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Guarnera A, Romano A, Moltoni G, Ius T, Palizzi S, Romano A, Bagatto D, Minniti G, Bozzao A. The Role of Advanced MRI Sequences in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Adult Brainstem Gliomas: A Neuroradiological Review. Tomography 2023; 9:1526-1537. [PMID: 37624115 PMCID: PMC10457939 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2021 WHO (World Health Organization) classification of brain tumors incorporated the rapid advances in the molecular, genetic, and pathogenesis understanding of brain tumor pathogenesis, behavior, and treatment response. It revolutionized brain tumor classification by placing great emphasis on molecular types and completely splitting adult-type and pediatric-type diffuse gliomas. Brainstem gliomas (BSGs) are the leading primary tumors of the brainstem, although they are quite uncommon in adults compared with the pediatric population, representing less than 2% of adult gliomas. Surgery is not always the treatment of choice since resection is rarely feasible and does not improve overall survival, and biopsies are not generally performed since the location is treacherous. Therefore, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) without and with gadolinium administration represents the optimal noninvasive radiological technique to suggest brainstem gliomas diagnosis, plan a multidisciplinary treatment and for follow-up evaluations. The MRI protocol encompasses morphological sequences as well as functional and advanced sequences, such as DWI/ADC (Diffusion-Weighted Imaging/Apparent Diffusion Coefficient), DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging), PWI (Perfusion-Weighted Imaging), and MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), which improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of BSGs by adding substantial information regarding the cellularity, the infiltrative behavior toward the v fiber tracts, the vascularity, and the molecular changes. Brainstem gliomas have been divided into four categories on the basis of their MRI radiological appearance, including diffuse intrinsic low-grade gliomas, enhancing malignant gliomas, localized tectal gliomas, and other forms. The aim of our review is to provide insight into the role of advanced MRI sequences in the diagnosis and follow-up of adult brainstem gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Guarnera
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (A.B.)
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Romano
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia Moltoni
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (A.B.)
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Serena Palizzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Allegra Romano
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniele Bagatto
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Minniti
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Division of Radiotherapy, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bozzao
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (A.B.)
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Advantages and drawbacks of dexamethasone in glioblastoma multiforme. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103625. [PMID: 35158070 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widespread, malignant, and deadliest type of glial tumor is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Despite radiation, chemotherapy, and radical surgery, the median survival of afflicted individuals is about 12 months. Unfortunately, existing therapeutic interventions are abysmal. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, has been used for many years to treat brain edema and inflammation caused by GBM. Several investigations have recently shown that Dex also exerts antitumoral effects against GBM. On the other hand, more recent disputed findings have questioned the long-held dogma of Dex treatment for GBM. Unfortunately, steroids are associated with various undesirable side effects, including severe immunosuppression and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia, which may impair the survival of GBM patients. Current ideas and concerns about Dex's effects on GBM cerebral edema, cell proliferation, migration, and its clinical outcomes were investigated in this study.
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Cai X, Tao W, Li L. Glioma cell-derived FGF20 suppresses macrophage function by activating β-catenin. Cell Signal 2021; 89:110181. [PMID: 34757019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, which are the main regulators of the tumor-associated microenvironment, play a crucial role in the progression of various tumors. The anti-inflammatory role of β-catenin in macrophages has been extensively studied in recent years. However, the association between macrophages and β-catenin with regards to the development of glioma has not yet been investigated, at least to the best of our knowledge. The present study found that fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20), as a paracrine cytokine, was secreted by glioma cells and acted on macrophages. FGF20 treated macrophages exhibited a decreased pro-inflammatory phenotype upon LPS and IFN-γ stimulation, characterized by the decreased the level of M1 macrophage markers and the reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistic analysis revealed that FGF20 interacted with FGF receptor 1 isoform of macrophages, and subsequently increased the stability of β-catenin via phosphorylating GSK3β, which suppressed macrophage polarization to the M1-phenotype. Finally, it was found that FGF20 of glioma cells expression was upregulated by the glucocorticoids (GCs) treatment, and decreased FGF20 expression of glioma cells markedly blocked the effects of GCs on the polarization of macrophages. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that FGF20, secreted from glioma cells, participates the GCs regulated macrophage function and exerts anti-inflammatory effects during the treatment of glioma by GCs. Moreover, a molecular link was identified between glioma cells and macrophages, demonstrating that FGF20 modulates the GCs-induced dysfunction of macrophages during glioma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cai
- Department of Emergency, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, China.
| | - Weichen Tao
- Department of Emergency, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Emergency, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, China.
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4
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Toor H, Savla P, Podkovik S, Patchana T, Ghanchi H, Kashyap S, Tashjian V, Miulli D. Timing of Chemoradiation in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: Comparative Analysis Between County and Managed Care Health Care Models. World Neurosurg 2021; 149:e1038-e1042. [PMID: 33476782 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain malignancy with significant morbidity and mortality. The current standard of treatment for GBM is surgery followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide. Despite an established treatment protocol, there exists heterogeneity in outcomes due to patients not receiving all treatments. We analyzed patients in different health care models to investigate this heterogeneity. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed at 2 hospitals in San Bernardino County, California, for patients with newly diagnosed GBM from 2004 to 2019. Patients younger than 18 years of age, with history of low-grade glioma, who had undergone prior treatment, and those lost to follow-up were excluded. RESULTS A total of 57 patients were included in our study. Chemotherapy was started at 41 ± 30 and 77 ± 68 days in the health maintenance organization (HMO) and county model, respectively (P = 0.050); radiation therapy was started at 46 ± 34 and 85 ± 76 days in the HMO and county models, respectively (P = 0.036). In individuals who underwent both chemotherapy and radiation therapy (XRT), the difference in time to XRT was no longer significant (P = 0.060). Recurrence time was 309 ± 263 and 212 ± 180 days in the HMO and county groups, respectively (P = 0.379). The time to death was 412 ± 285 and 343 ± 304 days for HMO and county models, respectively (P = 0.334). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a statistically significant difference in time to adjuvant therapies between patients within a county hospital and a managed health care organization. This information has the potential to inform future policies and care coordination for patients within the county model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjyot Toor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
| | - Paras Savla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA.
| | - Stacey Podkovik
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
| | - Tye Patchana
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
| | - Hammad Ghanchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
| | - Samir Kashyap
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
| | - Vartan Tashjian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center, Fontana, California, USA
| | - Dan Miulli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
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Stokum JA, Gerzanich V, Sheth KN, Kimberly WT, Simard JM. Emerging Pharmacological Treatments for Cerebral Edema: Evidence from Clinical Studies. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 60:291-309. [PMID: 31914899 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral edema, a common and often fatal companion to most forms of acute central nervous system disease, has been recognized since the time of ancient Egypt. Unfortunately, our therapeutic armamentarium remains limited, in part due to historic limitations in our understanding of cerebral edema pathophysiology. Recent advancements have led to a number of clinical trials for novel therapeutics that could fundamentally alter the treatment of cerebral edema. In this review, we discuss these agents, their targets, and the data supporting their use, with a focus on agents that have progressed to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA;
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA;
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA; .,Departments of Pathology and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Laigle-Donadey F, Duran-Peña A. Gliomi del tronco cerebrale dell’adulto. Neurologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(19)42022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cenciarini M, Valentino M, Belia S, Sforna L, Rosa P, Ronchetti S, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M. Dexamethasone in Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy: Mechanisms and Controversies. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:65. [PMID: 30983966 PMCID: PMC6449729 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant of the glial tumors. The world-wide estimates of new cases and deaths annually are remarkable, making GBM a crucial public health issue. Despite the combination of radical surgery, radio and chemotherapy prognosis is extremely poor (median survival is approximately 1 year). Thus, current therapeutic interventions are highly unsatisfactory. For many years, GBM-induced brain oedema and inflammation have been widely treated with dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC). A number of studies have reported that DEX also inhibits GBM cell proliferation and migration. Nevertheless, recent controversial results provided by different laboratories have challenged the widely accepted dogma concerning DEX therapy for GBM. Here, we have reviewed the main clinical features and genetic and epigenetic abnormalities underlying GBM. Finally, we analyzed current notions and concerns related to DEX effects on cerebral oedema, cancer cell proliferation and migration and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cenciarini
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Valentino
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Silvia Belia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Sforna
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina D'Adamo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Mauro Pessia
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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8
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Banks PD, Lasocki A, Lau PKH, Sandhu S, McArthur G, Shackleton M. Bevacizumab as a steroid-sparing agent during immunotherapy for melanoma brain metastases: A case series. Health Sci Rep 2019; 2:e115. [PMID: 30937392 PMCID: PMC6427059 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases are common in advanced melanoma and often necessitate corticosteroids such as dexamethasone to control symptoms and reduce peritumoral edema. Immunotherapy improves survival in metastatic melanoma, but concomitant treatment with corticosteroids may reduce efficacy. Here, we report the use of bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, as a steroid-sparing agent in melanoma patients with brain metastases treated with immunotherapy. METHODS Medical records and imaging were retrospectively analyzed for melanoma patients with brain metastases who received bevacizumab at our institution between 2012 and 2017. RESULTS 12 melanoma patients with brain metastases received bevacizumab (5-7.5 mg/kg Q2-3 W; median 4 cycles, range 1-9). Patients were BRAF wild-type or resistant to BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy. All had progressive intracranial disease after prior resection, stereotactic radiosurgery and/or whole brain radiotherapy, and up to four lines of previous systemic treatment. Prior to bevacizumab, all patients had radiologically defined peritumoral edema and nine required dexamethasone for symptom control. In 10 evaluable patients, six reduced their dexamethasone dose by more than 50%, and eight displayed reduced edema 4 weeks after bevacizumab. Seven patients experienced adverse events possibly related to bevacizumab, including intracranial hemorrhage, hypertension, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Ten patients received immunotherapy after bevacizumab. Five patients survived more than 6 months, including one who remained disease-free after 4 years and without neurological deficit despite being hemiplegic from edematous brain metastases prior to bevacizumab. CONCLUSION In 12 very poor prognosis melanoma patients with brain metastases, bevacizumab was well-tolerated, associated with improved symptoms and reduced peritumoral edema despite weaning steroids, and facilitated treatment with immunotherapy that provided durable survival in a substantial proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D. Banks
- Department of Cancer Medicine, MelbournePeter MacCallum Cancer CentreAustralia
| | - Arian Lasocki
- Department of Cancer ImagingPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneAustralia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Peter K. H. Lau
- Department of Cancer Medicine, MelbournePeter MacCallum Cancer CentreAustralia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Department of Cancer Medicine, MelbournePeter MacCallum Cancer CentreAustralia
| | - Grant McArthur
- Department of Cancer Medicine, MelbournePeter MacCallum Cancer CentreAustralia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Mark Shackleton
- Department of Cancer Medicine, MelbournePeter MacCallum Cancer CentreAustralia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of OncologyAlfred HealthMelbourneAustralia
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Parissis D, Syntila SA, Ioannidis P. Corticosteroids in neurological disorders: The dark side. J Clin Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Koyama Y, Ukita A, Abe K, Iwamae K, Tokuyama S, Tanaka K, Kotake Y. Dexamethasone Downregulates Endothelin Receptors and Reduces Endothelin-Induced Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:57-66. [PMID: 28461586 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In brain disorders, astrocytes change phenotype to reactive astrocytes and are involved in the induction of neuroinflammation and brain edema. The administration of glucocorticoids (GCs), such as dexamethasone (Dex), reduces astrocytic activation, but the mechanisms underlying this inhibitory action are not well understood. Endothelins (ETs) promote astrocytic activation. Therefore, the effects of Dex on ET receptor expressions were examined in cultured rat astrocytes. Treatment with 300 nM Dex for 6-48 hours reduced the mRNA expression of astrocytic ETA and ETB receptors to 30-40% of nontreated cells. Levels of ETA and ETB receptor proteins became about 50% of nontreated cells after Dex treatment. Astrocytic ETA and ETB receptor mRNAs were decreased by 300 nM hydrocortisone. The effects of Dex and hydrocortisone on astrocytic ET receptors were abolished in the presence of mifepristone, a GC receptor antagonist. Although Dex did not decrease the basal levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and MMP9 mRNAs, pretreatment with Dex reduced ET-induced increases in MMP mRNAs. The effects of ET-1 on the release of MMP3 and MMP9 proteins were attenuated by pretreatment with Dex. ET-1 stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in cultured astrocytes. Pretreatment with Dex reduced the ET-induced increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, pretreatment with Dex did not affect MMP production or ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by phorbol myristate acetate, a protein kinase C activator. These results indicate that Dex downregulates astrocytic ET receptors and reduces ET-induced MMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Ayano Ukita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Kana Abe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Kuniaki Iwamae
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Yuki Kotake
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan (Y.Koy., A.U., K.A., K.I., K.T., Y.Kot.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Kobe, Japan (S.T.)
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Alkhalili K, Zenonos G, Fernandez-Miranda JC. Do Corticosteroids Compromise Survival in Glioblastoma? Neurosurgery 2016; 79:N15-6. [PMID: 27635969 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000499707.66337.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Lee EQ, Wen PY. Corticosteroids for peritumoral edema: time to overcome our addiction? Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1191-2. [PMID: 27530501 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eudocia Q Lee
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber / Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA (E.Q.L., P.Y.W.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.Q.L., P.Y.W.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber / Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA (E.Q.L., P.Y.W.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.Q.L., P.Y.W.)
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Soto-Pina AE, Franklin C, Rani CSS, Gottlieb H, Hinojosa-Laborde C, Strong R. A Novel Model of Dexamethasone-Induced Hypertension: Use in Investigating the Role of Tyrosine Hydroxylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:528-36. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Pitter KL, Tamagno I, Alikhanyan K, Hosni-Ahmed A, Pattwell SS, Donnola S, Dai C, Ozawa T, Chang M, Chan TA, Beal K, Bishop AJ, Barker CA, Jones TS, Hentschel B, Gorlia T, Schlegel U, Stupp R, Weller M, Holland EC, Hambardzumyan D. Corticosteroids compromise survival in glioblastoma. Brain 2016; 139:1458-71. [PMID: 27020328 PMCID: PMC5006251 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumour. Standard of care consists of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and concomitant and maintenance temozolomide (temozolomide/radiotherapy→temozolomide). Corticosteroids are commonly used perioperatively to control cerebral oedema and are frequently continued throughout subsequent treatment, notably radiotherapy, for amelioration of side effects. The effects of corticosteroids such as dexamethasone on cell growth in glioma models and on patient survival have remained controversial. We performed a retrospective analysis of glioblastoma patient cohorts to determine the prognostic role of steroid administration. A disease-relevant mouse model of glioblastoma was used to characterize the effects of dexamethasone on tumour cell proliferation and death, and to identify gene signatures associated with these effects. A murine anti-VEGFA antibody was used in parallel as an alternative for oedema control. We applied the dexamethasone-induced gene signature to The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma dataset to explore the association of dexamethasone exposure with outcome. Mouse experiments were used to validate the effects of dexamethasone on survival in vivo Retrospective clinical analyses identified corticosteroid use during radiotherapy as an independent indicator of shorter survival in three independent patient cohorts. A dexamethasone-associated gene expression signature correlated with shorter survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas patient dataset. In glioma-bearing mice, dexamethasone pretreatment decreased tumour cell proliferation without affecting tumour cell viability, but reduced survival when combined with radiotherapy. Conversely, anti-VEGFA antibody decreased proliferation and increased tumour cell death, but did not affect survival when combined with radiotherapy. Clinical and mouse experimental data suggest that corticosteroids may decrease the effectiveness of treatment and shorten survival in glioblastoma. Dexamethasone-induced anti-proliferative effects may confer protection from radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced genotoxic stress. This study highlights the importance of identifying alternative agents such as vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists for managing oedema in glioblastoma patients. Beyond the established adverse effect profile of protracted corticosteroid use, this analysis substantiates the request for prudent and restricted use of corticosteroids in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Pitter
- 1 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ilaria Tamagno
- 2 Department of Neurosciences at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Kristina Alikhanyan
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amira Hosni-Ahmed
- 4 University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, 39103, USA
| | - Siobhan S Pattwell
- 5 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA (FH)
| | - Shannon Donnola
- 2 Department of Neurosciences at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Charles Dai
- 2 Department of Neurosciences at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ozawa
- 5 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA (FH)
| | - Maria Chang
- 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA 7 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn Beal
- 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA 7 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew J Bishop
- 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher A Barker
- 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Terreia S Jones
- 4 University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, 39103, USA
| | - Bettina Hentschel
- 8 Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thierry Gorlia
- 9 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Uwe Schlegel
- 10 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum-Langendreer, Bochum, Germany
| | - Roger Stupp
- 11 Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- 12 Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric C Holland
- 5 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA (FH) 13 Alvord Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA 14 Solid Tumor and Translational Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- 2 Department of Neurosciences at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA 3 Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive imaging review of the common hormonal therapies used in oncology and the side effects associated with them. CONCLUSION Commonly used hormones in oncology include corticosteroids, somatostatin analogues, progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists, antiandrogens, aromatase inhibitors, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Familiarity with these hormones and their side effects can help radiologists to be vigilant for the side effects and complications of these agents.
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Dexamethasone acts as a radiosensitizer in three astrocytoma cell lines via oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2015; 5:388-397. [PMID: 26160768 PMCID: PMC4506989 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), which act on stress pathways, are well-established in the co-treatment of different kinds of tumors; however, the underlying mechanisms by which GCs act are not yet well elucidated. As such, this work investigates the role of glucocorticoids, specifically dexamethasone (DEXA), in the processes referred to as DNA damage and DNA damage response (DDR), establishing a new approach in three astrocytomas cell lines (CT2A, APP.PS1 L.1 and APP.PS1 L.3). The results show that DEXA administration increased the basal levels of gamma-H2AX foci, keeping them higher 4 h after irradiation (IR) of the cells, compared to untreated cells. This means that DEXA might cause increased radiosensitivity in these cell lines. On the other hand, DEXA did not have an apparent effect on the formation and disappearance of the 53BP1 foci. Furthermore, it was found that DEXA administered 2 h before IR led to a radical change in DNA repair kinetics, even DEXA does not affect cell cycle. It is important to highlight that DEXA produced cell death in these cell lines compared to untreated cells. Finally and most important, the high levels of gamma-H2AX could be reversed by administration of ascorbic acid, a potent blocker of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that DEXA acts by causing DNA damage via oxidative stress. These exiting findings suggest that DEXA might promote radiosensitivity in brain tumors, specifically in astrocytoma-like tumors. Dexamethasone causes DNA damage by increasing gamma-H2AX levels in three astrocytoma cell lines (CT2A, APP.PS1 L.1 and APP.PS1 L.3) Dexamethasone affects DNA repair kinetics and produces cell death in three astrocytoma cell lines (CT2A, APP.PS1 L.1 and APP.PS1 L.3) even dexamethasone does not affect any cell cycle arrest in any cell line studied. Oxidative stress appears to be one of the mechanisms of dexamethasone action in DNA damage as their effect is reversed with ascorbic acid addition.
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17
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Imaging of adult brainstem gliomas. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84:709-20. [PMID: 25641008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem gliomas (BSGs) are uncommon in adults accounting for about 2% of all intracranial neoplasms. They are often phenotypically low-grade as compared to their more common paediatric counterparts. Since brainstem biopsies are rarely performed, these tumours are commonly classified according to their MR imaging characteristics into 4 subgroups: (a) diffuse intrinsic low-grade gliomas, (b) enhancing malignant gliomas, (c) focal tectal gliomas and (d) exophytic gliomas/other subtypes. The prognosis and treatment is variable for the different types and is almost similar to adult supratentorial gliomas. Radiotherapy (RT) with adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard treatment of diffuse low-grade and malignant BSGs, whereas, surgical resection is limited to the exophytic subtypes. Review of previous literature shows that the detailed imaging of adult BSGs has not received significant attention. This review illustrates in detail the imaging features of adult BSGs using conventional and advanced MR techniques like diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), MR perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), as well as 18F-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine positron emission tomography (18F-FET/PET). We have discussed the pertinent differences between childhood and adult BSGs, imaging mimics, prognostic factors and briefly reviewed the treatment options of these tumours.
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18
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Roth P, Happold C, Weller M. Corticosteroid use in neuro-oncology: an update. Neurooncol Pract 2014; 2:6-12. [PMID: 26034636 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npu029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the lack of curative approaches for most patients with malignant brain tumors, supportive therapy, which aims at maintaining quality of life and functional independence, has a central role in the treatment of many patients. Steroids are particularly important in the setting of supportive therapy. They are commonly used to treat tumor-associated edema, and their administration is typically associated with rapid symptom relief, such as the resolution of headaches. Besides their antiedema activity, corticosteroids are characterized by their potent antilymphoma properties and their effects against acute or delayed emesis caused by systemic chemotherapy in cancer patients. Accordingly, steroids are among the most frequently used drugs in oncology. These desirable properties of steroids are counterbalanced by cardiovascular, muscular, and psychiatric side effects. On the cellular level, corticosteroids exert various effects that translate into the desired clinical activity, but they also evoke significant toxicity that may outweigh the beneficial effects. The mode of action and the limitations of steroid treatment are summarized in this review article. Interactions between steroids and other drugs must be considered. A particular challenge to the ongoing use of glucocorticoids is that newer therapeutic approaches are being introduced in neuro-oncology for which concomitant steroids are likely to be contraindicated. These include the emergence of various immunotherapeutic approaches including vaccination strategies and treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Since the administration of steroids may interfere with the activity of these novel therapies, an even more critical evaluation of their use will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center , University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Caroline Happold
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center , University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center , University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
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19
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Ott M, Litzenburger UM, Rauschenbach KJ, Bunse L, Ochs K, Sahm F, Pusch S, Opitz CA, Blaes J, von Deimling A, Wick W, Platten M. Suppression of TDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism in glioblastoma cells by a steroid-responsive FKBP52-dependent pathway. Glia 2014; 63:78-90. [PMID: 25132599 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan catabolism is increasingly recognized as a key and druggable molecular mechanism active in cancer, immune, and glioneural cells and involved in the modulation of antitumor immunity, autoimmunity and glioneural function. In addition to the pivotal rate limiting enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, expression of tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) has recently been described as an alternative pathway responsible for constitutive tryptophan degradation in malignant gliomas and other types of cancer. In addition, TDO has been implicated as a key regulator of neurotoxicity involved in neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. The pathways regulating TDO expression, however, are largely unknown. Here, a siRNA-based transcription factor profiling in human glioblastoma cells revealed that the expression of human TDO is suppressed by endogenous glucocorticoid signaling. Similarly, treatment of glioblastoma cells with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone led to a reduction of TDO expression and activity in vitro and in vivo. TDO inhibition was dependent on the immunophilin FKBP52, whose FK1 domain physically interacted with the glucocorticoid receptor as demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and in situ proximity ligation assays. Accordingly, gene expression profile analyses revealed negative correlation of FKBP52 and TDO in glial and neural tumors and in normal brain. Knockdown of FKBP52 and treatment with the FK-binding immunosuppressant FK506 enhanced TDO expression and activity in glioblastoma cells. In summary, we identify a novel steroid-responsive FKBP52-dependent pathway suppressing the expression and activity of TDO, a central and rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan metabolism, in human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ott
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Inhibition of SUR1 decreases the vascular permeability of cerebral metastases. Neoplasia 2013; 15:535-43. [PMID: 23633925 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) by glyburide has been shown to decrease edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage. We investigated if inhibiting SUR1 reduces cerebral edema due to metastases, the most common brain tumor, and explored the putative association of SUR1 and the endothelial tight junction protein, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). Nude rats were intracerebrally implanted with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) LX1 or A2058 melanoma cells (n = 36). Rats were administered vehicle, glyburide (4.8 µg twice, orally), or dexamethasone (0.35 mg, intravenous). Blood-tumor barrier (BTB) permeability (K (trans)) was evaluated before and after treatment using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. SUR1 and ZO-1 expression was evaluated using immunofluorescence and Western blots. In both models, SUR1 expression was significantly increased (P < .05) in tumors. In animals with SCLC, control mean K (trans) (percent change ± standard error) was 101.8 ± 36.6%, and both glyburide (-21.4 ± 14.2%, P < .01) and dexamethasone (-14.2 ± 13.1%, P < .01) decreased BTB permeability. In animals with melanoma, compared to controls (117.1 ± 43.4%), glyburide lowered BTB permeability increase (3.2 ± 15.4%, P < .05), while dexamethasone modestly lowered BTB permeability increase (63.1 ± 22.1%, P > .05). Both glyburide (P < .001) and dexamethasone (P < .01) decreased ZO-1 gap formation. By decreasing ZO-1 gaps, glyburide was at least as effective as dexamethasone at halting increased BTB permeability caused by SCLC and melanoma. Glyburide is a safe, inexpensive, and efficacious alternative to dexamethasone for the treatment of cerebral metastasis-related vasogenic edema.
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21
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Brain miffed by macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:139573. [PMID: 22973314 PMCID: PMC3438795 DOI: 10.1155/2012/139573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine which also exhibits enzymatic properties like oxidoreductase and tautomerase. MIF plays a pivotal role in innate and acquired immunity as well as in the neuroendocrine axis. Since it is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation, neoangiogenesis, and cancer, MIF and its signaling components are considered suitable targets for therapeutic intervention in several fields of medicine. In neurodegenerative and neurooncological diseases, MIF is a highly relevant, but still a hardly investigated mediator. MIF operates via intracellular protein-protein interaction as well as in CD74/CXCR2/CXCR4 receptor-mediated pathways to regulate essential cellular systems such as redox balance, HIF-1, and p53-mediated senescence and apoptosis as well as multiple signaling pathways. Acting as an endogenous glucocorticoid antagonist, MIF thus represents a relevant resistance gene in brain tumor therapies. Alongside this dual action, a functional homolog-annotated D-dopachrome tautomerase/MIF-2 has been uncovered utilizing the same cell surface receptor signaling cascade as MIF. Here we review MIF actions with respect to redox regulation in apoptosis and in tumor growth as well as its extracellular function with a focus on its potential role in brain diseases. We consider the possibility of MIF targeting in neurodegenerative processes and brain tumors by novel MIF-neutralizing approaches.
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22
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Reyes-Botero G, Mokhtari K, Martin-Duverneuil N, Delattre JY, Laigle-Donadey F. Adult brainstem gliomas. Oncologist 2012; 17:388-97. [PMID: 22382458 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brainstem gliomas are uncommon in adults and account for only 1%-2% of intracranial gliomas. They represent a heterogeneous group of tumors that differ from those found in their pediatric counterparts. In adults, a low-grade phenotype predominates, which is a feature that likely explains their better prognosis compared to that in children. Because biopsies are rarely performed, classifications based on the radiological aspect of magnetic resonance imaging results have been proposed to establish treatment strategies and to determine outcomes: (a) diffuse intrinsic low-grade, (b) enhancing malignant glioma, (c) focal tectal gliomas, and (d) exophytic gliomas. Despite significant advances in neuroradiology techniques, a purely radiological classification remains imperfect in the absence of a histological diagnosis. Whereas a biopsy may often be reasonably avoided in the diffuse nonenhancing forms, obtaining histological proof seems necessary in many contrast-enhanced brainstem lesions because of the wide variety of differential diagnoses in adults. Conventional radiotherapy is the standard treatment for diffuse intrinsic low-grade brainstem gliomas in adults (the median survival is 5 years). In malignant brainstem gliomas, radiotherapy is the standard treatment. However, the possible benefit of combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy (temozolomide or other agents) has not been thoroughly evaluated in adults. The role of anti-angiogenic therapies in brainstem gliomas remains to be defined. A better understanding of the biology of these tumors is of primary importance for identifying homogeneous subgroups and for improving therapy options and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Reyes-Botero
- Service de Neurologie 2-Division Mazarin, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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23
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Wendler O, Dlugaiczyk J, Birk S, Schick B. Anti-proliferative effect of glucocorticoids on mesenchymal cells in juvenile angiofibromas. Head Neck 2012; 34:1615-21. [PMID: 22290623 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GCs) not only regulate metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms, but also are known to suppress tumor growth. Despite previous detection of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in juvenile angiofibromas, their distribution and function have not further been studied. METHODS Juvenile angiofibroma tissue (n = 30), nasal mucosa specimens (n = 10), subepithelial stroma of nasal mucosa (n = 20), and primary fibroblasts from juvenile angiofibroma (n = 6) and nasal mucosa samples (n = 6) were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. The antiproliferative effect of GCs (dexamethasone, prednisolone, and hydrocortisone) in vitro was assessed using a bromdeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. RESULTS An upregulation of GR transcripts and protein was shown in juvenile angiofibroma tissue and primary mesenchymal cells compared to nasal mucosa. Application of GCs resulted in a significantly higher antiproliferative effect on juvenile angiofibroma versus nasal mucosa fibroblasts in vitro. CONCLUSION Expression of GRs and antiproliferative effects of GCs on juvenile angiofibroma fibroblasts offer novel options for the treatment of this unique fibrovascular tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Wendler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Hart MG, Whittle IR, Grant R. Steroids and brain tumors. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 104:371-379. [PMID: 22230455 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52138-5.00025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Hart
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Preferential Effect of Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy on Intracerebral 9L Gliosarcoma Vascular Networks. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:1503-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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27
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Traitement chirurgical des glioblastomes. Neurochirurgie 2010; 56:477-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schneider T, Mawrin C, Scherlach C, Skalej M, Firsching R. Gliomas in adults. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 107:799-807; quiz 808. [PMID: 21124703 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary brain tumors are among the ten most common causes of cancer-related death. There is no screening test for them, but timely diagnosis and treatment improve the outcome. Ideally, treatment should be provided in a highly specialized center, but patients reach such centers only on the referral of their primary care physicians or other medical specialists from a wide variety of fields. An up-to-date account of basic knowledge in this area would thus seem desirable, as recent years have seen major developments both in the scientific understanding of these tumors and in clinical methods of diagnosis and treatment. METHODS Selective search of the pertinent literature (PubMed and Cochrane Library), including the guidelines of the German Societies of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Radiotherapy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Modern neuroradiological imaging, in particular magnetic resonance imaging, can show structural lesions at high resolution and provide a variety of biological and functional information, yet it is still no substitute for histological diagnosis. Gross total resection of gliomas significantly improves overall survival. New molecular markers can be used for prognostication. Chemotherapy plays a major role in the treatment of various different kinds of glioma. The median survival, however, generally remains poor, e.g., 14.6 months for glio-blastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schneider
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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29
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Degaki TL, Demasi MAA, Sogayar MC. Overexpression of Nrp/b (nuclear restrict protein in brain) suppresses the malignant phenotype in the C6/ST1 glioma cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:107-16. [PMID: 19682578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon searching for glucocorticoid-regulated cDNA sequences associated with the transformed to normal phenotypic reversion of C6/ST1 rat glioma cells, we identified Nrp/b (nuclear restrict protein in brain) as a novel rat gene. Here we report on the identification and functional characterization of the complete sequence encoding the rat NRP/B protein. The cloned cDNA presented a 1767 nucleotides open-reading frame encoding a 589 amino acids residues sequence containing a BTB/POZ (broad complex Tramtrack bric-a-brac/Pox virus and zinc finger) domain in its N-terminal region and kelch motifs in its C-terminal region. Sequence analysis indicates that the rat Nrp/b displays a high level of identity with the equivalent gene orthologs from other organisms. Among rat tissues, Nrp/b expression is more pronounced in brain tissue. We show that overexpression of the Nrp/b cDNA in C6/ST1 cells suppresses anchorage independence in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo, altering their malignant nature towards a more benign phenotype. Therefore, Nrp/b may be postulated as a novel tumor suppressor gene, with possible relevance for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theri Leica Degaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Serduc R, Bouchet A, Bräuer-Krisch E, Laissue JA, Spiga J, Sarun S, Bravin A, Fonta C, Renaud L, Boutonnat J, Siegbahn EA, Estève F, Le Duc G. Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy for rat brain tumor palliation—influence of the microbeam width at constant valley dose. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:6711-24. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/21/017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Hasegawa H, Pal D, Ramirez R, Ismail A, Marks P. Glioblastoma multiforme fades on CT imaging after dexamethasone therapy. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:1707-8. [PMID: 19766006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient in whom an enhancing lesion seen on CT scan faded following dexamethasone therapy. Subsequent biopsy revealed a glioblastoma multiforme. Various intrinsic cerebral lesions have been noted to disappear on CT imaging after the administration of corticosteroids, but it is less common for gliomas to exhibit this property.
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32
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Piette C, Deprez M, Roger T, Noël A, Foidart JM, Munaut C. The dexamethasone-induced inhibition of proliferation, migration, and invasion in glioma cell lines is antagonized by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and can be enhanced by specific MIF inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32483-92. [PMID: 19759012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most frequent and malignant brain tumors in adults. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are routinely used in the treatment of GBMs for their capacity to reduce the tumor-associated edema. Few in vitro studies have suggested that GCs inhibit the migration and invasion of GBM cells through the induction of MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an endogenous GC antagonist is up-regulated in GBMs. Recently, MIF has been involved in tumor growth and migration/invasion and specific MIF inhibitors have been developed on their capacity to block its enzymatic tautomerase activity site. In this study, we characterized several glioma cell lines for their MIF production. U373 MG cells were selected for their very low endogenous levels of MIF. We showed that dexamethasone inhibits the migration and invasion of U373 MG cells, through a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)- dependent inhibition of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway. Oppositely, we found that exogenous MIF increases U373 MG migration and invasion through the stimulation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway and that this activation is CD74 independent. Finally, we used the Hs 683 glioma cells that are resistant to GCs and produce high levels of endogenous MIF, and showed that the specific MIF inhibitor ISO-1 could restore dexamethasone sensitivity in these cells. Collectively, our results indicate an intricate pathway between MIF expression and GC resistance. They suggest that MIF inhibitors could increase the response of GBMs to corticotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Piette
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-R, CHU, Liège, Belgium
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33
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Copland JA, Sheffield-Moore M, Koldzic-Zivanovic N, Gentry S, Lamprou G, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F, Zoumpourlis V, Urban RJ, Vlahopoulos SA. Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible? Bioessays 2009; 31:629-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Qian YH, Xiao Q, Chen H, Xu J. Dexamethasone inhibits camptothecin-induced apoptosis in C6-glioma via activation of Stat5/Bcl-xL pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:764-71. [PMID: 19339209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DX) induces apoptosis resistance in most solid malignant tumors during co-treatment with chemotherapy agents, such as camptothecin (CAM). In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which DX reduces chemotherapy efficiency in C6-glioma. DX reduced CAM-increased DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. The DX's protection was negated by RU486, an antagonist of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). DX itself increased anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-xL expression, and its transcription factor, signaling transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), DNA binding activity and phospho-Stat5 expression. DX blocked the CAM-decreased Bcl-xL and phospho-Stat5 expression, and Stat5 binding activity. RU486 negated DX's actions. To determine whether Stat5 regulates Bcl-xL expression in CAM-induced cell death, C6-glioma was infected with an adenovirus containing a constitutively activated Stat5-GFP (Ad-Stat5ca). Overexpression of Stat5ca increased Bcl-xL and decreased CAM-induced cell death compared to control adenovirus infected cells; whereas Stat5 siRNA decreased DX-induced Bcl-xL and increased cell death. Phospho-Stat5 expression was observed in the nuclear extract by co-immunoprecipitation with an anti-GR antibody, indicating that Stat5 and GR were interactive and formed a complex in the nuclei. These results suggest that DX's prevention from CAM-induced apoptosis and RU486's antagonism of DX's protection may be through Stat5/Bcl-xL signal pathway regulated by a GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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