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Effect of PACAP/PAC1R on Follicle Development of Djungarian Hamster ( Phodopus sungorus) with the Variation of Ambient Temperatures. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020315. [PMID: 36829590 PMCID: PMC9953326 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In Phodopus sungorus, the relationship between pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor (PAC1R), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and follicle development remains unclear. In this study, we found that the development of growing follicles and antral follicles were inhibited at low (8 °C, 14 °C) and high (29 °C) temperatures. Meanwhile, PACAP/PAC1R expression and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) serum concentration significantly decreased during ambient temperatures of 8 °C, 14 °C and 29 °C compared to 21 °C. Thus, ambient temperature may influence the expression of PACAP/PAC1R and the synthesis of FSH for involvement in follicle development. Moreover, PACAP/PAC1R had major functional elements including PKA/PKG and PKC phosphorylation sites, which may involve in the pathway of FSH synthesis through cAMP-PKA and its downstream signal pathway. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the expression levels of PACAP/PAC1R and the number of the growing and antral follicles, as well as the serum FSH concentration and the number of antral follicles. However, there was no significant correlation between the expression levels of PACAP/PAC1R and the serum FSH concentration, indicating a complicated pathway between PACAP/PAC1R and FSH. In conclusion, ambient temperature affects the expression of PACAP/PAC1R and the serum FSH concentration. The expression of PACAP/PAC1R and the serum FSH concentration are correlated with follicle development, which implies that they are involved in follicle development, which will ultimately influence the reproduction of Phodopus sungorus. This study can lay the foundation for future investigation on the regulation mechanism of reproduction in Phodopus sungorus.
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Michinaga S, Koyama Y. Pathophysiological Responses and Roles of Astrocytes in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126418. [PMID: 34203960 PMCID: PMC8232783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is immediate damage caused by a blow to the head resulting from traffic accidents, falls, and sporting activity, which causes death or serious disabilities in survivors. TBI induces multiple secondary injuries, including neuroinflammation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and brain edema. Despite these emergent conditions, current therapies for TBI are limited or insufficient in some cases. Although several candidate drugs exerted beneficial effects in TBI animal models, most of them failed to show significant effects in clinical trials. Multiple studies have suggested that astrocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of TBI. Increased reactive astrocytes and astrocyte-derived factors are commonly observed in both TBI patients and experimental animal models. Astrocytes have beneficial and detrimental effects on TBI, including promotion and restriction of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, acceleration and suppression of neuroinflammation, and disruption and repair of the BBB via multiple bioactive factors. Additionally, astrocytic aquaporin-4 is involved in the formation of cytotoxic edema. Thus, astrocytes are attractive targets for novel therapeutic drugs for TBI, although astrocyte-targeting drugs have not yet been developed. This article reviews recent observations of the roles of astrocytes and expected astrocyte-targeting drugs in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-78-441-7572
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Zhou Y, Shao A, Yao Y, Tu S, Deng Y, Zhang J. Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 32293472 PMCID: PMC7158016 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of fatality and disability worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, effective treatment strategies for TBI are limited. Traumatic brain injury induces structural and functional alterations of astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain. As a way of coping with the trauma, astrocytes respond in diverse mechanisms that result in reactive astrogliosis. Astrocytes are involved in the physiopathologic mechanisms of TBI in an extensive and sophisticated manner. Notably, astrocytes have dual roles in TBI, and some astrocyte-derived factors have double and opposite properties. Thus, the suppression or promotion of reactive astrogliosis does not have a substantial curative effect. In contrast, selective stimulation of the beneficial astrocyte-derived molecules and simultaneous attenuation of the deleterious factors based on the spatiotemporal-environment can provide a promising astrocyte-targeting therapeutic strategy. In the current review, we describe for the first time the specific dual roles of astrocytes in neuronal plasticity and reconstruction, including neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, repair of the blood-brain barrier, and glial scar formation after TBI. We have also classified astrocyte-derived factors depending on their neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles to design more appropriate targeted therapies. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Province, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Province, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
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The Neuroprotective and Biomarker Potential of PACAP in Human Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030827. [PMID: 32012887 PMCID: PMC7037866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury remains a growing public health concern and represents the greatest contributor to death and disability globally among all trauma-related injuries. There are limited clinical data regarding biomarkers in the diagnosis and outcome prediction of TBI. The lack of real effective treatment for recovery calls for research of TBI to be shifted into the area of prevention, treatment of secondary brain injury and neurorehabilitation. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been reported to act as a hormone, a neuromodulator, a neurotransmitter and a trophic factor, and has been implicated in a variety of developmental and regenerative processes. The importance of PACAP in neuronal regeneration lies in the upregulation of endogenous PACAP and its receptors and the protective effect of exogenous PACAP after different central nervous system injury. The aim of this minireview is to summarize both the therapeutic and biomarker potential of the neuropeptide PACAP, as a novel possible target molecule presently being investigated in several human conditions including TBI, and with encouraging results in animal models of TBI.
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Chen K, Gu H, Zhu L, Feng DF. A New Model of Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1417. [PMID: 32038131 PMCID: PMC6985558 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive traumatic brain injury (rTBI) is a major health care concern that causes substantial neurological impairment. To better understand rTBI, we introduced a new model of rTBI in mice induced by sudden rotation in the coronal plane combined with lateral translation delivered twice at an interval of 24 h. By routine histology, histological examination of Prussian blue-stained sections revealed the presence of microbleed in the corpus callosum and brain stem. Amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) and neurofilament heavy-chain (NF-200) immunohistochemistry demonstrated axonal injury following rTBI. Swelling, waving, and enlargement axons were observed in the corpus callosum and brain stem 24 h after injury by Bielschowsky staining. Ultrastructural studies by electron microscopy provided further insights into the existence and progression of axonal injury. rTBI led to widespread astrogliosis and microgliosis in white matter, as well as significantly increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. rTBI mice showed a significantly increased loss of righting reflex (LRR) duration within each time point compared with that of sham animals, which was under 15 min. rTBI mice exhibited depression-like behavior at 1 month. rTBI mice also demonstrated deficits in MWM testing. These results suggested that this model might be suitable for investigating rTBI pathophysiology and evaluating preclinical candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gupta A, Gargiulo AT, Curtis GR, Badve PS, Pandey S, Barson JR. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide-27 (PACAP-27) in the Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Is Stimulated by Ethanol Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1650-1660. [PMID: 29969146 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a limbic brain structure that affects ethanol (EtOH) drinking, but the neurochemicals transcribed in this nucleus that may participate in this behavior have yet to be fully characterized. The neuropeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), is known to be transcribed in other limbic areas and to be involved in many of the same behaviors as the PVT itself, possibly including EtOH drinking. It exists in 2 isoforms, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, with the former expressed at higher levels in most brain regions. The purpose of this study was to characterize PACAP in the PVT and to assess its response to EtOH drinking. METHODS First, EtOH-naïve, Sprague Dawley rats were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry, to characterize PACAP mRNA and peptide throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the PVT. Next, EtOH-naïve, vGLUT2-GFP transgenic mice were examined using immunohistochemistry, to identify the neurochemical phenotype of the PACAPergic cells in the PVT. Finally, Long Evans rats were trained to drink 20% EtOH under the intermittent-access paradigm and then examined with PCR and immunohistochemistry, to determine the effects of EtOH on endogenous PACAP in the PVT. RESULTS Gene expression of PACAP was detected across the entire PVT, denser in the posterior than the anterior portion of this nucleus. The protein isoform, PACAP-27, was present in a high percentage of cell bodies in the PVT, again particularly in the posterior portion, while PACAP-38 was instead dense in fibers. All PACAP-27+ cells colabeled with glutamate, which itself was identified in the majority of PVT cells. EtOH drinking led to an increase in PACAP gene expression and in levels of PACAP-27 in individual cells of the PVT. CONCLUSIONS This study characterizes the PVT neuropeptide, PACAP, and its understudied protein isoform, PACAP-27, and demonstrates that it is involved in pharmacologically relevant EtOH drinking. This indicates that PACAP-27 should be further investigated for its possible role in EtOH drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuranita Gupta
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew T Gargiulo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Genevieve R Curtis
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Preeti S Badve
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Surya Pandey
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Förstner P, Rehman R, Anastasiadou S, Haffner-Luntzer M, Sinske D, Ignatius A, Roselli F, Knöll B. Neuroinflammation after Traumatic Brain Injury Is Enhanced in Activating Transcription Factor 3 Mutant Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2317-2329. [PMID: 29463176 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces a neuroinflammatory response resulting in astrocyte and microglia activation at the lesion site. This involves upregulation of neuroinflammatory genes, including chemokines and interleukins. However, so far, there is lack of knowledge on transcription factors (TFs) modulating this TBI-associated gene expression response. Herein, we analyzed activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a TF encoding a regeneration-associated gene (RAG) predominantly studied in peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury. ATF3 contributes to PNS axon regeneration and was shown before to regulate inflammatory processes in other injury models. In contrast to PNS injury, data on ATF3 in central nervous system (CNS) injury are sparse. We used Atf3 mouse mutants and a closed-head weight-drop-based TBI model in adult mice to target the rostrolateral cortex resulting in moderate injury severity. Post-TBI, ATF3 was upregulated already at early time points (i.e,. 1-4 h) post-injury in the brain. Mortality and weight loss upon TBI were slightly elevated in Atf3 mutants. ATF3 deficiency enhanced TBI-induced paresis and hematoma formation, suggesting that ATF3 limits these injury outcomes in wild-type mice. Next, we analyzed TBI-associated RAG and inflammatory gene expression in the cortical impact area. In contrast to the PNS, only some RAGs (Atf3, Timp1, and Sprr1a) were induced by TBI, and, surprisingly, some RAG encoding neuropeptides were downregulated. Notably, we identified ATF3 as TF-regulating proneuroinflammatory gene expression, including CCL and CXCL chemokines (Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, and Cxcl1) and lipocalin. In Atf3 mutant mice, mRNA abundance was further enhanced upon TBI compared to wild-type mice, suggesting immune gene repression by wild-type ATF3. In accord, more immune cells were present in the lesion area of ATF3-deficient mice. Overall, we identified ATF3 as a new TF-mediating TBI-associated CNS inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Förstner
- 1 Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
| | - Rida Rehman
- 2 Department of Neurology, Ulm University , Ulm, Germany .,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (BMES), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- 4 Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research Ulm, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Sinske
- 1 Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- 4 Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research Ulm, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Knöll
- 1 Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
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8
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Kamins J, Charles A. Posttraumatic Headache: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Headache 2018; 58:811-826. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kamins
- UCLA Goldberg Migraine Program; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles CA USA
- Tisch Brainsport Program; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Andrew Charles
- UCLA Goldberg Migraine Program; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles CA USA
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Jiang L, Wang WH, Dong XQ, Yu WH, Du Q, Yang DB, Wang H, Shen YF. The change of plasma pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide levels after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 134:131-9. [PMID: 26471292 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated circulating pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) levels have been demonstrated to be associated with clinical outcomes of severe traumatic brain injury. The current study aimed to confirm whether elevated plasma PACAP levels are predictive of clinical outcomes of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and eighteen aSAH patients and 118 controls were recruited. Plasma PACAP concentrations were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were followed up until death or completion of 6 months after aSAH. An unfavorable outcome was defined as Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1-3. RESULTS The admission PACAP levels were significantly elevated in all patients (296.6 ± 119.7 pg/ml) compared with controls (77.1 ± 17.9 pg/ml, P < 0.001). Plasma PACAP levels were independently associated with clinical severity indicated by World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) score (t = 4.745, P < 0.001) and Fisher score (t = 4.239, P < 0.001) using a multivariate linear regression. PACAP was identified as an independent predictor for 6-month mortality [odds ratio (OR), 1.014; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.005-1.030; P < 0.001] and 6-month unfavorable outcome (OR, 1.012; 95% CI, 1.006-1.028; P < 0.001) and 6-month overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.016; 95% CI, 1.008-1.023; P < 0.001) using a binary logistic regression analysis and a Cox's proportional hazard analysis, respectively. PACAP had similar predictive values compared with WFNS score and Fisher score according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma PACAP levels are associated with clinical severity and long-term prognosis of aSAH patients, and PACAP has potential to be a good prognostic biomarker of aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - W.-H. Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University; Nanjing China
| | - X.-Q. Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - W.-H. Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Q. Du
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - D.-B. Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Y.-F. Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital; Hangzhou China
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Ma BQ, Zhang M, Ba L. Plasma pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide concentrations and mortality after acute spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 439:102-6. [PMID: 25314937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) concentrations are elevated after traumatic brain injury. We assessed the prognostic value of PACAP for short-term and long-term mortality of acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. METHODS A total of 150 patients and 150 age- and gender- matched healthy controls were recruited. The plasma PACAP concentrations were measured using sandwich immunoassays. ICH severity was assessed using hematoma volume and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. The end points included 1-week mortality and 6-month mortality. The relationships between plasma PACAP concentrations and ICH severity and the end points were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Plasma PACAP concentrations were statistically significantly higher in the ICH patients than in the healthy controls and were correlated positively with hematoma volumes and NIHSS scores using a multivariate linear regression. Multivariate analysis results indicated that plasma PACAP concentration was an independent predictor of 1-week mortality, 6-month mortality and 6-month overall survival. It also had high predictive value based on receiver operating characteristic curve. CONCLUSIONS Plasma PACAP concentrations are increased and are highly associated with the severity of ICH; PACAP may be a good predictor of short-term and long-term mortality of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Qing Ma
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310000, PR China; Department of Emergency, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, 38 West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Li Ba
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310000, PR China.
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Bukovics P, Czeiter E, Amrein K, Kovacs N, Pal J, Tamas A, Bagoly T, Helyes Z, Buki A, Reglodi D. Changes of PACAP level in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Peptides 2014; 60:18-22. [PMID: 25017241 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PACAP has well-known neuroprotective potential including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Its level is up-regulated following various insults of the CNS in animal models. A few studies have documented alterations of PACAP levels in human serum. The time course of post-ictal PACAP levels, for example, show correlation with migraine severity. Very little is known about the course of PACAP levels following CNS injury in humans and the presence of PACAP has not yet been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subjects with severe TBI (sTBI). The aim of the present study was to determine whether PACAP occurs in the CSF and plasma (Pl) of patients that suffered sTBI and to establish a time course of PACAP levels in the CSF and Pl. Thirty eight subjects with sTBI were enrolled with a Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8 on admission. Samples were taken daily, until the time of death or for maximum 10 days. Our results demonstrated that PACAP was detectable in the CSF, with higher concentrations in patients with TBI. PACAP concentrations markedly increased in both Pl and CSF in the majority of patients 24-48h after the injury stayed high thereafter. In cases of surviving patients, Pl and CSF levels displayed parallel patterns, which may imply the damage of the blood-brain barrier. However, in patients, who died within the first week, Pl levels were markedly higher than CSF levels, possibly indicating the prognostic value of high Pl PACAP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bukovics
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Endre Czeiter
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; MTA-PTE Lendulet PACAP Research Group, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | | | - Noemi Kovacs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Pal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- MTA-PTE Lendulet PACAP Research Group, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Terez Bagoly
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Buki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- MTA-PTE Lendulet PACAP Research Group, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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PACAP38 suppresses cortical damage in mice with traumatic brain injury by enhancing antioxidant activity. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:370-9. [PMID: 24907941 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative stress in mice in response to a controlled cortical impact (CCI) are typical exacerbating factors associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38) is a multifunctional peptide that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in response to a diverse range of injuries to neuronal cells. We recently reported that PACAP38 might regulate oxidative stress in mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether PACAP38 exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating oxidative stress in mice with TBI. Reactive oxidative metabolites (ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were measured in male C57Bl/6 mice before and 3, 4, and 24 h after CCI. PACAP38 was administered intravenously immediately following CCI, and immunostaining for the oxidative stress indicator nitrotyrosine (NT), and for neuronal death as an indicator of the area affected by TBI, was measured 24 h later. Western blot experiments to determine antioxidant activity [as indicated by superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1)] in the neocortical region were also performed 3 h post-CCI. Results showed that plasma BAP and ROM levels were dramatically increased 3 h after CCI. PACAP38 suppressed the extent of TBI and NT-positive regions 24 h after CCI, and increased SOD-2 and GPx-1 levels in both hemispheres. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing antioxidant might be involving in the neuroprotective effect of PACAP38 in mice subjected to a CCI.
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Mao SS, Hua R, Zhao XP, Qin X, Sun ZQ, Zhang Y, Wu YQ, Jia MX, Cao JL, Zhang YM. Exogenous administration of PACAP alleviates traumatic brain injury in rats through a mechanism involving the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. J Neurotrauma 2013; 29:1941-59. [PMID: 22583372 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is effective in reducing axonal damage associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and has immunomodulatory properties. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator of the innate immune response. It significantly contributes to neuroinflammation induced by brain injury. However, it remains unknown whether exogenous PACAP can modulate TBI through the TLR4/adapter protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of PACAP pretreatment in a weight-drop model of TBI. PACAP38 was microinjected intracerebroventricularly before TBI. Brain samples were extracted from the pericontusional area in the cortex and hippocampus. We found that TBI induced significant upregulation of TLR4, with peak expression occurring 24 h post-trauma, and that pretreatment with PACAP significantly improved motor and cognitive dysfunction, attenuated neuronal apoptosis, and decreased brain edema. Pretreatment with PACAP inhibited upregulation of TLR4 and its downstream signaling molecules MyD88, p-IκB, and NF-κB, and suppressed increases in the levels of the downstream inflammatory agents interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in the brain tissue around the injured cortex and in the hippocampus. Administration of PACAP both in vitro and in vivo attenuated the ability of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to increase TLR4 protein levels. Therefore, PACAP exerts a neuroprotective effect in this rat model of TBI, by inhibiting a secondary inflammatory response mediated by the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia and neurons, thereby reducing neuronal death and improving the outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Mao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Tamas A, Reglodi D, Farkas O, Kovesdi E, Pal J, Povlishock JT, Schwarcz A, Czeiter E, Szanto Z, Doczi T, Buki A, Bukovics P. Effect of PACAP in central and peripheral nerve injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:8430-8448. [PMID: 22942712 PMCID: PMC3430243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13078430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a bioactive peptide with diverse effects in the nervous system. In addition to its more classic role as a neuromodulator, PACAP functions as a neurotrophic factor. Several neurotrophic factors have been shown to play an important role in the endogenous response following both cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury and to be effective when given exogenously. A number of studies have shown the neuroprotective effect of PACAP in different models of ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases and retinal degeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings on the neuroprotective potential of PACAP in models of different traumatic nerve injuries. Expression of endogenous PACAP and its specific PAC1 receptor is elevated in different parts of the central and peripheral nervous system after traumatic injuries. Some experiments demonstrate the protective effect of exogenous PACAP treatment in different traumatic brain injury models, in facial nerve and optic nerve trauma. The upregulation of endogenous PACAP and its receptors and the protective effect of exogenous PACAP after different central and peripheral nerve injuries show the important function of PACAP in neuronal regeneration indicating that PACAP may also be a promising therapeutic agent in injuries of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tamas
- PTE-MTA “Lendulet” PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti. u. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (D.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Dora Reglodi
- PTE-MTA “Lendulet” PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti. u. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (D.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Orsolya Farkas
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Erzsebet Kovesdi
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Jozsef Pal
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - John T. Povlishock
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street Richmond, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Attila Schwarcz
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Endre Czeiter
- PTE-MTA “Lendulet” PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti. u. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (D.R.); (E.C.)
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Zalan Szanto
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2., H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Tamas Doczi
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Andras Buki
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Peter Bukovics
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, Ret u. 2, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails: (O.F.); (E.K.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (A.B.); (P.B.)
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15
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Neuroprotective effect of endogenous pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on spinal cord injury. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:508-17. [PMID: 22674051 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuroprotective peptide expressed in the central nervous system. To date, changes in the expression and effect of endogenous PACAP have not been clarified with respect to spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression pattern and function of endogenous PACAP on the contusion model of SCI using heterozygous PACAP knockout (PACAP(+/-)) and wild-type mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction methods revealed that the level of PACAP mRNA increased gradually for 14 days after SCI and that PAC1R mRNA levels also increased for 7 days compared with intact control mice. PACAP and PAC1R immunoreactivities colabeled with a neuronal marker in the intact spinal cord. Seven days after SCI, PAC1R immunoreactivity was additionally co-expressed with an astrocyte marker. Wild-type mice gradually recovered motor function after 14 days, but PACAP(+/-) mice showed significantly impaired recovery from 3 days compared with wild-type mice. The injury volume at day 7 in PACAP(+/-) mice, and the number of single-stranded DNA-immunopositive cells as a marker of neuronal cell death at day 3 were significantly higher than values measured in wild-type mice. These data suggest that endogenous PACAP is upregulated by SCI and has a neuroprotective effect on the damaged spinal cord.
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Masmoudi-Kouki O, Douiri S, Hamdi Y, Kaddour H, Bahdoudi S, Vaudry D, Basille M, Leprince J, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Tonon MC, Amri M. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide protects astroglial cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. J Neurochem 2011; 117:403-11. [PMID: 21244427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, associated with a variety of disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, results from accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress is not only responsible for neuron apoptosis, but can also provoke astroglial cell death. Numerous studies indicate that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) promotes neuron survival, but nothing is known regarding the action of PACAP on astroglial cell survival. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential glioprotective effect of PACAP on H(2)O(2)-induced astrocyte death. Pre-treatment of cultured rat astrocytes with nanomolar concentrations of PACAP prevented cell death provoked by H(2)O(2) (300 μM), whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was devoid of protective activity. The effect of PACAP on astroglial cell survival was abolished by the type 1 PACAP receptor antagonist, PACAP6-38. The protective action of PACAP was blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89, the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126. PACAP stimulated glutathione formation, and blocked H(2)O(2)-evoked ROS accumulation and glutathione content reduction. In addition, PACAP prevented the decrease of mitochondrial activity and caspase 3 activation induced by H(2)O(2). Taken together, these data indicate for the first time that PACAP, acting through type 1 PACAP receptor, exerts a potent protective effect against oxidative stress-induced astrocyte death. The anti-apoptotic activity of PACAP on astrocytes is mediated through the protein kinase A, protein kinase C and MAPK transduction pathways, and can be accounted for by inhibition of ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and caspase 3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Jolivel V, Basille M, Aubert N, de Jouffrey S, Ancian P, Le Bigot JF, Noack P, Massonneau M, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Gonzalez BJ, Vaudry D. Distribution and functional characterization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in the brain of non-human primates. Neuroscience 2009; 160:434-51. [PMID: 19236905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and density of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binding sites have been investigated in the brain of the primates Jacchus callithrix (marmoset) and Macaca fascicularis (macaque) using [(125)I]-PACAP27 as a radioligand. PACAP binding sites were widely expressed in the brain of these two species with particularly high densities in the septum, hypothalamus and habenula. A moderate density of recognition sites was seen in all subdivisions of the cerebral cortex with a heterogenous distribution, the highest concentrations occurring in layers I and VI while the underlying white matter was almost devoid of binding sites. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed intense expression of the mRNAs encoding the short and hop-1 variants of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-specific receptor (PAC1-R) in the cortex of both marmoset and macaque, whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 1 (VPAC1-R) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 2 (VPAC2-R) mRNAs were expressed at a much lower level. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed intense expression of PAC1-R and weak expression of VPAC1-R mRNAs in layer IV of the cerebral cortex. Incubation of cortical tissue slices with PACAP induced a dose-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP formation, indicating that PACAP binding sites correspond to functional receptors. Moreover, treatment of primate cortical slices with 100 nM PACAP significantly reduced the activity of caspase-3, a key enzyme of the apoptotic cascade. The present results indicate that PACAP should exert the same neuroprotective effect in the brain of primates as in rodents and suggest that PAC1-R agonists may have a therapeutic value to prevent neuronal cell death after stroke or in specific neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jolivel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U413), EA 4310, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Varhalmi E, Somogyi I, Kiszler G, Nemeth J, Reglodi D, Lubics A, Kiss P, Tamas A, Pollak E, Molnar L. Expression of PACAP-like compounds during the caudal regeneration of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:166-74. [PMID: 18622585 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration of the ventral nerve cord ganglion and peripheral tissues was investigated by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry in the model animal, Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta). It is now well-established that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic factor, playing important roles in the development of the nervous system in vertebrate animals. Based on the apparent evolutionary conservation of PACAP and on the several common mechanisms of vertebrate and invertebrate nervous regeneration, the question was raised whether PACAP has any role in the regeneration of the earthworm nervous system. As a first step, we studied the distribution, concentration, and time-course of PACAP-like immunoreactivity during caudal regeneration of both lost segments and the ventral nerve cord ganglia in E. fetida. A strong upregulation of PACAP-like immunoreactivity was observed in most tissues following injury as determined by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry. Significant increases in the concentration of PACAP-like compounds were found in the body wall, alimentary canal, and in coelomocytes. The most characteristic morphological feature was the accumulation of immunolabeled neoblasts in the injured tissues, especially in the ventral nerve cord ganglion that initiates and mediates regeneration processes. Our present results show that PACAP/PACAP-like peptides accumulate in the regenerating tissues of the earthworm, suggesting trophic functions of these compounds in earthworm tissues similarly to vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Varhalmi
- Department of General Zoology, University of Pécs, 7624, Ifjúság u. 6., Pécs, Hungary
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Kóvesdi E, Tamás A, Reglodi D, Farkas O, PáL J, Tóth G, Bukovics P, Dóczi T, Büki A. Posttraumatic administration of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in central fluid percussion injury in rats. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:71-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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