifically, in the investigated solvent media, the polystyrenesulfonate chains have been found to shrink by ∼63-65% in the θ-state from their expanded conformation in the presence of 0.0001 mol L-1 NaCl. The chain dimensions pass through a maximum as the medium becomes richer in methanol, which could be explained by the formation and breakup of internal rings involving the polyion chain and water and/or methanol molecules. The intrinsic persistence length of sodium polystyrenesulfonate in a methanol-water mixture containing 0.1 mole fraction of methanol is ca. 1.3 times that in a medium with 0.3 mole fraction of methanol, indicating that flexibility of the polyion depends appreciably on the relative permittivity of the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Bijan Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
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6
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Bagnol R, Siverino C, Barnier V, O'Mahony L, Grijpma DW, Eglin D, Moriarty TF. Physicochemical Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Coatings Incorporating an Exopolysaccharide from Bifidobacterium longum. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5589-5604. [PMID: 37983925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunoregulatory polysaccharides from probiotic bacteria have potential in biomedical engineering. Here, a negatively charged exopolysaccharide from Bifidobacterium longum with confirmed immunoregulatory activity (EPS624) was applied in multilayered polyelectrolyte coatings with positively charged chitosan. EPS624 and coatings (1, 5, and 10 layers and alginate-substituted) were characterized by the zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) and fibroblasts were exposed for 1, 3, 7, and 10 days with cytokine secretion, viability, and morphology as observations. The coatings showed an increased rugosity and exponential growth mode with an increasing number of layers. A dose/layer-dependent IL-10 response was observed in hPBMCs, which was greater than EPS624 in solution and was stable over 7 days. Fibroblast culture revealed no toxicity or metabolic change after exposure to EPS624. The EPS624 polyelectrolyte coatings are cytocompatible, have immunoregulatory properties, and may be suitable for applications in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bagnol
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland
- Technical Medical Centre, Department of Advanced Organ Engineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent Barnier
- UMR 5307 LGF, CNRS, Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre SMS, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork TH12 HW58, Ireland
| | - Dirk W Grijpma
- Technical Medical Centre, Department of Advanced Organ Engineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - David Eglin
- Technical Medical Centre, Department of Advanced Organ Engineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, Mines Saint-Étienne, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
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7
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Varela-Feijoo A, Djemia P, Narita T, Pignon F, Baeza-Squiban A, Sirri V, Ponton A. Multiscale investigation of viscoelastic properties of aqueous solutions of sodium alginate and evaluation of their biocompatibility. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:5942-5955. [PMID: 37490024 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00159h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to get better knowledge of mechanical properties from microscopic to macroscopic scale of biopolymers, viscoelastic bulk properties of aqueous solutions of sodium alginate were studied at different scales by combining macroscopic shear rheology (Hz), diffusing-wave spectroscopy microrheology (kHz-MHz) and Brillouin spectroscopy (GHz). Structural properties were also directly probed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The results demonstrate a change from polyelectrolyte behavior to neutral polymer behavior by increasing polymer concentration with the determination of characteristic sizes (persistence length, correlation length). The viscoelastic properties probed at the phonon wavelength much higher than the ones obtained at low frequency reflect the variation of microscopic viscosity. First experiments obtained by metabolic activity assays with mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed biocompatibility of sodium alginate aqueous solutions in the studied range of concentrations (2.5-10 g L-1) and consequently their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Varela-Feijoo
- Laboratoire Matière et systèmes complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité et CNRS, UMR 7057, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Djemia
- Laboratoire des Sciences des procédés et des matériaux (LSPM), UPR-CNRS 3407, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93530 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Tetsuharu Narita
- École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI), 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pignon
- Laboratoire rhéologie et procédés (LPG) Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5520, Domaine Universitaire, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Armelle Baeza-Squiban
- Unité de Biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative (BFA), Université Paris Cité et CNRS, UMR 8251, 4 rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Valentina Sirri
- Unité de Biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative (BFA), Université Paris Cité et CNRS, UMR 8251, 4 rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alain Ponton
- Laboratoire Matière et systèmes complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité et CNRS, UMR 7057, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France.
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8
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, He J, Sun C, Lu W, Zhang Y, Fang Y. Doubling growth of egg-box structure during Calcium-mediated molecular assembly of alginate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:747-756. [PMID: 36563431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-mediated molecular assembly of alginate underpins its wide range of applications in foods, pharmaceutics, biomedicines, tissue engineering and environmental treatments. The mode of growth of egg-box structure of alginate in the presence of Ca2+ is a long-standing fundamental problem to be concluded. In this work, we investigate the Ca-induced structural evolution of alginate in dilute solution using atomic force microscopy and dilute solution viscometry. It is demonstrated that the structural evolution follows the three critical steps of monocomplexation, dimerization and multimerization, upon binding with Ca2+. Interestingly, the alginate single chains grow into dimers and multimers via a doubling mode, i.e., successive emerging of dimer, tetramer, octamer, and hexadecamer. Compared with lower guluronate (G) alginate, higher G alginate exhibits a more pronounced multimerization process occurring at a lower ratio of Ca/G. A mechanistic model depicting the evolution of egg-box structure is proposed. The results would add new knowledge to the current egg-box model regarding the molecular assembly and gelation of an important biopolymer alginate, and provide fundamental basis for molecular engineering of alginate for more advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiguo Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cuixia Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yapeng Fang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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9
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Agles AA, Bourg IC. Structure-Thermodynamic Relationship of a Polysaccharide Gel (Alginate) as a Function of Water Content and Counterion Type (Na vs Ca). J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1828-1841. [PMID: 36791328 PMCID: PMC10159261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are the predominant mode of microbial life on Earth, and so a deep understanding of microbial communities─and their impacts on environmental processes─requires a firm understanding of biofilm properties. Because of the importance of biofilms to their microbial inhabitants, microbes have evolved different ways of engineering and reconfiguring the matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that constitute the main non-living component of biofilms. This ability makes it difficult to distinguish between the biotic and abiotic origins of biofilm properties. An important route toward establishing this distinction has been the study of simplified models of the EPS matrix. This study builds on such efforts by using atomistic simulations to predict the nanoscale (≤10 nm scale) structure of a model EPS matrix and the sensitivity of this structure to interpolymer interactions and water content. To accomplish this, we use replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations to generate all-atom configurations of ten 3.4 kDa alginate polymers at a range of water contents and Ca-Na ratios. Simulated systems are solvated with explicitly modeled water molecules, which allows us to capture the discrete structure of the hydrating water and to examine the thermodynamic stability of water in the gels as they are progressively dehydrated. Our primary findings are that (i) the structure of the hydrogels is highly sensitive to the identity of the charge-compensating cations, (ii) the thermodynamics of water within the gels (specific enthalpy and free energy) are, surprisingly, only weakly sensitive to cation identity, and (iii) predictions of the differential enthalpy and free energy of hydration include a short-ranged enthalpic term that promotes hydration and a longer-ranged (presumably entropic) term that promotes dehydration, where short and long ranges refer to distances shorter or longer than ∼0.6 nm between alginate strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery A. Agles
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ian C. Bourg
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and High Meadows Environmental
Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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10
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Da Silva Pinto B, Ronsin O, Baumberger T. Syneresis of self-crowded calcium-alginate hydrogels as a self-driven athermal aging process. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1720-1731. [PMID: 36779517 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of biopolymers into a hydrated elastic network often goes along with syneresis, a spontaneous process during which the hydrogel slowly shrinks and releases solvent. The tendency to syneresis of calcium-alginate hydrogels, widely used biocompatible materials, is a hindrance to applications for which dimensional integrity is crucial. Although calcium-induced aggregation of specific block-sequences has been long known as the microscopic process at work in both primary cross-linking and syneresis, the nature of the coupling between these structural events and the global deswelling flow has remained so far elusive. We have tackled this issue within the regime of entangled pregels that yield highly cross-linked, self-crowded hydrogels with stiff networks. Using an original, stopped-flow extrusion experiment, we have unveiled a robust, stretched-exponential kinetics of shrinking, spanning more than six decades of time and quasi-independent of the alginate concentration. A careful analysis of the puzzling dynamical features of syneresis in these gels has led us to propose that due to the network rigidity, the calcium-fueled, random collapse events that drive solvent locally, are not thermally activated but rather controlled by the average poroelastic flow itself, according to a self-sustained mechanism described here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Da Silva Pinto
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des nanosciences de Paris, 4, place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ronsin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des nanosciences de Paris, 4, place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Tristan Baumberger
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des nanosciences de Paris, 4, place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
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11
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Xiang J, Hao C, Pan Q, Li Z, Ma Q. Investigation on the aggregation structure of poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) concentrated solution in mixed solvents of water/N,N-dimethylformamide. Colloid Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-023-05057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Aboomeirah AA, Sarhan WA, Khalil EA, Abdellatif A, Abo Dena AS, El-Sherbiny IM. Wet Electrospun Nanofibers-Fortified Gelatin/Alginate-Based Nanocomposite as a Single-Dose Biomimicking Skin Substitute. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3678-3694. [PMID: 35820172 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development and evaluation of a series of well-designed single-dose extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking nanofibers (NFs)-reinforced hydrogel (HG)-based skin substitute for wound healing. The HG matrix of the proposed skin substitute is composed of gelatin (GE) and sodium alginate (SA), and incorporates hyaluronic acid (HA) as a key component of the natural ECM, as well as the antimicrobial Punica granatum extract (PE). This HG nanocomposite was cross-linked by the biocompatible N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) cross-linker, and was reinforced with fragmented trans-ferulic acid (FA)-loaded cellulose acetate/polycaprolactone (PCL/CA) NFs. The NFs were obtained via wet electrospinning into a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) coagulating solution to closely resemble the porous structure of the ECM fibers, which facilitates cell migration, attachment, and proliferation. The proposed design of the skin substitute allows adjustable mechanical characteristics and outstanding physical properties (swelling and biodegradability), as well as an excellent porous microstructure. The developed skin substitutes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and electron microscopy. In addition, the biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, mechanical, and in vitro drug release characteristics were investigated. Moreover, an in vivo excisional full-thickness defect model was conducted to assess skin regeneration and healing effectiveness. The average diameters of the plain and FA-loaded NFs are 210 ± 12 nm and 452 ± 25 nm, respectively. The developed ECM-mimicking skin substitutes demonstrated good antibacterial activity, free-radical scavenging activity, cytocompatibility, porosity, water absorption ability, and good biodegradability. In vivo application of the ECM-mimicking skin substitutes revealed their excellent wound-healing activity and their suitability for single-dose treatment of deep wounds with reducing the wound diameter to 0.95 mm after 15 days of treatment. Moreover, the histological investigation of the wound area demonstrated that the applied skin substitutes have not only enhanced the wound healing progress, but also can participate in improving the quality of the regenerated skin in the treated area via facilitating collagen fibers regeneration and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Aboomeirah
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Wessam A Sarhan
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Eman A Khalil
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdellatif
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abo Dena
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
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Glukhova SA, Molchanov VS, Chesnokov YM, Lokshin BV, Kharitonova EP, Philippova OE. Green nanocomposite gels based on binary network of sodium alginate and percolating halloysite clay nanotubes for 3D printing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Rudyak VY, Sergeev AV, Kozhunova EY, Molchanov VS, Philippova OE, Chertovich AV. Viscosity of macromolecules with complex architecture. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Matsumoto A, Zhang C, Scheffold F, Shen AQ. Microrheological Approach for Probing the Entanglement Properties of Polyelectrolyte Solutions. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:84-90. [PMID: 35574786 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The entanglement dynamics and viscoelasticity of polyelectrolyte solutions remain active research topics. Previous studies have reported conflicting experimental results when compared to Dobrynin's scaling predictions derived from the Doi-Edwards (DE) tube model for entangled polymers. Herein, by combining classical bulk shear rheometry with diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) microrheometry, we investigate how the key viscoelastic parameters (the specific viscosity ηsp, the plateau modulus Ge, and the ratio of the reptation time to the Rouse time of an entanglement strand τrep/τe) depend on the polymer concentration for semidilute entangled (SE) solutions containing poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) with high molecular weight. Our experimental measurements yield Ge ∝ c1.51±0.04, in good agreement with the scaling of Ge ∝ c1.5 predicted by Dobrynin's model for salt-free polyelectrolyte SE solutions, suggesting that the electrostatic interaction influences the viscoelastic properties of polyelectrolyte SE solutions. On the other hand, the deviation in the scaling exponent for ηsp ∝ c2.56±0.04 and τrep/τe ∝ c1.82±0.28 is observed between our DWS experiments and Dobrynin's model prediction (∝ c1.5), likely due to the fact that Dobrynin's scaling model does not account for mechanisms such as the contour length fluctuation, the constraint release, and the retardation of solvent dynamics, which are known to occur for SE solutions of neutral polymers. Our results demonstrate that DWS serves as a powerful rheological tool to study the entanglement dynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions. The scaling relationships obtained in this study provide new insights to the long-standing debate on the entanglement dynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsumoto
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Frank Scheffold
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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16
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Dudun AA, Akoulina EA, Zhuikov VA, Makhina TK, Voinova VV, Belishev NV, Khaydapova DD, Shaitan KV, Bonartseva GA, Bonartsev AP. Competitive Biosynthesis of Bacterial Alginate Using Azotobacter vinelandii 12 for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010131. [PMID: 35012152 PMCID: PMC8747204 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of various cultivation conditions (sucrose/phosphate concentrations, aeration level) on alginate biosynthesis using the bacterial producing strain Azotobacter vinelandii 12 by the full factorial design (FFD) method and physicochemical properties (e.g., rheological properties) of the produced bacterial alginate. We demonstrated experimentally the applicability of bacterial alginate for tissue engineering (the cytotoxicity testing using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)). The isolated synthesis of high molecular weight (Mw) capsular alginate with a high level of acetylation (25%) was achieved by FFD method under a low sucrose concentration, an increased phosphate concentration, and a high aeration level. Testing the viscoelastic properties and cytotoxicity showed that bacterial alginate with a maximal Mw (574 kDa) formed the densest hydrogels (which demonstrated relatively low cytotoxicity for MSCs in contrast to bacterial alginate with low Mw). The obtained data have shown promising prospects in controlled biosynthesis of bacterial alginate with different physicochemical characteristics for various biomedical applications including tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Dudun
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Ave, 33, Bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.D.); (V.A.Z.); (T.K.M.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Elizaveta A. Akoulina
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (V.V.V.); (N.V.B.); (K.V.S.)
| | - Vsevolod A. Zhuikov
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Ave, 33, Bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.D.); (V.A.Z.); (T.K.M.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Tatiana K. Makhina
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Ave, 33, Bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.D.); (V.A.Z.); (T.K.M.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Vera V. Voinova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (V.V.V.); (N.V.B.); (K.V.S.)
| | - Nikita V. Belishev
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (V.V.V.); (N.V.B.); (K.V.S.)
| | - Dolgor D. Khaydapova
- Department of Soil Physics and Reclamation, Soil Science Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Konstantin V. Shaitan
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (V.V.V.); (N.V.B.); (K.V.S.)
| | - Garina A. Bonartseva
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Ave, 33, Bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.D.); (V.A.Z.); (T.K.M.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Anton P. Bonartsev
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (V.V.V.); (N.V.B.); (K.V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4959306306
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17
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Glukhova SA, Molchanov VS, Lokshin BV, Rogachev AV, Tsarenko AA, Patsaev TD, Kamyshinsky RA, Philippova OE. Printable Alginate Hydrogels with Embedded Network of Halloysite Nanotubes: Effect of Polymer Cross-Linking on Rheological Properties and Microstructure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4130. [PMID: 34883633 PMCID: PMC8659288 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly growing 3D printing of hydrogels requires network materials which combine enhanced mechanical properties and printability. One of the most promising approaches to strengthen the hydrogels consists of the incorporation of inorganic fillers. In this paper, the rheological properties important for 3D printability were studied for nanocomposite hydrogels based on a rigid network of percolating halloysite nanotubes embedded in a soft alginate network cross-linked by calcium ions. Particular attention was paid to the effect of polymer cross-linking on these properties. It was revealed that the system possessed a pronounced shear-thinning behavior accompanied by a viscosity drop of 4-5 orders of magnitude. The polymer cross-links enhanced the shear-thinning properties and accelerated the viscosity recovery at rest so that the system could regain 96% of viscosity in only 18 s. Increasing the cross-linking of the soft network also enhanced the storage modulus of the nanocomposite system by up to 2 kPa. Through SAXS data, it was shown that at cross-linking, the junction zones consisting of fragments of two laterally aligned polymer chains were formed, which should have provided additional strength to the hydrogel. At the same time, the cross-linking of the soft network only slightly affected the yield stress, which seemed to be mainly determined by the rigid percolation network of nanotubes and reached 327 Pa. These properties make the alginate/halloysite hydrogels very promising for 3D printing, in particular, for biomedical purposes taking into account the natural origin, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility of both components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris V. Lokshin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Andrei V. Rogachev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (A.V.R.); (A.A.T.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Tsarenko
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (A.V.R.); (A.A.T.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Timofey D. Patsaev
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
| | - Roman A. Kamyshinsky
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (A.V.R.); (A.A.T.); (R.A.K.)
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
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Dodero A, Donati I, Scarfì S, Mirata S, Alberti S, Lova P, Comoretto D, Alloisio M, Vicini S, Castellano M. Effect of sodium alginate molecular structure on electrospun membrane cell adhesion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112067. [PMID: 33947560 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Alginate-based electrospun nanofibers prepared via electrospinning technique represent a class of materials with promising applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. However, to date, the effect of alginate molecular mass and block composition on the biological response of such systems remains to some extent unclear. As such, in the present work, three alginates (i.e., M.pyr, L.hyp, A.nod) with different molecular features are employed to prepare nanofibers whose ability to promote cell adhesion is explored by using both skin and bone cell lines. Initially, a preliminary investigation of the raw materials is carried out via rheological and zeta-potential measurements to determine the different grade of polyelectrolyte behaviour of the alginate samples. Specifically, both the molecular mass and block composition are found to be important factors affecting the alginate response, with long chains and a predominance of guluronic moieties leading to a marked polyelectrolyte nature (i.e., lower dependence of the solution viscosity upon the polymer concentration). Subsequently, physically crosslinked alginate nanofibrous mats are first morphologically characterized via both scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, which show a homogenous and defect-free structure, and their biological response is then evaluated. Noticeably, fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines do not show significant differences in terms of cell adhesion on the three mats (i.e., 30-40% and 10-20% with respect to the seeded cells, respectively), with the formers presenting a greater affinity toward the alginate-based nanofibers. Conversely, both the investigated osteoblast cells are characterized by a distinct behaviour depending on the alginate type. Specifically, polysaccharide samples with an evident polyelectrolyte nature are found to better promote cell viability (i.e., cell adhesion in the range 15-36% with respect to seeded cells) compared to the ones displaying a nearly neutral behaviour (i.e., cell adhesion in the range 5-25% with respect to seeded cells). Therefore, the obtained results, despite being preliminary, suggest that the alginate type (i.e., molecular structure properties) may play a topical role in conditioning the efficiency of healing patches for bone reparation, but it has a negligible effect in the case of skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dodero
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Serena Mirata
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Alberti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Lova
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Comoretto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Alloisio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Vicini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maila Castellano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
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19
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Łabowska MB, Cierluk K, Jankowska AM, Kulbacka J, Detyna J, Michalak I. A Review on the Adaption of Alginate-Gelatin Hydrogels for 3D Cultures and Bioprinting. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:858. [PMID: 33579053 PMCID: PMC7916803 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining the vital functions of cells outside the organism requires strictly defined parameters. In order to ensure their optimal growth and development, it is necessary to provide a range of nutrients and regulators. Hydrogels are excellent materials for 3D in vitro cell cultures. Their ability to retain large amounts of liquid, as well as their biocompatibility, soft structures, and mechanical properties similar to these of living tissues, provide appropriate microenvironments that mimic extracellular matrix functions. The wide range of natural and synthetic polymeric materials, as well as the simplicity of their physico-chemical modification, allow the mechanical properties to be adjusted for different requirements. Sodium alginate-based hydrogel is a frequently used material for cell culture. The lack of cell-interactive properties makes this polysaccharide the most often applied in combination with other materials, including gelatin. The combination of both materials increases their biological activity and improves their material properties, making this combination a frequently used material in 3D printing technology. The use of hydrogels as inks in 3D printing allows the accurate manufacturing of scaffolds with complex shapes and geometries. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the materials used for 3D cell cultures, which are mainly alginate-gelatin hydrogels, including their properties and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena B. Łabowska
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.Ł); (A.M.J.)
| | - Karolina Cierluk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka M. Jankowska
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.Ł); (A.M.J.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Detyna
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.Ł); (A.M.J.)
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Xue X, Chen Y, Li Y, Liang K, Huang W, Yang H, Jiang L, Jiang Q, Chen F, Jiang T, Lin B, Jiang B, Pu H. Remarkable untangled dynamics behavior of multicyclic branched polystyrenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:399-402. [PMID: 33326513 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07129c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A typical multicyclic branched-topology polystyrene (c-BPS) with high molecular weight (30 K ≤ Mw MALLS ≤ 300 K g mol-1) and narrow dispersity (1.2 ≤ Đ ≤ 1.3) was efficiently synthesized by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) techniques. The topological constraints imposed by the presence of cyclic units and branch points had a marked influence on the entanglement behaviors of the polymer chains in solution. Therefore, c-BPS possesses the lowest loss modulus (G'') and viscosity (η), the highest diffusion coefficient (D0), the largest mesh size (ξ) and the fastest terminal relaxation (TR), compared with branched and linear precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
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