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Fang S, Peng L, Zhang M, Hou R, Deng X, Li X, Xin J, Peng L, Liu Z, Liu Y, Xie Y, Zhou B, Fang W, Liu Z, Cheng C. MiR-2110 induced by chemically synthesized cinobufagin functions as a tumor-metastatic suppressor via targeting FGFR1 to reduce PTEN ubiquitination degradation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3548-3562. [PMID: 38477013 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cell metastasis is the key cause of death in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). MiR-2110 was cloned and identified in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive NPC, but its role is unclear in NPC. In this study, we investigated the effect of miR-2110 on NPC metastasis and its related molecular basis. In addition, we also explored whether miR-2110 can be regulated by cinobufotalin (CB) and participate in the inhibition of CB on NPC metastasis. Bioinformatics, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization were used to observe the expression of miR-2110 in NPC tissues and cells. Scratch, Boyden, and tail vein metastasis model of nude mouse were used to detect the effect of miR-2110 on NPC metastasis. Western blot, Co-IP, luciferase activity, colocalization of micro confocal and ubiquitination assays were used to identify the molecular mechanism of miR-2110 affecting NPC metastasis. Finally, miR-2110 induced by CB participates in CB-stimulated inhibition of NPC metastasis was explored. The data showed that increased miR-2110 significantly suppresses NPC cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Suppressing miR-2110 markedly restored NPC cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, miR-2110 directly targeted FGFR1 and reduced its protein expression. Decreased FGFR1 attenuated its recruitment of NEDD4, which downregulated NEDD4-induced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) ubiquitination and degradation and further increased PTEN protein stability, thereby inactivating PI3K/AKT-stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling and ultimately suppressing NPC metastasis. Interestingly, CB, a potential new inhibitory drug for NPC metastasis, significantly induced miR-2110 expression by suppressing PI3K/AKT/c-Jun-mediated transcription inhibition. Suppression of miR-2110 significantly restored cell migration and invasion in CB-treated NPC cells. Finally, a clinical sample assay indicated that reduced miR-2110 was negatively correlated with NPC lymph node metastasis and positively related to NPC patient survival prognosis. In summary, miR-2110 is a metastatic suppressor involving in CB-induced suppression of NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanzhu Peng
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rentao Hou
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingrong Peng
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, China
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Bhrdwaj A, Abdalla M, Pande A, Madhavi M, Chopra I, Soni L, Vijayakumar N, Panwar U, Khan MA, Prajapati L, Gujrati D, Belapurkar P, Albogami S, Hussain T, Selvaraj C, Nayarisseri A, Singh SK. Structure-Based Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation of EGFR for the Clinical Treatment of Glioblastoma. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5094-5119. [PMID: 36976507 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a WHO Grade IV tumor with poor visibility, a high risk of comorbidity, and exhibit limited treatment options. Resurfacing from second-rate glioma was originally classified as either mandatory or optional. Recent interest in personalized medicine has motivated research toward biomarker stratification-based individualized illness therapy. GBM biomarkers have been investigated for their potential utility in prognostic stratification, driving the development of targeted therapy and customizing therapeutic treatment. Due to the availability of a specific EGFRvIII mutational variation with a clear function in glioma-genesis, recent research suggests that EGFR has the potential to be a prognostic factor in GBM, while others have shown no clinical link between EGFR and survival. The pre-existing pharmaceutical lapatinib (PubChem ID: 208,908) with a higher affinity score is used for virtual screening. As a result, the current study revealed a newly screened chemical (PubChem CID: 59,671,768) with a higher affinity than the previously known molecule. When the two compounds are compared, the former has the lowest re-rank score. The time-resolved features of a virtually screened chemical and an established compound were investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. Both compounds are equivalent, according to the ADMET study. This report implies that the virtual screened chemical could be a promising Glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Bhrdwaj
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, 91, Sector-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Indore, 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aditi Pande
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, 91, Sector-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Indore, 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Maddala Madhavi
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Ishita Chopra
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, 91, Sector-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Indore, 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Lovely Soni
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, 91, Sector-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Indore, 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Natchimuthu Vijayakumar
- Department of Physics, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, 639113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umesh Panwar
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohd Aqueel Khan
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Leena Prajapati
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, 91, Sector-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Indore, 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Gujrati
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, India
| | - Pranoti Belapurkar
- Department of Biosciences, Acropolis Institute, Indore, 453771, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tajamul Hussain
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Dental and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, 91, Sector-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Indore, 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, LeGene Biosciences Pvt Ltd, 91, Sector-A, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Indore, 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Data Sciences, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Rd, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Rodriguez SMB, Kamel A, Ciubotaru GV, Onose G, Sevastre AS, Sfredel V, Danoiu S, Dricu A, Tataranu LG. An Overview of EGFR Mechanisms and Their Implications in Targeted Therapies for Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11110. [PMID: 37446288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all of the progress in understanding its molecular biology and pathogenesis, glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive types of cancers, and without an efficient treatment modality at the moment, it remains largely incurable. Nowadays, one of the most frequently studied molecules with important implications in the pathogenesis of the classical subtype of GBM is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Although many clinical trials aiming to study EGFR targeted therapies have been performed, none of them have reported promising clinical results when used in glioma patients. The resistance of GBM to these therapies was proven to be both acquired and innate, and it seems to be influenced by a cumulus of factors such as ineffective blood-brain barrier penetration, mutations, heterogeneity and compensatory signaling pathways. Recently, it was shown that EGFR possesses kinase-independent (KID) pro-survival functions in cancer cells. It seems imperative to understand how the EGFR signaling pathways function and how they interconnect with other pathways. Furthermore, it is important to identify the mechanisms of drug resistance and to develop better tailored therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mara Baez Rodriguez
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital "Bagdasar-Arseni", Soseaua Berceni 12, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amira Kamel
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital "Bagdasar-Arseni", Soseaua Berceni 12, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Vasile Ciubotaru
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital "Bagdasar-Arseni", Soseaua Berceni 12, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gelu Onose
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital "Bagdasar-Arseni", Soseaua Berceni 12, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ani-Simona Sevastre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania
| | - Veronica Sfredel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania
| | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital "Bagdasar-Arseni", Soseaua Berceni 12, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020022 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Li S, Wang C, Chen J, Lan Y, Zhang W, Kang Z, Zheng Y, Zhang R, Yu J, Li W. Signaling pathways in brain tumors and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:8. [PMID: 36596785 PMCID: PMC9810702 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors, although rare, contribute to distinct mortality and morbidity at all ages. Although there are few therapeutic options for brain tumors, enhanced biological understanding and unexampled innovations in targeted therapies and immunotherapies have considerably improved patients' prognoses. Nonetheless, the reduced response rates and unavoidable drug resistance of currently available treatment approaches have become a barrier to further improvement in brain tumor (glioma, meningioma, CNS germ cell tumors, and CNS lymphoma) treatment. Previous literature data revealed that several different signaling pathways are dysregulated in brain tumor. Importantly, a better understanding of targeting signaling pathways that influences malignant behavior of brain tumor cells might open the way for the development of novel targeted therapies. Thus, there is an urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of these brain tumors, which might result in greater progress in therapeutic approaches. This paper began with a brief description of the epidemiology, incidence, risk factors, as well as survival of brain tumors. Next, the major signaling pathways underlying these brain tumors' pathogenesis and current progress in therapies, including clinical trials, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and system therapies, have been systemically reviewed and discussed. Finally, future perspective and challenges of development of novel therapeutic strategies in brain tumor were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Li
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Can Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyi Chen
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Lan
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weichunbai Zhang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Yu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Lee J, Kim E, Chong K, Ryu SW, Kim C, Choi K, Kim JH, Choi C. Atypical induction of HIF-1α expression by pericellular Notch1 signaling suffices for the malignancy of glioblastoma multiforme cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:537. [PMID: 36183290 PMCID: PMC9527190 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Contact-based pericellular interactions play important roles in cancer progression via juxtacrine signaling pathways. The present study revealed that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), induced even in non-hypoxic conditions by cell-to-cell contact, was a critical cue responsible for the malignant characteristics of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells through Notch1 signaling. Densely cultured GBM cells showed enhanced viability and resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) compared to GBM cells at a low density. Ablating Notch1 signaling by a γ-secretase inhibitor or siRNA transfection resensitized resistant GBM cells to TMZ treatment and decreased their viability under dense culture conditions. The expression of HIF-1α was significantly elevated in highly dense GBM cells even under non-hypoxic conditions. Atypical HIF-1α expression was associated with the Notch1 signaling pathway in both GBM and glioblastoma stem cells (GSC). Proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α was prevented by binding with Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), which translocated to the nuclei of GBM cells. Silencing Notch1 signaling using a doxycycline-inducible Notch1 RNA-interfering system or treatment with chetomin, a HIF pathway inhibitor, retarded tumor development with a significant anti-cancer effect in a murine U251-xenograft model. Using GBM patient tissue microarray analysis, a significant increase in HIF-1α expression was identified in the group with Notch1 expression compared to the group without Notch1 expression among those with positive HIF-1α expression. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of cell-to-cell contact-dependent signaling in GBM progression. They provide a rationale for targeting HIF-1α signaling even in a non-hypoxic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwhoi Lee
- Department of Applied Life Science, Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju-do, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuha Chong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Photo-Theranosis and Bioinformatics for Tumors, Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Ryu
- ILIAS Biologics Inc, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungyeul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju-do, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Hypoxia Promotes Glioma Stem Cell Proliferation by Enhancing the 14-3-3β Expression via the PI3K Pathway. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5799776. [PMID: 35607406 PMCID: PMC9124136 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5799776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a serious fatal type of cancer with the shorter median survival period and poor quality of living. The overall 5-year survival rate remains low due to high recurrence rates. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) play the important roles in the development of gliomas. Examination of the numerous biomarkers or cancer-associated genes involved in the development or prevention of glioma may therefore serve the discovery of novel strategies to treat patients with glioma. Hypoxia induced by using CoCl2 application and 14-3-3β protein knockdown by specific small interfering RNA transfection were performed in GSCs both in vitro and in vivo to observe their role in glioma progression and metastasis occurrence by using western blot analysis and MTT assay. The results demonstrated that CoCl2 application enhanced the 14-3-3β protein expression and mRNA levels via the PI3K pathway in GSCs. Furthermore, hypoxia promoted GSC cell proliferation and activated the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which was inhibited following 14-3-3β knockdown. In addition, tumor growth in mice was enhanced by CoCl2 application but reversed following 14-3-3β knockdown, which also enhanced GSC cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that hypoxia promoted glioma growth both in vitro and in vivo by increasing the 14-3-3β expression via the PI3K signaling pathway. 14-3-3β and HIF-1α may therefore be considered as the potential therapeutic target to treat patients with glioma.
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Esemen Y, Awan M, Parwez R, Baig A, Rahman S, Masala I, Franchini S, Giakoumettis D. Molecular Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma in Adults and Future Perspectives: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052607. [PMID: 35269752 PMCID: PMC8910150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant tumour of the central nervous system. Recent appreciation of the heterogeneity amongst these tumours not only changed the WHO classification approach, but also created the need for developing novel and personalised therapies. This systematic review aims to highlight recent advancements in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of the GBM and discuss related novel treatment targets. A systematic search of the literature in the PubMed library was performed following the PRISMA guidelines for molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic advances. Original and meta-analyses studies from the last ten years were reviewed using pre-determined search terms. The results included articles relevant to GBM development focusing on the aberrancy in cell signaling pathways and intracellular events. Theragnostic targets and vaccination to treat GBM were also explored. The molecular pathophysiology of GBM is complex. Our systematic review suggests targeting therapy at the stemness, p53 mediated pathways and immune modulation. Exciting novel immune therapy involving dendritic cell vaccines, B-cell vaccines and viral vectors may be the future of treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Esemen
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Mariam Awan
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Rabeeia Parwez
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Arsalan Baig
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Shahinur Rahman
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Ilaria Masala
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK;
| | - Sonia Franchini
- General Surgery Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK;
| | - Dimitrios Giakoumettis
- Neurosurgical Department, Queen’s Hospital, Romford, London RM7 0AG, UK; (Y.E.); (M.A.); (R.P.); (A.B.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Pan J, Sheng S, Ye L, Xu X, Ma Y, Feng X, Qiu L, Fan Z, Wang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Extracellular vesicles derived from glioblastoma promote proliferation and migration of neural progenitor cells via PI3K-Akt pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:7. [PMID: 35022057 PMCID: PMC8756733 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas are lethal brain tumors under the current combinatorial therapeutic strategy that includes surgery, chemo- and radio-therapies. Extensive changes in the tumor microenvironment is a key reason for resistance to chemo- or radio-therapy and frequent tumor recurrences. Understanding the tumor-nontumor cell interaction in TME is critical for developing new therapy. Glioblastomas are known to recruit normal cells in their environs to sustain growth and encroachment into other regions. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have been noted to migrate towards the site of glioblastomas, however, the detailed mechanisms underlying glioblastoma-mediated NPCs' alteration remain unkown. METHODS We collected EVs in the culture medium of three classic glioblastoma cell lines, U87 and A172 (male cell lines), and LN229 (female cell line). U87, A172, and LN229 were co-cultured with their corresponding EVs, respectively. Mouse NPCs (mNPCs) were co-cultured with glioblastoma-derived EVs. The proliferation and migration of tumor cells and mNPCs after EVs treatment were examined. Proteomic analysis and western blotting were utilized to identify the underlying mechanisms of glioblastoma-derived EVs-induced alterations in mNPCs. RESULTS We first show that glioblastoma cell lines U87-, A172-, and LN229-derived EVs were essential for glioblastoma cell prolifeartion and migration. We then demonstrated that glioblastoma-derived EVs dramatically promoted NPC proliferation and migration. Mechanistic studies identify that glioblastoma-derived EVs achieve their functions via activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in mNPCs. Inhibiting PI3K-Akt pathway reversed the elevated prolfieration and migration of glioblastoma-derived EVs-treated mNPCs. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that EVs play a key role in intercellular communication in tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of the tumorgenic EVs-mediated PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway activation might be a novel strategy to shed light on glioblastoma therapy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Pan
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shiyang Sheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yizhao Ma
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xuanran Feng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Lisha Qiu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhaohuan Fan
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Gaps and Doubts in Search to Recognize Glioblastoma Cellular Origin and Tumor Initiating Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:6783627. [PMID: 32774372 PMCID: PMC7396023 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6783627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular origin of glioblastoma (GB) is constantly discussed and remains a controversial subject. Unfortunately, neurobiologists are not consistent in defining neural stem cells (NSC) complicating this issue even further. Nevertheless, some suggestions referring to GB origin can be proposed based on comparing GB to central nervous system (CNS) cells. Firstly, GB cells show in vitro differentiation pattern similar to GFAP positive neural cells, rather than classical (GFAP negative) NSC. GB cells in primary cultures become senescent in vitro, similar to GFAP positive neural progenitors, whereas classical NSC proliferate in vitro infinitely. Classical NSC apoptosis triggered by introduction of IDH1R132H undermines hypothesis stating that IDH-mutant (secondary) GB origins from these NSC. Analysis of biological role of typical IDH-wildtype (primary) GB oncogene such as EGFRvIII also favors GFAP positive cells rather than classical NSC as source of GB. Single-cell NGS and single-cell transcriptomics also suggest that GFAP positive cells are GB origin. Considering the above-mentioned and other discussed in articles data, we suggest that GFAP positive cells (astrocytes, radial glia, or GFAP positive neural progenitors) are more likely to be source of GB than classical GFAP negative NSC, and further in vitro assays should be focused on these cells. It is highly possible that several populations of tumor initiating cells (TIC) exist within GB, adjusting their phenotype and even genotype to various environmental conditions including applied therapy and periodically going through different TIC states as well as non-TIC state. This adjustment is driven by changes in number and types of amplicons. The existence of various populations of TIC would enable creating neoplastic foci in different environments and increase tumor aggressiveness.
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10
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Principles and Functions in Glioma Invasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:151-178. [PMID: 32034713 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases are enzymes that are capable of adding a phosphate group to specific tyrosines on target proteins. A receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a tyrosine kinase located at the cellular membrane and is activated by binding of a ligand via its extracellular domain. Protein phosphorylation by kinases is an important mechanism for communicating signals within a cell and regulating cellular activity; furthermore, this mechanism functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. Ninety unique tyrosine kinase genes, including 58 RTKs, were identified in the human genome; the products of these genes regulate cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, function, and motility. Tyrosine kinases play a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer, in addition to their roles as key regulators of normal cellular processes. Recent studies have revealed that RTKs such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), c-Met, Tie, Axl, discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), and erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) play a major role in glioma invasion. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of RTKs in glioma pathobiology, especially the invasive phenotype, and present the perspective that RTKs are a potential target of glioma therapy.
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11
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Daniel PM, Filiz G, Brown DV, Christie M, Waring PM, Zhang Y, Haynes JM, Pouton C, Flanagan D, Vincan E, Johns TG, Montgomery K, Phillips WA, Mantamadiotis T. PI3K activation in neural stem cells drives tumorigenesis which can be ameliorated by targeting the cAMP response element binding protein. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1344-1355. [PMID: 29718345 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is common in cancers, but the precise role of the pathway in glioma biology remains to be determined. Some understanding of PI3K signaling mechanisms in brain cancer comes from studies on neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), where signals transmitted via the PI3K pathway cooperate with other intracellular pathways and downstream transcription factors to regulate critical cell functions. Methods To investigate the role of the PI3K pathway in glioma initiation and development, we generated a mouse model targeting the inducible expression of a PIK3CAH1047A oncogenic mutant and deletion of the PI3K negative regulator, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), to NSPCs. Results Expression of a Pik3caH1047A was sufficient to generate tumors with oligodendroglial features, but simultaneous loss of PTEN was required for the development of invasive, high-grade glioma. Pik3caH1047A-PTEN mutant NSPCs exhibited enhanced neurosphere formation which correlated with increased Wnt signaling, while loss of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in Pik3caH1047A-Pten mutant tumors led to longer symptom-free survival in mice. Conclusion Taken together, our findings present a novel mouse model for glioma demonstrating that the PI3K pathway is important for initiation of tumorigenesis and that disruption of downstream CREB signaling attenuates tumor expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Daniel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gulay Filiz
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel V Brown
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul M Waring
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Oncogenic Signalling Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Montgomery
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis is useful for detecting a copy number gain of the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. J Neurooncol 2019; 143:27-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Wu S, Wang S, Gao F, Li L, Zheng S, Yung WKA, Koul D. Activation of WEE1 confers resistance to PI3K inhibition in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:78-91. [PMID: 29016926 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncogenic activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling plays a pivotal role in the development of glioblastoma (GBM). However, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K has so far not been therapeutically successful due to adaptive resistance through a rapid rewiring of cancer cell signaling. Here we identified that WEE1 is activated after transient exposure to PI3K inhibition and confers resistance to PI3K inhibition in GBM. Methods Patient-derived glioma-initiating cells and established GBM cells were treated with PI3K inhibitor or WEE1 inhibitor alone or in combination, and cell proliferation was evaluated by CellTiter-Blue assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL, annexin V staining, and blotting of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Both subcutaneous xenograft and orthotropic xenograft studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of the combination on tumorigenesis; the tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence imaging, and tumor tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry to validate signaling changes. Results PI3K inhibition activates WEE1 kinase, which in turn phosphorylates cell division control protein 2 homolog (Cdc2) at Tyr15 and inhibits Cdc2 activity, leading to G2/M arrest in a p53-independent manner. WEE1 inhibition abrogated the G2/M arrest and propelled cells to prematurely enter into mitosis and consequent cell death through mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. Additionally, combination treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in a subcutaneous model but not in an intracranial model due to limited blood-brain barrier penetration. Conclusions Our findings highlight WEE1 as an adaptive resistant gene activated after PI3K inhibition, and inhibition of WEE1 potentiated the effectiveness of PI3K targeted inhibition, suggesting that a combinational inhibition of WEE1 and PI3K might allow successful targeted therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofang Wu
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology
| | - Feng Gao
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology
| | - Luyuan Li
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology.,Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Dimpy Koul
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology
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14
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Intratumor MAPK and PI3K signaling pathway heterogeneity in glioblastoma tissue correlates with CREB signaling and distinct target gene signatures. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Pridham KJ, Varghese RT, Sheng Z. The Role of Class IA Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunits in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:312. [PMID: 29326882 PMCID: PMC5736525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cancer including glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer. Targeting the PI3K pathway to treat glioblastoma has been tested in the clinic with modest effect. In light of the recent finding that PI3K catalytic subunits (PIK3CA/p110α, PIK3CB/p110β, PIK3CD/p110δ, and PIK3CG/p110γ) are not functionally redundant, it is imperative to determine whether these subunits play divergent roles in glioblastoma and whether selectively targeting PI3K catalytic subunits represents a novel and effective strategy to tackle PI3K signaling. This article summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of PI3K catalytic subunits in glioblastoma and discusses the possibility of selective blockade of one PI3K catalytic subunit as a treatment option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Pridham
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robin T Varghese
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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16
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Liu T, Zhang T, Zhou F, Wang J, Zhai X, Mu N, Park J, Liu M, Liu W, Shang P, Ding Y, Wen A, Li Y. Identification of genes and pathways potentially related to PHF20 by gene expression profile analysis of glioblastoma U87 cell line. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:87. [PMID: 29033691 PMCID: PMC5628484 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor associated with a poor prognosis. Plant homeodomain finger protein 20 (PHF20) is highly expressed in primary human gliomas and its expression is associated with tumor grade. However, the molecular mechanism by which PHF20 regulates glioblastoma remains poorly understood. Methods Genome wide gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in U87 cells with PHF20 gene knockdown. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the functions and pathways of DEGs. Pathway-net and signal-net analyses were conducted to identify the key genes and pathways related to PHF20. Results Expression of 540 genes, including FEN1 and CCL3, were significantly altered upon PHF20 gene silencing. GO analysis results showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in small molecule metabolic and apoptotic processes. Pathway analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly involved in cancer and metabolic pathways. The MAPK, apoptosis and p53 signaling pathways were identified as the hub pathways in the pathway network, while PLCB1, NRAS and PIK3 s were hub genes in the signaling network. Conclusions Our findings indicated that PHF20 is a pivotal upstream regulator. It affects the occurrence and development of glioma by regulating a series of tumor-related genes, such as FEN1, CCL3, PLCB1, NRAS and PIK3s, and activation of apoptosis signaling pathways. Therefore, PHF20 might be a novel biomarker for early diagnosis, and a potential target for glioblastoma therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-017-0459-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jitao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University, Daejon, South Korea
| | - Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peijin Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, China
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17
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Zhao KH, Zhang C, Bai Y, Li Y, Kang X, Chen JX, Yao K, Jiang T, Zhong XS, Li WB. Antiglioma effects of cytarabine on leptomeningeal metastasis of high-grade glioma by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1905-1915. [PMID: 28721010 PMCID: PMC5500519 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s135711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) of high-grade glioma is a highly lethal disease requiring new effective therapeutic measures. For both de novo or relapsed glioma with LM, intrathecal cytarabine chemotherapy is not frequently used for first-line and relapse protocols. We encountered a clinical case demonstrating effective application of cytarabine in high-grade glioma with LM, prompting us to explore the effects of cytarabine on malignant glioma and molecular mechanisms of such effects through in vivo and in vitro experiments. The U87 cell line was selected to represent human glioma for studies. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, plate colony formation assay, and trypan-blue dye exclusion test. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Protein expression levels were detected by Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cytarabine inhibited tumor growth during the in vivo experiment. The present study confirmed that cytarabine inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of U87 cells, and molecular analysis of this effect showed that cytarabine significantly reduces expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase also known as the protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway, Ki-67, BCL2, and 4-1BB, and upregulates Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Our findings indicated that intrathecal administration of cytarabine manifests potential in prophylaxis and treatment of malignant glioma with LM. Effective medications for high-grade glioma with LM should contain cytarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Can Zhang
- Clinical Center of Gene And Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | - Kun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Song Zhong
- Clinical Center of Gene And Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital
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18
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Mantamadiotis T. Towards Targeting PI3K-Dependent Regulation of Gene Expression in Brain Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9060060. [PMID: 28556811 PMCID: PMC5483879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K pathway is one of the most highly perturbed cell signaling pathways in human cancer, including the most common malignant brain tumors, gliomas, where either activating mutations of positive pathway effectors or loss/inactivation of pathway inhibitors occurs. Knowledge of the precise transcription factors modulated by PI3K in tumor cells remains elusive but there are numerous PI3K-responsive signaling factors, including kinases, which can activate many transcription factors. In the context of cancer, these transcription factors participate in the regulation of target genes expression networks to support cancer cell characteristics such as survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation. This review focuses on the role of PI3K signaling-regulated transcription in brain cancer cells from a series of recent investigations. A deeper understanding of this regulation is beginning to provide the hope of developing more sophisticated anti-cancer targeting approaches, where both upstream and downstream components of the PI3K pathway may be targeted by existing and novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Creation of an apoptin-derived peptide that interacts with SH3 domains and inhibits glioma cell migration and invasion. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:15229-15240. [PMID: 27686608 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive tumor of the central nervous system characterized by high rates of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. This study investigated the antitumor effects of an apoptin-derived peptide (ADP) on glioma cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. The U251, U87, and C6 glioma cell lines were used in the present study, and the expression of p-Akt, Akt, and MMP-9 was determined through Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Tumor growth was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, and cell viability was assessed through an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay. Glioma cell metastasis was evaluated using transwell migration, invasion, and scratch-wound assays. An ADP was designed and synthesized based on the results of a domain-based analysis of the structure of apoptin. The ADP inhibited glioma cell viability, invasion and migration, and treatment with the synthesized ADP led to downregulation of p-Akt and MMP-9 and inhibited MMP-9 translation. The ADP also inhibited glioma invasion and migration in vivo, and HE staining showed decreases in the satellite-like invasion of cell masses and apoptotic cell populations after treatment with the ADP. Our findings demonstrate that treatment with an ADP can suppress glioma cell migration and invasion via the PI3K/Akt/MMP-9 signaling pathway and provide a new platform for the development of drugs for treating glioma.
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20
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Karsy M, Neil JA, Guan J, Mahan MA, Mark MA, Colman H, Jensen RL. A practical review of prognostic correlations of molecular biomarkers in glioblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 38:E4. [PMID: 25727226 DOI: 10.3171/2015.1.focus14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts in research and therapeutics, achieving longer survival for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable challenge. Furthermore, because of rapid advances in the scientific understanding of GBM, communication with patients regarding the explanations and implications of genetic and molecular markers can be difficult. Understanding the important biomarkers that play a role in GBM pathogenesis may also help clinicians in educating patients about prognosis, potential clinical trials, and monitoring response to treatments. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review that can be discussed with patients regarding common molecular markers, namely O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and 1p/19q. The importance of the distinction between a prognostic and a predictive biomarker as well as clinical trials regarding these markers and their relevance to clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karsy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center; and
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21
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Detection of a Distinctive Genomic Signature in Rhabdoid Glioblastoma, A Rare Disease Entity Identified by Whole Exome Sequencing and Whole Transcriptome Sequencing. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:279-87. [PMID: 26310374 PMCID: PMC4562980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the genome of a rhabdoid glioblastoma (R-GBM) tumor, a very rare variant of GBM. A surgical specimen of R-GBM from a 20-year-old woman was analyzed using whole exome sequencing (WES), whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS), single nucleotide polymorphism array, and array comparative genomic hybridization. The status of gene expression in R-GBM tissue was compared with that of normal brain tissue and conventional GBM tumor tissue. We identified 23 somatic non-synonymous small nucleotide variants with WES. We identified the BRAF V600E mutation and possible functional changes in the mutated genes, ISL1 and NDRG2. Copy number alteration analysis revealed gains of chromosomes 3, 7, and 9. We found loss of heterozygosity and focal homozygous deletion on 9q21, which includes CDKN2A and CDKN2B. In addition, WTS revealed that CDK6, MET, EZH2, EGFR, and NOTCH1, which are located on chromosomes 7 and 9, were over-expressed, whereas CDKN2A/2B were minimally expressed. Fusion gene analysis showed 14 candidate genes that may be functionally involved in R-GBM, including TWIST2, and UPK3BL. The BRAF V600E mutation, CDKN2A/2B deletion, and EGFR/MET copy number gain were observed. These simultaneous alterations are very rarely found in GBM. Moreover, the NDRG2 mutation was first identified in this study as it has never been reported in GBM. We observed a unique genomic signature in R-GBM compared to conventional GBM, which may provide insight regarding R-GBM as a distinct disease entity among the larger group of GBMs.
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22
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Atif F, Patel NR, Yousuf S, Stein DG. The Synergistic Effect of Combination Progesterone and Temozolomide on Human Glioblastoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131441. [PMID: 26110872 PMCID: PMC4482510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive malignant brain tumor. Despite optimal treatment and evolving standard of care, the median survival of patients diagnosed with GBM is only 12–15 months. In this study, we combined progesterone (PROG) and temozolomide (TMZ), a standard chemotherapeutic agent for human GBM, to test whether PROG enhances the antitumor effects of TMZ and reduces its side effects. Two WHO grade IV human GBM cells lines (U87MG and U118MG) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were repeatedly exposed to PROG and TMZ either alone or in combination for 3 and 6 days. Cell death was measured by MTT reduction assay. PROG and TMZ individually induced tumor cell death in a dose-dependent manner. PROG at high doses produced more cell death than TMZ alone. When combined, PROG enhanced the cell death-inducing effect of TMZ. In HDFs, PROG did not reduce viability even at the same high cytotoxic doses, but TMZ did so in a dose-dependent manner. In combination, PROG reduced TMZ toxicity in HDFs. PROG alone and in combination with TMZ suppressed the EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and MGMT expression in U87MG cells, thus suppressing cell proliferation. PROG and TMZ individually reduced cell migration in U87MG cells but did so more effectively in combination. PROG enhances the cytotoxic effects of TMZ in GBM cells and reduces its toxic side effects in healthy primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil R. Patel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Donald G. Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
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Crespo I, Vital AL, Gonzalez-Tablas M, Patino MDC, Otero A, Lopes MC, de Oliveira C, Domingues P, Orfao A, Tabernero MD. Molecular and Genomic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1820-33. [PMID: 25976245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, important advances have been achieved in the understanding of the molecular biology of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); thus, complex genetic alterations and genomic profiles, which recurrently involve multiple signaling pathways, have been defined, leading to the first molecular/genetic classification of the disease. In this regard, different genetic alterations and genetic pathways appear to distinguish primary (eg, EGFR amplification) versus secondary (eg, IDH1/2 or TP53 mutation) GBM. Such genetic alterations target distinct combinations of the growth factor receptor-ras signaling pathways, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT, retinoblastoma/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) N2A-p16(INK4A), and TP53/mouse double minute (MDM) 2/MDM4/CDKN2A-p14(ARF) pathways, in cells that present features associated with key stages of normal neurogenesis and (normal) central nervous system cell types. This translates into well-defined genomic profiles that have been recently classified by The Cancer Genome Atlas Consortium into four subtypes: classic, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural GBM. Herein, we review the most relevant genetic alterations of primary versus secondary GBM, the specific signaling pathways involved, and the overall genomic profile of this genetically heterogeneous group of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Crespo
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Louisa Vital
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - María Gonzalez-Tablas
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Otero
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Celeste Lopes
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina de Oliveira
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Domingues
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Tabernero
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Health Science Studies of Castilla and León Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Kegelman TP, Hu B, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. In vivo modeling of malignant glioma: the road to effective therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:261-330. [PMID: 24889534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increased emphasis on developing new therapies for malignant gliomas, they remain among the most intractable tumors faced today as they demonstrate a remarkable ability to evade current treatment strategies. Numerous candidate treatments fail at late stages, often after showing promising preclinical results. This disconnect highlights the continued need for improved animal models of glioma, which can be used to both screen potential targets and authentically recapitulate the human condition. This review examines recent developments in the animal modeling of glioma, from more established rat models to intriguing new systems using Drosophila and zebrafish that set the stage for higher throughput studies of potentially useful targets. It also addresses the versatility of mouse modeling using newly developed techniques recreating human protocols and sophisticated genetically engineered approaches that aim to characterize the biology of gliomagenesis. The use of these and future models will elucidate both new targets and effective combination therapies that will impact on disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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25
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Deng L, Chen J, Zhong XR, Luo T, Wang YP, Huang HF, Yin LJ, Qiu Y, Bu H, Lv Q, Zheng H. Correlation between activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and prognosis of breast cancer in Chinese women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120511. [PMID: 25816324 PMCID: PMC4376391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) pathway, caused by PIK3CA mutation, KRAS mutation, PTEN loss, or AKT1 mutation, is one of the most frequent signaling abnormalities in breast carcinoma. However, distribution and frequencies of mutations in PAM pathway are unclear in breast cancer patients from the mainland of China and the correlation between these mutations and breast cancer outcome remains to be identified. Methods A total of 288 patients with invasive ductal breast cancer were recruited in this study. Mutations in PIK3CA (exons 4, 9 and 20), KRAS (exon 2) and AKT1 (exon 3) were detected using Sanger sequencing. PTEN loss was measured by immunohistochemistry assay. Correlations between these genetic aberrations and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Results The frequencies of PIK3CA mutation,
KRAS mutation, AKT1 mutation and PTEN loss were 15.6%, 1.8%, 4.4% and 35.3%, respectively. However, except for PTEN loss, which was tied to estrogen receptor (ER) status, these alterations were not associated with other clinicopathological features. Survival analysis demonstrated that PIK3CA mutation, PTEN loss and PAM pathway activation were not associated with disease-free survival (DFS). Subgroup analysis of patients with ER positive tumors revealed that PIK3CA mutation more strongly reduced DFS compared to wild-type PIK3CA (76.2% vs. 54.2%; P = 0.011). PIK3CA mutation was also an independent factor for bad prognosis in ER positive patients. Conclusions AKT1, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations and PTEN loss all exist in women with breast cancer in the mainland China. PIK3CA mutation may contribute to the poor outcome of ER positive breast carcinomas, providing evidence for the combination of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors and endocrine therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- China
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Deng
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Rong Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Fen Huang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Ping Y, Zhang H, Deng Y, Wang L, Zhao H, Pang L, Fan H, Xu C, Li F, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Xiao Y, Li X. IndividualizedPath: identifying genetic alterations contributing to the dysfunctional pathways in glioblastoma individuals. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2031-42. [PMID: 24911613 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive complexity and high genetic heterogeneity of genetic alterations in cancer, comprehensively depicting the molecular mechanisms of cancer remains difficult. Characterizing personalized pathogenesis in cancer individuals can help to reveal new details of the complex mechanisms. In this study, we proposed an integrative method called IndividualizedPath to identify genetic alterations and their downstream risk pathways from the perspective of individuals through combining the DNA copy number, gene expression data and topological structures of biological pathways. By applying the method to TCGA glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples, we identified 394 gene-pathway pairs in 252 GBM individuals. We found that genes with copy number alterations showed high heterogeneity across GBM individuals, whereas they affected relatively consistent biological pathways. A global landscape of gene-pathway pairs showed that EGFR linked with multiple cancer-related biological pathways confers the highest risk of GBM. GBM individuals with MET-pathway pairs showed significantly shorter survival times than those with only MET amplification. Importantly, we found that the same risk pathways were affected by different genes in distinct groups of GBM individuals with a significant pattern of mutual exclusivity. Similarly, GBM subtype analysis revealed some subtype-specific gene-pathway pairs. In addition, we found that some rare copy number alterations had a large effect on contribution to numerous cancer-related pathways. In summary, our method offers the possibility to identify personalized cancer mechanisms, which can be applied to other types of cancer through the web server (http://bioinfo.hrbmu.edu.cn/IndividualizedPath/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ping
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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27
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Bleeker FE, Lamba S, Zanon C, Molenaar RJ, Hulsebos TJM, Troost D, van Tilborg AA, Vandertop WP, Leenstra S, van Noorden CJF, Bardelli A. Mutational profiling of kinases in glioblastoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:718. [PMID: 25256166 PMCID: PMC4192443 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a highly malignant brain tumor for which no cure is available. To identify new therapeutic targets, we performed a mutation analysis of kinase genes in glioblastoma. METHODS Database mining and a literature search identified 76 kinases that have been found to be mutated at least twice in multiple cancer types before. Among those we selected 34 kinase genes for mutation analysis. We also included IDH1, IDH2, PTEN, TP53 and NRAS, genes that are known to be mutated at considerable frequencies in glioblastoma. In total, 174 exons of 39 genes in 113 glioblastoma samples from 109 patients and 16 high-grade glioma (HGG) cell lines were sequenced. RESULTS Our mutation analysis led to the identification of 148 non-synonymous somatic mutations, of which 25 have not been reported before in glioblastoma. Somatic mutations were found in TP53, PTEN, IDH1, PIK3CA, EGFR, BRAF, EPHA3, NRAS, TGFBR2, FLT3 and RPS6KC1. Mapping the mutated genes into known signaling pathways revealed that the large majority of them plays a central role in the PI3K-AKT pathway. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge that at least 50% of glioblastoma tumors display mutational activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway should offer new opportunities for the rational development of therapeutic approaches for glioblastomas. However, due to the development of resistance mechanisms, kinase inhibition studies targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway for relapsing glioblastoma have mostly failed thus far. Other therapies should be investigated, targeting early events in gliomagenesis that involve both kinases and non-kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fonnet E Bleeker
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- />Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, Location Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Lamba
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- />Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Pediatric Research Institute, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- />Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo JM Hulsebos
- />Department of Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Troost
- />Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela A van Tilborg
- />Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Department of Pathology, UMC St. Radboud, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Peter Vandertop
- />Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, Location Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, Location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- />Department of Neurosurgery, St. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis, Hilvarenbeekse Weg 60, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
- />Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, ’s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis JF van Noorden
- />Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- />Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142, Km 3.95, Candiolo, Torino, 10060, Italy, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- />FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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Zahonero C, Sánchez-Gómez P. EGFR-dependent mechanisms in glioblastoma: towards a better therapeutic strategy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3465-88. [PMID: 24671641 PMCID: PMC11113227 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a particularly resilient cancer, and while therapies may be able to reach the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier, they then have to deal with a highly invasive tumor that is very resistant to DNA damage. It seems clear that in order to kill aggressive glioma cells more efficiently and with fewer side effects on normal tissue, there must be a shift from classical cytotoxic chemotherapy to more targeted therapies. Since the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is altered in almost 50% of glioblastomas, it currently represents one of the most promising therapeutic targets. In fact, it has been associated with several distinct steps in tumorigenesis, from tumor initiation to tumor growth and survival, and also with the regulation of cell migration and angiogenesis. However, inhibitors of the EGFR kinase have produced poor results with this type of cancer in clinical trials, with no clear explanation for the tumor resistance observed. Here we will review what we know about the expression and function of EGFR in cancer and in particular in gliomas. We will also evaluate which are the possible molecular and cellular escape mechanisms. As a result, we hope that this review will help improve the design of future EGFR-targeted therapies for glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zahonero
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Current clinical regulation of PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling in treatment of human cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:671-89. [PMID: 25146530 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PTEN is an essential tumour suppressor gene which encodes a phosphatase protein that antagonises the PI3K/Akt/mTOR antiapoptotic pathway. Impairment of this tumour suppressor pathway potentially becomes a causal factor for development of malignancies. This review aims to assess current understanding of mechanisms of dysfunction involving the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway linked to tumorigenesis and evaluate the evidence for targeted therapy directed at this signalling axis. METHODS Relevant articles in scientific databases were identified using a combination of search terms, including "malignancies", "targeted therapy", "PTEN", and "combination therapy". These databases included Medline, Embase, Cochrane Review, Pubmed, and Scopus. RESULTS PI3K/PTEN expression is frequently deregulated in a majority of malignancies through genetic, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional modifications. This contributes to the upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway which has been the focus of intense clinical studies. Targeted agents aimed at this pathway offer a novel treatment approach in a variety of haematologic malignancies and solid tumours. Compared to single-agent use, greater response rates were obtained in combination regimens, supporting further investigation of suitable drug combinations in a broad spectrum of malignancies. CONCLUSION Activation of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway is implicated both in the pathogenesis of malignancies and development of resistance to anticancer therapies. Therefore, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors are a promising therapeutic option, in association with systemic cytotoxic and biological therapies, to enable sustained clinical outcomes in cancer treatment. Therapeutic strategies could be tailored according to appropriate biomarkers and patient-specific mutation profiles to maximise benefit of combination therapies.
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Price RL, Chiocca EA. Evolution of malignant glioma treatment: from chemotherapy to vaccines to viruses. Neurosurgery 2014; 61 Suppl 1:74-83. [PMID: 25032534 PMCID: PMC4104417 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lee Price
- Dardinger Neuro-oncology Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ennio Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for the Neurosciences at the Brigham, Brigham and Women’s/Faulkner Hospital and Center for Neuro-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Mezey G, Treszl A, Schally AV, Block NL, Vízkeleti L, Juhász A, Klekner Á, Nagy J, Balázs M, Halmos G, Bognár L. Prognosis in human glioblastoma based on expression of ligand growth hormone-releasing hormone, pituitary-type growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor, its splicing variant receptors, EGF receptor and PTEN genes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1641-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Li HY, Zhang Y, Cai JH, Bian HL. MicroRNA-451 inhibits growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells via downregulation of Pi3k/Akt pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3631-4. [PMID: 23886157 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) play important roles in coordinating a variety of cellular processes and abnormal expression has been linked to the occurrence of several cancers. The miRNA miR-451 is downregulated in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells, suggested by several research groups including our own. In this study, synthetic miR-451 mimics were transfected into the SW620 human CRC cell line using Lipofectamine 2000 and expression of miR-451 was analyzed by real time PCR, while expression of CAB39, LKB1, AMPK, AKT, PI3K and Bcl2 was analyzed by Western blot, and cell growth was detected by MTT assay. In comparison to the controls, a significant increase in the expression of miR-451 was associated with significantly decreased expression of CAB39, LKB1, AMPK, AKT, PI3K and Bcl2. The capacity of cell proliferation was significantly decreased by miR-451 expression, which also inhibited cell growth. Our study confirmed that miR-451 has a repressive role in CRC cells by inhibiting cell growth through down-regulating the P13K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Li
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, the Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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33
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Firoozinia M, Zareian Jahromi M, Moghadamtousi SZ, Nikzad S, Abdul Kadir H. PIK3CA gene amplification and PI3K p110α protein expression in breast carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:620-5. [PMID: 24782652 PMCID: PMC4003548 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A family of PI3Ks is the lipid kinases, which enhance intracellular pools of phosphatidyl inositol 3,4,5-tri-phosphate (PIP3) through phosphorylating its precursor. Amplifications and deletions of genes, as well as somatic missense of the PIK3CA gene have been described in many human cancer varieties, including of the brain, colon, liver, lung and stomach. Immunohistochemistry and Real-time quantitative PCR tests were used to determine the PIK3CA gene amplification (gene copy number) and to detect protein expression, respectively. The results obtained were analysed and the ratio of PIK3CA to β-actin gene copy number was calculated. Positive gene amplification of PIK3CA was appointed as a copy number of ≥4. Also, PI3K p110α protein expression was scored from 0 to 3+ and the scores of 2+ and 3+ were considered as positive for PI3K p110α protein expression. We studied 50 breast carcinoma samples for PI3K p110α protein expression and PIK3CA gene copy numbers. In general, 36 out of 50 (72%) breast carcinoma samples showed a significant increase in PIK3CA gene amplification. 12 out of 50 (24%) showed positive staining, and 38 out of 50 (76%) showed negative staining for PI3K p110α expression. We have identified no significant relationship between PIK3CA amplification, race (p= 0.630) and histological type (p=0. 731) in breast carcinoma, but correlation of PIK3CA amplification and age showed a significant relationship (p=0. 003) between them. No significant relationship has been identified in correlation of PI3K p110α protein expression compared to age (p=0. 284), race (p=0. 546) and histological type (p=0. 285). Amplification of PIK3CA was frequent in breast carcinoma and occurs in stages of breast carcinoma. Our result shows that there is a relationship between gene amplification and age in breast carcinoma. We suggest that PIK3CA is significant in breast tumorigenesis serve as a prevalent mechanism contributes to the oncogenic activation pathway of PIK3CA in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Firoozinia
- 1. Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Soheil Zorofchian Moghadamtousi
- 1. Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sonia Nikzad
- 1. Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Abdul Kadir
- 1. Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wang WF, Xie Y, Zhou ZH, Qin ZH, Wu JC, He JK. PIK3CA hypomethylation plays a key role in activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in esophageal cancer in Chinese patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1560-7. [PMID: 24241346 PMCID: PMC4002570 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of PIK3CA oncogene in tumorigenesis and development of esophageal cancer in Chinese patients at the levels of genetic mutation and epigenetics. METHODS Seventy six esophageal tumor samples and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected, and the genomic DNA was extracted. Mutations in the 9th and 20th exons of PIK3CA gene were detected using conventional sequencing. PIK3CA methylation rates in two selected CpG islands (CpG island 1 and 2) were detected using sub-bisulfate modified sequencing. P110α and pAKT expression levels were detected with Western blotting. RESULTS In PIK3CA gene of the tumor tissues, G1633C (E545Q) mutation was detected in the 9th exon with a rate of 3.95% (3/76), whereas mutation was not found in the 20th exon. Nor mutation did occur in PIK3CA gene of the adjacent normal tissues. The methylation rate of the CpG island 1 had no significant difference between the tumor and adjacent tissues (0.77%±0.009% vs 0.89%±0.008%), but the methylation rate of the CpG island 2 in the esophageal tumors was significantly lower than that in the adjacent tissues (6.00%±2.80% vs 10.45%±5.51%). Furthermore, the rate of methylation of the CpG island 2 in TNM stage III and IV esophageal cancer (3.84%±2.08%) was significantly lower than in stage I (8.52%±2.55%) and stage II (6.42%±2.36%). PIK3CA gene hypomethylation in esophageal cancer was significantly correlated with high expression of p110α. CONCLUSION PIK3CA gene hypomethylation plays a key role in the tumorigenesis and development of esophageal cancer in Chinese patients, while the mutations of PIK3CA gene have little effect on the development of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-feng Wang
- Department of Chest Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Chest Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhi-hua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The 101st Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Zheng-hong Qin
- Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jun-chao Wu
- Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jing-kang He
- Department of Chest Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Sibin MK, Bhat DI, Lavanya C, Jeru Manoj M, Aakershita S, Chetan GK. CDKN2A exon-wise deletion status and novel somatic mutations in Indian glioma patients. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1467-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Gao Q, Lei T, Ye F. Therapeutic targeting of EGFR-activated metabolic pathways in glioblastoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1023-40. [PMID: 23731170 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.806484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The highly divergent histological heterogeneities, aggressive invasion and extremely poor response to treatment make glioblastoma (GBM) one of the most lethal and difficult cancers in humans. Among key elements driving its behavior is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), however, neither traditional therapy including neurosurgery, radiation, temozolomide, nor targeted EGFR therapeutics in clinic has generated promising results to date. Strategies are now focusing on blocking the downstream EGFR-activated metabolic pathways and the key phosphorylated kinases. AREAS COVERED Here, we review two major EGFR-activated downstream metabolic pathways including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MAPK pathways and their key phosphorylated kinase alterations in GBMs. This review also discusses potential pharmacological progress from bench work to clinical trials in order to evaluate specific inhibitors as well as therapeutics targeting PI3K and RAS signaling pathways. EXPERT OPINION Several factors impede clinical progress in targeting GBM, including the high rates of acquired resistance, heterogeneity within and across the tumors, complexity of signaling pathways and difficulty in traversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Substantial insight into genetic and molecular pathways and strategies to better tap the potential of these agents include rational combinatorial regimens and molecular phenotype-based patient enrichment, each of which will undoubtedly generate new therapeutic approaches to combat these devastating disabilities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Cancer Biology Research Center, wuhan, China
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Quann K, Gonzales DM, Mercier I, Wang C, Sotgia F, Pestell RG, Lisanti MP, Jasmin JF. Caveolin-1 is a negative regulator of tumor growth in glioblastoma and modulates chemosensitivity to temozolomide. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1510-20. [PMID: 23598719 PMCID: PMC3680531 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a critical regulator of tumor progression in a variety of cancers where it has been shown to act as either a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter. In glioblastoma multiforme, it has been previously demonstrated to function as a putative tumor suppressor. Our studies here, using the human glioblastoma-derived cell line U-87MG, further support the role of Cav-1 as a negative regulator of tumor growth. Using a lentiviral transduction approach, we were able to stably overexpress Cav-1 in U-87MG cells. Gene expression microarray analyses demonstrated significant enrichment in gene signatures corresponding to downregulation of MAPK, PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling, as well as activation of apoptotic pathways in Cav-1-overexpressing U-87MG cells. These same gene signatures were later confirmed at the protein level in vitro. To explore the ability of Cav-1 to regulate tumor growth in vivo, we further show that Cav-1-overexpressing U-87MG cells display reduced tumorigenicity in an ectopic xenograft mouse model, with marked hypoactivation of MAPK and PI3K/mTOR pathways. Finally, we demonstrate that Cav-1 overexpression confers sensitivity to the most commonly used chemotherapy for glioblastoma, temozolomide. In conclusion, Cav-1 negatively regulates key cell growth and survival pathways and may be an effective biomarker for predicting response to chemotherapy in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Quann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cruceru ML, Enciu AM, Popa AC, Albulescu R, Neagu M, Tanase CP, Constantinescu SN. Signal transduction molecule patterns indicating potential glioblastoma therapy approaches. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1737-49. [PMID: 24348050 PMCID: PMC3848931 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s52365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of an array of signaling molecules, along with the assessment of real-time cell proliferation, has been performed in U87 glioma cell line and in patients' glioblastoma established cell cultures in order to provide a better understanding of cellular and molecular events involved in glioblastoma pathogenesis. Experimental therapy was performed using a phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. PATIENTS AND METHODS xMAP technology was employed to assess expression levels of several signal transduction molecules and real-time xCELLigence platform for cell behavior. RESULTS PI3K inhibition induced the most significant effects on global signaling pathways in patient-derived cell cultures, especially on members of the mitogen-activated protein-kinase family, P70S6 serine-threonine kinase, and cAMP response element-binding protein expression and further prevented tumor cell proliferation. CONCLUSION The PI3K pathway might be a prime target for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linda Cruceru
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bucharest, Romania ; Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania ; Operational Sectorial Programme for Competitive Economic Growth Canbioprot at Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Claudiu Popa
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bucharest, Romania ; Army Centre for Medical Research, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Albulescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania ; National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D, Bucharest, Romania ; Operational Sectorial Programme for Competitive Economic Growth Canbioprot at Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania ; Operational Sectorial Programme for Competitive Economic Growth Canbioprot at Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Pistol Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania ; Operational Sectorial Programme for Competitive Economic Growth Canbioprot at Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium ; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium ; Operational Sectorial Programme for Competitive Economic Growth Canbioprot at Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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Nakada M, Kita D, Teng L, Pyko IV, Watanabe T, Hayashi Y, Hamada JI. Receptor tyrosine kinases: principles and functions in glioma invasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:143-70. [PMID: 22879068 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases are enzymes that are capable of adding a phosphate group to specific tyrosines on target proteins. A receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a tyrosine kinase located at the cellular membrane and is activated by binding of a ligand via its extracellular domain. Protein phosphorylation by kinases is an important mechanism for communicating signals within a cell and regulating cellular activity; furthermore, this mechanism functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. Ninety unique tyrosine kinase genes, including 58 RTKs, were identified in the human genome; the products of these genes regulate cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, function, and motility. Tyrosine kinases play a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer, in addition to their roles as key regulators of normal cellular processes. Recent studies have revealed that RTKs such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), c-Met, Tie, Axl, discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), and erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) play a major role in glioma invasion. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of RTKs in glioma pathobiology, especially the invasive phenotype, and present the perspective that RTKs are a potential target of glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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Gubanova NV, Gaytan AS, Razumov IA, Mordvinov VA, Krivoshapkin AL, Netesov SV, Chumakov PM. Oncolytic viruses in the therapy of gliomas. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893312060064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) is a small, orally available, triple angiokinase inhibitor in phase III development (various indications) that targets VEGFR 1-3, FGFR 1-3, and PDGFR-α/β. This open-label, uncontrolled, phase II study assessed the efficacy and safety of nintedanib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who had previously failed radiotherapy plus temozolomide as first-line therapy (STUPP), or the same regimen with subsequent bevacizumab-based therapy as second-line treatment (BEV). Patients with a performance status of 0-1, histologically proven GBM, and measurable disease (by RANO) were enrolled. Nintedanib was given orally at a dose of 200 mg twice daily (bid), with magnetic resonance imaging undertaken every 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response rate. The study was stopped prematurely following a preplanned futility analysis after inclusion of 13 patients in the STUPP arm and 12 in the BEV arm. Best response was stable disease (SD) in three patients (12 %); all other patients progressed within the first four 28-day cycles. One patient in the BEV arm has had SD for 17+ months. Median progression-free survival was 1 month and median overall survival was 6 months. Nintedanib had an acceptable safety profile, with no CTCAE grade 3-4 adverse events. Common adverse events were CTCAE grade 1-2 fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and nausea. Single-agent nintedanib (200 mg bid) demonstrated limited, but clinically non-relevant antitumor activity in patients with recurrent GBM who had failed 1-2 prior lines of therapy.
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Wen PY, Lee EQ, Reardon DA, Ligon KL, Alfred Yung WK. Current clinical development of PI3K pathway inhibitors in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:819-29. [PMID: 22619466 PMCID: PMC3379803 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, and effective therapeutic options are lacking. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently dysregulated in many human cancers, including GBM. Agents inhibiting PI3K and its effectors have demonstrated preliminary activity in various tumor types and have the potential to change the clinical treatment landscape of patients with solid tumors. In this review, we describe the activation of the PI3K pathway in GBM, explore why inhibition of this pathway may be a compelling therapeutic target for this disease, and provide an update of the data on PI3K inhibitors in clinical trials and from earlier investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Wen
- Center For Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012; 26:756-84. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Mellinghoff IK, Schultz N, Mischel PS, Cloughesy TF. Will kinase inhibitors make it as glioblastoma drugs? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 355:135-69. [PMID: 22015553 PMCID: PMC3784987 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors have emerged as effective cancer therapeutics in a variety of human cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, represents a compelling disease for kinase inhibitor therapy because the majority of these tumors harbor genetic alterations that result in aberrant activation of growth factor signaling pathways. Attempts to target the Ras-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) axis in GBM with first generation receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors and rapalogs have been disappointing. However, there is reason for renewed optimism given the now very detailed knowledge of the cancer genome in GBM and a wealth of novel compounds entering the clinic, including next generation RTK inhibitors, class I PI3K inhibitors, mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKinibs), and dual PI3(K)/mTOR inhibitors. This chapter reviews common genetic alterations in growth factor signaling pathways in GBM, their validation as therapeutic targets in this disease, and strategies for future clinical development of kinase inhibitors for high grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department and Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Grunder E, D'Ambrosio R, Fiaschetti G, Abela L, Arcaro A, Zuzak T, Ohgaki H, Lv SQ, Shalaby T, Grotzer M. MicroRNA-21 suppression impedes medulloblastoma cell migration. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2479-90. [PMID: 21775132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumour in children, is characterised by a high risk of leptomeningeal dissemination. But little is known about the molecular mechanisms that promote cancer cell migration in MB. Aberrant expression of miR-21 is recognised to be causatively linked to metastasis in a variety of human neoplasms including brain tumours; however its function in MB is still unknown. In this study we investigated the expression level and the role of miR-21 in MB cell migration. miR-21 was found to be up-regulated, compared to normal cerebellum, in 29/29 MB primary samples and 6/6 MB-derived cell lines. Inverse correlation was observed between miR-21 expression and the metastasis suppressor PDCD4, while miR-21 repression increased the release of PDCD4 protein, suggesting negative regulation of PDCD4 by miR-21 in MB cells. Anti-miR-21 decreased protein expression of the tumour cell invasion mediators MAP4K1 and JNK, which are also known to be negatively regulated by PDCD4, and down-regulated integrin protein that is essential for MB leptomeningeal dissemination. Moreover miR-21 knockdown in MB cells increased the expression of two eminent negative modulators of cancer cell migration, E-Cadherin and TIMP2 proteins that are known to be positively regulated by PDCD4. Finally and importantly, suppression of miR-21 decreased the motility of MB cells and reduced their migration across basement membranes in vitro. Together, these compelling data propose miR-21 pathway as a novel mechanism impacting MB cell dissemination and raises the possibility that curability of selected MB may be improved by pharmaceutical strategies directed towards microRNA-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Grunder
- Oncology Department, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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Lv SQ, Kim YH, Giulio F, Shalaby T, Nobusawa S, Yang H, Zhou Z, Grotzer M, Ohgaki H. Genetic alterations in microRNAs in medulloblastomas. Brain Pathol 2011; 22:230-9. [PMID: 21793975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate a variety of cellular processes via the regulation of multiple target genes. We screened 48 medulloblastomas for mutation, deletion and amplification of nine miRNA genes that were selected on the basis of the presence of potential target sequences within the 3'-untranslated region of the MYCC mRNA. Differential PCR revealed deletions in miR-186 (15%), miR-135a-1 (33%), miR-548d-1 (42%), miR-548d-2 (21%) and miR-512-2 (33%) genes, whereas deletion or amplification was detected in miR-135b (23%) and miR-135a-2 (15%). In miR-33b, deletion, amplification or a mutation at the precursor miRNA were detected in 10% of medulloblastomas. Overall, 35/48 (73%) medulloblastomas had at least one alteration. Real-time RT-PCR revealed MYCC overexpression in 11 of 37 (30%) medulloblastomas, and there was a correlation between MYCC overexpression and miR-512-2 gene deletion (P = 0.0084). Antisense-based knockdown of miR-512-5p (mature sequence of miR-512-2) resulted in significant upregulation of MYCC expression in HeLa and A549 cells, while forced overexpression of miR-512-2 in medulloblastoma/PNET cell lines DAOY, UW-228-2, PFSK resulted in the downregulation of MYCC protein. Furthermore, the results of luciferase reporter assays suggested that miR-512-2 targets the MYCC gene. These results suggest that alterations in the miRNA genes may be an alternative mechanism leading to MYCC overexpression in medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qing Lv
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France Neuro-Oncology Program, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Sun G, Luo H, Kang C, Pu P, Jiang T, Liu N, You Y. MicroRNAs involved in the EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2011; 106:217-24. [PMID: 21842313 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common type of malignant primary brain tumor. Despite advances in surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with gliomas has not significantly improved. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides long, negatively regulate the expression of target genes by interacting with specific sites in mRNAs, and play a critical role in the development of gliomas. The EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway is a promising target for anti-glioma therapy. Recent studies have showed that regulation of the EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway by miRNAs plays a major role in glioma progression, indicating a novel way to investigate the tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of gliomas. Here, we focus on recent findings of miRNAs with respect to the EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300, Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Aberrant signaling pathways in glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3242-78. [PMID: 24212955 PMCID: PMC3759196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a WHO grade IV malignant glioma, is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults; few treatments are available. Median survival rates range from 12–15 months. The biological characteristics of this tumor are exemplified by prominent proliferation, active invasiveness, and rich angiogenesis. This is mainly due to highly deregulated signaling pathways in the tumor. Studies of these signaling pathways have greatly increased our understanding of the biology and clinical behavior of GBM. An integrated view of signal transduction will provide a more useful approach in designing novel therapies for this devastating disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of GBM signaling pathways with a focus on potential molecular targets for anti-signaling molecular therapies.
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Bowles DW, Jimeno A. New phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors for cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:507-18. [PMID: 21395485 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.562192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer treatment is moving away from conventional cytotoxic drugs and towards agents that target specific proteins important to cancer development or survival. The PI3K signaling axis is an important pathway involved in myriad human malignancies. Inhibition of this axis is a promising therapeutic approach for several cancers. AREAS COVERED This article reviews current literature and recent conference proceedings to analyze the rationale for targeting PI3K and its downstream effectors in cancer. Preclinical and clinical results of several PI3K and PI3K--mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in early clinical trials, as single agents and in combination with other drugs, are discussed. Thus far, clinical results have been mixed. EXPERT OPINION The clinical utility of PI3K and PI3K--mTOR inhibitors will depend on appropriate selection of patients. Mutations in the PI3K pathway may predict sensitivity to PI3K inhibition but they are not reliable biomarkers at this point. Efforts to define predictive biomarkers will probably be the key to finding therapeutic uses for this novel class of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bowles
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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