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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wang X, Liu Y, Jin Z, Haacke EM, He N, Li D, Yan F. Iron and neuromelanin imaging in basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait. Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 111:229-236. [PMID: 38777243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the structural alterations of the deep gray matter (DGM) in the basal ganglia circuitry of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (FOG) using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI). METHODS Twenty-five (25) PD patients with FOG (PD-FOG), 22 PD patients without FOG (PD-nFOG), and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent 3-dimensional multi-echo gradient recalled echo and NM-MRI scanning. The mean volume and susceptibility of the DGM on QSM data and the relative contrast (NMRC-SNpc) and volume (NMvolume-SNpc) of the substantia nigra pars compacta on NM-MRI were analyzed among groups. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the associations of FOG severity with MRI measurements and disease stage. RESULTS The PD-FOG group showed higher susceptibility in the bilateral caudal substantia nigra (SN) compared to the HC group. Both the PD-FOG and PD-nFOG groups showed lower volumes than the HC group in the bilateral caudate and putamen as determined from the QSM data. The NMvolume-SNpc on NM-MRI in the PD-FOG group was significantly lower than in the HC and PD-nFOG groups. Both the PD-FOG and PD-nFOG groups showed significantly decreased NMRC-SNpc. CONCLUSIONS The PD-FOG patients showed abnormal neostriatum atrophy, increases in iron deposition in the SN, and lower NMvolume-SNpc. The structural alterations of the DGM in the basal ganglia circuits could lead to the abnormal output of the basal ganglia circuit to trigger the FOG in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijia Jin
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Naying He
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Alzate Sanchez AM, Janssen MLF, Temel Y, Roberts MJ. Aging suppresses subthalamic neuronal activity in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38880896 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Age is a primary risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the effects of aging on the Parkinsonian brain remain poorly understood, particularly for deep brain structures. We investigated intraoperative micro-electrode recordings from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of PD patients aged between 42 and 76 years. Age was associated with decreased oscillatory beta power and non-oscillatory high-frequency power, independent of PD-related variables. Single unit firing and burst rates were also reduced, whereas the coefficient of variation and the structure of burst activity were unchanged. Phase synchronization (debiased weighed phase lag index [dWPLI]) between sites was pronounced in the beta band between electrodes in the superficial STN but was unaffected by age. Our results show that aging is associated with reduced neuronal activity without changes to its temporal structure. We speculate that the loss of activity in the STN may mediate the relationship between PD and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Alzate Sanchez
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus L F Janssen
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Roberts
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Morais PLAG, Santos JR, Cavalcanti JRLP. The neurobiological effects of senescence on dopaminergic system: A comprehensive review. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102415. [PMID: 38521203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Over time, the body undergoes a natural, multifactorial, and ongoing process named senescence, which induces changes at the molecular, cellular, and micro-anatomical levels in many body systems. The brain, being a highly complex organ, is particularly affected by this process, potentially impairing its numerous functions. The brain relies on chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters to function properly, with dopamine being one of the most crucial. This catecholamine is responsible for a broad range of critical roles in the central nervous system, including movement, learning, cognition, motivation, emotion, reward, hormonal release, memory consolidation, visual performance, sexual drive, modulation of circadian rhythms, and brain development. In the present review, we thoroughly examine the impact of senescence on the dopaminergic system, with a primary focus on the classic delimitations of the dopaminergic nuclei from A8 to A17. We provide in-depth information about their anatomy and function, particularly addressing how senescence affects each of these nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Rocha
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
| | - Karina M Paiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Paulo Leonardo A G Morais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - José Ronaldo Santos
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Itabaiana, Brazil
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4
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Coleman CR, Pallos J, Arreola-Bustos A, Wang L, Raftery D, Promislow DEL, Martin I. Natural Variation in Age-Related Dopamine Neuron Degeneration is Glutathione-Dependent and Linked to Life Span. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.580013. [PMID: 38405950 PMCID: PMC10888861 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.580013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Aging is the biggest risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that age-related changes in the brain promote dopamine neuron vulnerability. It is unclear, however, whether aging alone is sufficient to cause significant dopamine neuron loss and if so, how this intersects with PD-related neurodegeneration. Here, through examining a large collection of naturally varying Drosophila strains, we find a strong relationship between life span and age-related dopamine neuron loss. Naturally short-lived strains exhibit a loss of dopamine neurons but not generalized neurodegeneration, while long-lived strains retain dopamine neurons across age. Metabolomic profiling reveals lower glutathione levels in short-lived strains which is associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sensitivity to oxidative stress and vulnerability to silencing the familial PD gene parkin . Strikingly, boosting neuronal glutathione levels via glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) overexpression is sufficient to normalize ROS levels, extend life span and block dopamine neurons loss in short-lived backgrounds, demonstrating that glutathione deficiencies are central to neurodegenerative phenotypes associated with short longevity. These findings may be relevant to human PD pathogenesis, where glutathione depletion is frequently reported in idiopathic PD patient brain. Building on this evidence, we detect reduced levels of GCL catalytic and modulatory subunits in brain from PD patients harboring the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, implicating possible glutathione deficits in familial LRRK2-linked PD. Our study across Drosophila and human PD systems suggests that glutathione plays an important role in the influence of aging on PD neurodegeneration.
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5
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Kolacheva A, Pavlova E, Bannikova A, Bogdanov V, Ugrumov M. Initial Molecular Mechanisms of the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease in a Mouse Neurotoxic Model of the Earliest Preclinical Stage of This Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1354. [PMID: 38279354 PMCID: PMC10816442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studying the initial molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), primarily in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, is one of the priorities in neurology. Of particular interest is elucidating these mechanisms in the preclinical stage of PD, which lasts decades before diagnosis and is therefore not available for study in patients. Therefore, our main goal was to study the initial molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of PD in the striatum, the key center for dopamine regulation in motor function, in a mouse model of the earliest preclinical stage of PD, from 1 to 24 h after the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). It was shown that the content of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first enzyme in dopamine synthesis, does not change within 6 h after the administration of MPTP, but decreases after 24 h. In turn, TH activity increases after 1 h, decreases after 3 h, remains at the control level after 6 h, and decreases 24 h after the administration of MPTP. The concentration of dopamine in the striatum gradually decreases after MPTP administration, despite a decrease in its degradation. The identified initial molecular mechanisms of PD pathogenesis are considered as potential targets for the development of preventive neuroprotective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Ugrumov
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (E.P.); (A.B.); (V.B.)
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6
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Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Bucki A, Rivera-Meza M, Khan N, Konwar J, Skowron K, Kołaczkowski M, Gil K. Neuroprotective Activity of Enantiomers of Salsolinol and N-Methyl-( R)-salsolinol: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38566-38576. [PMID: 37867702 PMCID: PMC10586258 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol) is a close structural analogue of dopamine with an asymmetric center at the C1 position, and its presence in vivo, both in humans and rodents, has already been proven. Yet, given the fact that salsolinol colocalizes with dopamine-rich regions and was first detected in the urine of Parkinson's disease patients, its direct role in the process of neurodegeneration has been proposed. Here, we report that R and S enantiomers of salsolinol, which we purified from commercially available racemic mixture by means of high-performance liquid chromatography, exhibited neuroprotective properties (at the concentration of 50 μM) toward the human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Furthermore, within the study, we observed no toxic effect of N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells up to the concentration of 750 μM, either. Additionally, our molecular docking analysis showed that enantiomers of salsolinol should exhibit a distinct ability to interact with dopamine D2 receptors. Thus, we postulate that our results highlight the need to acknowledge salsolinol as an active dopamine metabolite and to further explore the neuroregulatory role of enantiomers of salsolinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Laboratory
of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Chile, 8380494 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nadia Khan
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jahnobi Konwar
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Skowron
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
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7
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Karekal A, Stuart S, Mancini M, Swann NC. Elevated Gaussian-modeled beta power in the cortex characterizes aging, but not Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:1086-1093. [PMID: 37017333 PMCID: PMC10151040 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00480.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a key risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is characterized by excessive synchrony of beta oscillations (13-30 Hz) in the basal ganglia thalamo-cortical network. However, cortical beta power is not reliably elevated in individuals with PD. Here, we sought to disentangle how resting cortical beta power compares in younger controls, older controls, and individuals with PD using scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) and a novel approach for quantifying beta power. Specifically, we used a Gaussian model to determine if sensorimotor beta power distinguishes these groups. In addition, we looked at the distribution of beta power across the entire cortex. Our findings showed that Gaussian-modeled beta power does not differentiate individuals with PD (on medication) from healthy younger or older controls in sensorimotor cortex. However, beta power (and not theta or alpha) was higher in healthy older versus younger controls. This effect was most pronounced in regions near sensorimotor cortex including the frontal and parietal areas [P < 0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected]. In addition, the bandwidth of the periodic beta was also higher in healthy older than young individuals in parietal regions. Finally, the aperiodic component, specifically the exponent of the signal, was higher (steeper) in younger controls than in individuals with PD in the right parietal-occipital region (P < 0.05, FDR corrected), possibly reflecting differences in neuronal spiking. Our findings suggest that cortical Gaussian beta power is possibly modulated by age and could be further explored in longitudinal studies to determine whether sensorimotor beta increases with increasing age.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Altered sensorimotor beta activity has been shown to be a feature in aging and PD. Using a novel approach, we clarify that resting sensorimotor beta power does not distinguish subjects with PD from healthy younger and older controls. However, beta power was higher in older compared with younger controls in central sensorimotor, frontal, and parietal regions. These results provide a clearer picture of sensorimotor beta power, demonstrating that it is elevated in aging but not PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Karekal
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Mancini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Nicole C Swann
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
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Chen Y, Gong T, Sun C, Yang A, Gao F, Chen T, Chen W, Wang G. Regional age-related changes of neuromelanin and iron in the substantia nigra based on neuromelanin accumulation and iron deposition. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:3704-3714. [PMID: 36680605 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate age-related neuromelanin signal variation and iron content changes in the subregions of substantia nigra (SN) using magnetization transfer contrast neuromelanin-sensitive multi-echo fast field echo sequence in a normal population. METHODS In this prospective study, 115 healthy volunteers between 20 and 86 years of age were recruited and scanned using 3.0-T MRI. We manually delineated neuromelanin accumulation and iron deposition regions in neuromelanin image and quantitative susceptibility mapping, respectively. We calculated the overlap region using the two measurements mentioned above. Partial correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlations between volume, contrast ratio (CR), susceptibility of three subregions of SN, and age. Curve estimation models were used to find the best regression model. RESULTS CR increased with age (r = 0.379, p < 0.001; r = 0.371, p < 0.001), while volume showed an age-related decline (r = -0.559, p < 0.001; r = -0.410, p < 0.001) in the neuromelanin accumulation and overlap regions. Cubic polynomial regression analysis found a small increase in neuromelanin accumulation volume with age until 34, followed by a significant decrease until the 80 s (R2 = 0.358, p < 0.001). No significant correlations were found between susceptibility and age in any subregion. No correlation was found between CR and susceptibility in the overlap region. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that CR increased with age, while volume showed an age-related decline in the overlap region. We further found that the neuromelanin accumulation region volume increased until the 30 s and decreased into the 80 s. This study may provide a reference for future neurodegenerative elucidations of substantia nigra. KEY POINTS • Our results define the regional changes in neuromelanin and iron in the substantia nigra with age in the normal population, especially in the overlap region. • The contrast ratio increased with age in the neuromelanin accumulation and overlap regions, and volume showed an age-related decline, while contrast ratio and volume do not affect each other indirectly. • The contrast ratio of hyperintense neuromelanin in the overlap region was unaffected by iron content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Cong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aocai Yang
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
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9
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Du T, Yuan T, Zhu G, Ma R, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang J. The effect of age and disease duration on the efficacy of subthalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease patients. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:2163-2171. [PMID: 36069345 PMCID: PMC9627397 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported the effects of age and disease duration on the efficacy of subthalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, available data involving these issues are not consistent. In particular, the effect of age and disease duration on the initial efficacy of STN-DBS has not been established. METHODS A total of 51 patients with PD treated with bilateral STN-DBS were involved in the present study. They received clinical symptom evaluation during the preoperative, initial, and chronic stages of surgery. The correlations between age when undergoing surgery/age at disease onset/disease duration and outcomes of STN-DBS were measured. RESULTS The preoperative levodopa response was negatively associated with age. During the initial stage, the age when undergoing surgery and age at disease onset were negatively correlated with the effect on bradykinesia, with better symptom control of general symptoms in long-term disease patients. Similarly, patients with an early time of surgery and disease onset and long-term disease duration showed better control of bradykinesia and axial symptoms at the chronic stage. Furthermore, a long-term disease duration and early disease onset benefited from an increase of therapeutic efficacy in general, rigid, and axial symptoms with STN-DBS after a long period. Nevertheless, patients with late disease onset achieved a better relief of stigma. CONCLUSION Age and disease durations played a unique role in controlling the symptoms of PD patients treated with STN-DBS. These results may contribute to patient selection and adjustments of expectations of surgery, based on the age, disease duration, and different symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- Department of Functional NeurosurgeryBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tianshuo Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ruoyu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Functional NeurosurgeryBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yingchuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Functional NeurosurgeryBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Key Laboratory of NeurostimulationBeijingChina
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10
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Lopes C, Ferreira IL, Maranga C, Beatriz M, Mota SI, Sereno J, Castelhano J, Abrunhosa A, Oliveira F, De Rosa M, Hayden M, Laço MN, Januário C, Castelo Branco M, Rego AC. Mitochondrial and redox modifications in early stages of Huntington's disease. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102424. [PMID: 35988447 PMCID: PMC9420526 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in mitochondrial function and redox deregulation have been attributed to Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic neurodegenerative disorder largely affecting the striatum. However, whether these changes occur in early stages of the disease and can be detected in vivo is still unclear. In the present study, we analysed changes in mitochondrial function and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at early stages and with disease progression. Studies were performed in vivo in human brain by PET using [64Cu]-ATSM and ex vivo in human skin fibroblasts of premanifest and prodromal (Pre-M) and manifest HD carriers. In vivo brain [64Cu]-ATSM PET in YAC128 transgenic mouse and striatal and cortical isolated mitochondria were assessed at presymptomatic (3 month-old, mo) and symptomatic (6–12 mo) stages. Pre-M HD carriers exhibited enhanced whole-brain (with exception of caudate) [64Cu]-ATSM labelling, correlating with CAG repeat number. Fibroblasts from Pre-M showed enhanced basal and maximal respiration, proton leak and increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, later progressing in manifest HD. Mitochondria from fibroblasts of Pre-M HD carriers also showed reduced circularity, while higher number of mitochondrial DNA copies correlated with maximal respiratory capacity. In vivo animal PET analysis showed increased accumulation of [64Cu]-ATSM in YAC128 mouse striatum. YAC128 mouse (at 3 months) striatal isolated mitochondria exhibited a rise in basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration and in ATP production, and increased complex II and III activities. YAC128 mouse striatal mitochondria also showed enhanced mitochondrial H2O2 levels and circularity, revealed by brain ultrastructure analysis, and defects in Ca2+ handling, supporting increased striatal susceptibility. Data demonstrate both human and mouse mitochondrial overactivity and altered morphology at early HD stages, facilitating redox unbalance, the latter progressing with manifest disease. Pre-manifest HD carriers and presymptomatic YAC128 mice show increased brain [64Cu]-ATSM labelling. Increased [64Cu]-ATSM brain retention correlates with raised ROS levels in human and mouse samples. Increased [64Cu]-ATSM correlates with enhanced mitochondrial activity and mtDNA copy number. Presymptomatic YAC128 mouse striatal mitochondria show altered morphology and Ca2+ handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - I Luísa Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carina Maranga
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Beatriz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra I Mota
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José Sereno
- ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Castelhano
- ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Oliveira
- ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maura De Rosa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Michael Hayden
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Mário N Laço
- FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Medical Genetics Unit, Pediatric Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | - Miguel Castelo Branco
- ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Science Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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11
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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Norrara B, Morais PLAG, Oliveira LC, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JS, Cavalcanti JRLP. Effect of senescence on the tyrosine hydroxylase and S100B immunoreactivity in the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102136. [PMID: 35809809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a natural and progressive physiological event that leads to a series of morphophysiological alterations in the organism. The brain is the most vulnerable organ to both structural and functional changes during this process. Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter for the proper functioning of the brain, directly involved in circuitries related with emotions, learning, motivation and reward. One of the main dopamine- producing nuclei is the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which establish connections with the striatum forming the so-called nigrostriatal pathway. S100B is a calcium binding protein mainly expressed by astrocytes, involved in both intracellular and extracellular processes, and whose expression is increased following injury in the nervous tissue, being a useful marker in altered status of central nervous system. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of senescence on the cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and S100B along the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat. Our results show an decreased expression of S100B+ cells in SNpc. In addition, there was a significant decrease in TH immunoreactivity in both projection fibers and TH+ cell bodies. In the striatum, a decrease in TH immunoreactivity was also observed, as well as an enlargement of the white matter bundles. Our findings point out that senescence is related to the anatomical and neurochemical changes observed throughout the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Karina M Paiva
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Bianca Norrara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Leonardo A G Morais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Lucidio C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Rodolfo L P Cavalcanti
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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12
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Liu J, Yang L, Li H, Cai Y, Feng J, Hu Z. Conditional ablation of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor U in midbrain dopaminergic neurons results in reduced neuronal size. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegeneration: Neurovascular Unit in the Spotlight. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132023. [PMID: 35805109 PMCID: PMC9265397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in brain energy metabolism and proteopathic stress are implicated in age-related degenerative neuronopathies, exemplified by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). As the currently available drug regimens largely aim to mitigate cognitive decline and/or motor symptoms, there is a dire need for mechanism-based therapies that can be used to improve neuronal function and potentially slow down the underlying disease processes. In this context, a new class of pharmacological agents that achieve improved glycaemic control via the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor has attracted significant attention as putative neuroprotective agents. The experimental evidence supporting their potential therapeutic value, mainly derived from cellular and animal models of AD and PD, has been discussed in several research reports and review opinions recently. In this review article, we discuss the pathological relevance of derangements in the neurovascular unit and the significance of neuron–glia metabolic coupling in AD and PD. With this context, we also discuss some unresolved questions with regard to the potential benefits of GLP-1 agonists on the neurovascular unit (NVU), and provide examples of novel experimental paradigms that could be useful in improving our understanding regarding the neuroprotective mode of action associated with these agents.
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14
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Hu Q, Hong M, Huang M, Gong Q, Zhang X, Uversky VN, Pan-Montojo F, Huang T, Zhou H, Zhu S. Age-dependent aggregation of α-synuclein in the nervous system of gut-brain axis is associated with caspase-1 activation. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1669-1681. [PMID: 35089485 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) plays a key role in the development of Parkinson' desease (PD). As aging is acknowledged to be the greatest risk factor for PD, here we investigated α-Syn expression in the ileum, thoracic spinal cord, and midbrain of young (1-month-old), middle-aged (6-, 12-month-old) to old (18-month-old) mice. We demonstrated that both the levels of α-Syn monomers, oligomers and ratios of oligomers to monomers were increased with aging in the ileum, thoracic spinal cord, and midbrain. Whereas, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, was decreased with aging in the midbrain. We failed to find corresponding α-Syn mRNA increase with aging. However, we found an increased expression of caspase-1 in the ileum, thoracic spinal cord, and midbrain. A specific caspase-1 inhibitor VX765 significantly reduced levels of both the α-Syn monomers and oligomers triggered by the rotenone in vitro. Taken together, the increase in α-Syn aggregation with aging might not occur first in the gut, but simultaneously in the nervous system of gut-brain axis. The mechanism of the age-dependent aggregation of α-Syn in nervous system is likely triggered by the aging-related caspase-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hu
- Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhang General Hospital, Wuhan, 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyang Huang
- Department of Cardiac Function, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, 430345, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum Der Ludwig-Maximilian Universität, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Teng Huang
- Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Honglian Zhou
- Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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15
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A Review of Diagnostic Imaging Approaches to Assessing Parkinson's Disease. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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16
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Marin C, Fuentes M, Alobid I, Tubita V, Rojas-Lechuga MJ, Mullol J. Olfactory Bulb Excitotoxicity as a Gap-Filling Mechanism Underlying the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Secondary Neuronal Degeneration and Parkinson's Disease-Like Pathology. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1025-1036. [PMID: 35067829 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing preclinical and clinical data supporting a potential association between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been suggested that the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity underlying TBI secondary neuronal degeneration (SND) might be associated with further development of PD. Interestingly, an accumulation of extracellular glutamate and olfactory dysfunction are both sharing pathological conditions in TBI and PD. The possible involvement of glutamate excitotoxicity in olfactory dysfunction has been recently described, however, the role of olfactory bulbs (OB) glutamate excitotoxicity as a possible mechanism involved in the association between TBI and PD-related neurodegeneration has not been investigated yet. We examined the number of nigral dopaminergic neurons (TH +), nigral α-synuclein expression, the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) expression, and motor performance after bilateral OB N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxic lesions in rodents. Bulbar NMDA administration induced a decrease in the number of correct choices in the discrimination tests one week after lesions (p < 0.01) and a significant decrease in the number of nigral DAergic neurons (p < 0.01) associated with an increase in α-synuclein expression (p < 0.01). No significant striatal changes in DAT expression or motor alterations were observed. Our results show an association between TBI-induced SND and PD-related neurodegeneration suggesting that the OB excitotoxicity occurring in TBI SND may be a filling gap mechanism underlying the link between TBI and PD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valeria Tubita
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rojas-Lechuga
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain. .,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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17
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Fowler C, Goerzen D, Madularu D, Devenyi GA, Chakravarty MM, Near J. Longitudinal characterization of neuroanatomical changes in the Fischer 344 rat brain during normal aging and between sexes. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 109:216-228. [PMID: 34775212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are widely used to study the pathophysiology of disease and to evaluate the efficacy of novel interventions, crucial steps towards improving disease outcomes in humans. The Fischer 344 (F344) wildtype rat is a common experimental background strain for transgenic models of disease and is one of the most frequently used models in aging research. Despite frequency of use, characterization of agerelated neuroanatomical change has not been performed in the F344 rat. To this end, we present a comprehensive longitudinal examination of morphometric change in 73 brain regions and at a voxel-wise level during normative aging in vivo in a mixed-sexcohort of F344 rats. We identified the greatest vulnerability to aging within the cortex, caudoputamen, hindbrain, and internal capsule, while the influence of sex was strongest in the caudoputamen, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and thalamus, many of which are implicated in memory and motor control circuits frequently affected by aging and neurodegenerative disease. These findings provide a baseline for neuroanatomical changes associated with aging in male and female F344 rats, to which data from transgenic models or other background strains can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Fowler
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Dana Goerzen
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Dan Madularu
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jamie Near
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Influences of dopaminergic system dysfunction on late-life depression. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:180-191. [PMID: 34404915 PMCID: PMC8850529 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in cognition, reward processing, and motor function are clinical features relevant to both aging and depression. Individuals with late-life depression often show impairment across these domains, all of which are moderated by the functioning of dopaminergic circuits. As dopaminergic function declines with normal aging and increased inflammatory burden, the role of dopamine may be particularly salient for late-life depression. We review the literature examining the role of dopamine in the pathogenesis of depression, as well as how dopamine function changes with aging and is influenced by inflammation. Applying a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative perspective, we then review work examining how dopaminergic signaling affects these domains, specifically focusing on Cognitive, Positive Valence, and Sensorimotor Systems. We propose a unified model incorporating the effects of aging and low-grade inflammation on dopaminergic functioning, with a resulting negative effect on cognition, reward processing, and motor function. Interplay between these systems may influence development of a depressive phenotype, with an initial deficit in one domain reinforcing decline in others. This model extends RDoC concepts into late-life depression while also providing opportunities for novel and personalized interventions.
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19
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Zeng F, Fan Y, Brown RW, Drew Gill W, Price JB, Jones TC, Zhu MY. Effects of Manipulation of Noradrenergic Activities on the Expression of Dopaminergic Phenotypes in Aged Rat Brains. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211055064. [PMID: 34812056 PMCID: PMC8613899 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211055064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the pharmacological manipulation of noradrenergic activities on dopaminergic phenotypes in aged rats. Results showed that the administration of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS) for 21 days significantly increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of 23-month-old rats. Furthermore, this treatment significantly increased norepinephrine/DA concentrations in the striatum and caused a deficit of sensorimotor gating as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI). Next, old rats were injected with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist 2-methoxy idazoxan or β2-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol for 21 days. Both drugs produced similar changes of TH and DAT in the striatum and SN. Moreover, treatments with L-DOPS, 2-methoxy idazoxan, or salmeterol significantly increased the protein levels of phosphorylated Akt in rat striatum and SN. However, although a combination of 2-methoxy idazoxan and salmeterol resulted in a deficit of PPI in these rats, the administration of 2-methoxy idazoxan alone showed an opposite behavioral change. The in vitro experiments revealed that treatments with norepinephrine markedly increased mRNAs and proteins of ATF2 and CBP/p300 and reduced mRNA and proteins of HDAC2 and HDAC5 in MN9D cells. A ChIP assay showed that norepinephrine significantly increased CBP/p300 binding or reduced HDAC2 and HDAC5 binding on the TH promoter. The present results indicate that facilitating noradrenergic activity in the brain can improve the functions of dopaminergic neurons in aged animals. While this improvement may have biochemically therapeutic indication for the status involving the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, it may not definitely include behavioral improvements, as indicated by using 2-methoxy idazoxan only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of the Wuhan University, China.,Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Yan Fan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Nantong University College of Medicine, China
| | - Russell W Brown
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Wesley Drew Gill
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Jennifer B Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Thomas C Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
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20
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in adult midbrain dopamine neurons triggers an early immune response. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009822. [PMID: 34570766 PMCID: PMC8496783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the midbrain are at risk to become affected by mitochondrial damage over time and mitochondrial defects have been frequently reported in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, the causal contribution of adult-onset mitochondrial dysfunction to PD remains uncertain. Here, we developed a mouse model lacking Mitofusin 2 (MFN2), a key regulator of mitochondrial network homeostasis, in adult midbrain DA neurons. The knockout mice develop severe and progressive DA neuron-specific mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in neurodegeneration and parkinsonism. To gain further insights into pathophysiological events, we performed transcriptomic analyses of isolated DA neurons and found that mitochondrial dysfunction triggers an early onset immune response, which precedes mitochondrial swelling, mtDNA depletion, respiratory chain deficiency and cell death. Our experiments show that the immune response is an early pathological event when mitochondrial dysfunction is induced in adult midbrain DA neurons and that neuronal death may be promoted non-cell autonomously by the cross-talk and activation of surrounding glial cells. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons and strongly compromised motor performance. Multiple observations suggest that DA neurons are particularly prone to acquire mitochondrial damage in adult life. This acquired mitochondrial dysfunction likely impairs DA neuron function and contributes to cell death. To study the consequences of adult-onset mitochondrial dysfunction in DA neurons, we generated a conditional activatable knockout mouse model lacking Mitofusin 2, a key regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis. This animal model allows the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction selectively in adult DA neurons and leads to motor defects and the typical pattern of neurodegeneration seen in PD. By studying gene expression in isolated DA neurons at early disease stages and by using in situ approaches on brain sections, we report an early onset of an inflammatory response. Inflammation is present already when the mutant DA neurons display the first signs of mitochondrial fragmentation and precedes the onset of respiratory chain dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The inflammatory response in DA neurons and activation of surrounding glia thus likely exacerbates or drives the neurodegenerative process in this animal model of adult-onset PD.
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21
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Larsen NY, Li X, Tan X, Ji G, Lin J, Rajkowska G, Møller J, Vihrs N, Sporring J, Sun F, Nyengaard JR. Cellular 3D-reconstruction and analysis in the human cerebral cortex using automatic serial sections. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1030. [PMID: 34475516 PMCID: PMC8413324 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques involving three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure reconstruction and analysis provide a better understanding of changes in molecules and function. We have developed AutoCUTS-LM, an automated system that allows the latest advances in 3D tissue reconstruction and cellular analysis developments using light microscopy on various tissues, including archived tissue. The workflow in this paper involved advanced tissue sampling methods of the human cerebral cortex, an automated serial section collection system, digital tissue library, cell detection using convolution neural network, 3D cell reconstruction, and advanced analysis. Our results demonstrated the detailed structure of pyramidal cells (number, volume, diameter, sphericity and orientation) and their 3D spatial organization are arranged in a columnar structure. The pipeline of these combined techniques provides a detailed analysis of tissues and cells in biology and pathology. Nick Larsen et al. developed a pipeline to collect and image serial sections from fixed human cortex, then apply deep learning to detect pyramidal cells from 3D reconstructions of these sections. Their results reiterate that cortical pyramidal cells are organized in a columnar structure and highlight the potential of this method, which is universally applicable to characterize cells for various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Y Larsen
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aalborg, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xixia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueke Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jesper Møller
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aalborg, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ninna Vihrs
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jon Sporring
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aalborg, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Sun
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aalborg, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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22
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Zhang J, Idaji MJ, Villringer A, Nikulin VV. Neuronal biomarkers of Parkinson's disease are present in healthy aging. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118512. [PMID: 34455060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) increases with aging and both processes share similar cellular mechanisms and alterations in the dopaminergic system. Yet it remains to be investigated whether aging can also demonstrate electrophysiological neuronal signatures typically associated with PD. Previous work has shown that phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between the phase of beta oscillations and the amplitude of gamma oscillations as well as beta bursts features can serve as electrophysiological biomarkers for PD. Here we hypothesize that these metrics are also present in apparently healthy elderly subjects. Using resting state multichannel EEG measurements, we show that PAC between beta oscillation and broadband gamma activity (50-150 Hz) is elevated in a group of elderly (59-77 years) compared to young volunteers (20-35 years) without PD. Importantly, the increase of PAC is statistically significant even after ruling out confounds relating to changes in spectral power and non-sinusoidal shape of beta oscillation. Moreover, a trend for a higher percentage of longer beta bursts (> 0.2 s) along with the increase in their incidence rate is also observed for elderly subjects. Using inverse modeling, we further show that elevated PAC and longer beta bursts are most pronounced in the sensorimotor areas. Moreover, we show that PAC and longer beta bursts might reflect distinct mechanisms, since their spatial patterns only partially overlap and the correlation between them is weak. Taken together, our findings provide novel evidence that electrophysiological biomarkers of PD may already occur in apparently healthy elderly subjects. We hypothesize that PAC and beta bursts characteristics in aging might reflect a pre-clinical state of PD and suggest their predictive value to be tested in prospective longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mina Jamshidi Idaji
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Machine Learning Group, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; International Max Planck Research School NeuroCom, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vadim V Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Neurophysics Group, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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von Linstow CU, DeLano-Taylor M, Kordower JH, Brundin P. Does Developmental Variability in the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Affect Individual Risk for Sporadic Parkinson's Disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:405-411. [PMID: 31958098 PMCID: PMC7242832 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorder that is coupled to both widespread protein aggregation and to loss of substantia nigra dopamine (DA) neurons, resulting in a wide variety of motor and non-motor signs and symptoms. Recent findings suggest that the PD process is triggered several years before there is sufficient degeneration of DA neurons to cause onset of overt motor symptoms. According to this concept, the number of DA neurons present in the substantia nigra at birth could influence the time from the molecular triggering event until the clinical diagnosis with lower number of neurons at birth increasing the risk to develop the disease. Conversely, the risk for diagnosis would be reduced if the number of DA neurons is high at birth. In this commentary, we discuss the genetic and epigenetic factors that might influence the number of nigral DA neurons that each individual is born with and how these may be linked to PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merritt DeLano-Taylor
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Cui W, Yang X, Chen X, Xiao D, Zhu J, Zhang M, Qin X, Ma X, Lin Y. Treating LRRK2‐Related Parkinson's Disease by Inhibiting the mTOR Signaling Pathway to Restore Autophagy. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Junyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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25
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Region-specific vulnerability in neurodegeneration: lessons from normal ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101311. [PMID: 33639280 PMCID: PMC8024744 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Why neurodegenerative disease pathology is regionally restricted remains elusive. Regions selectively prone to neurodegeneration are also vulnerable to normal ageing. Nervous system tissue, cellular and molecular ageing may determine regional vulnerability. Differential ageing can conceptually extend from an individual to subcellular scale. An understanding of region-specific vulnerability might guide therapeutic advances.
A number of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), possess a shared characteristic of region-specific neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms which determine why particular regions within the nervous system are selectively vulnerable to neurodegeneration, whilst others remain relatively unaffected throughout disease progression, remain elusive. Here, we review how regional susceptibility to the ubiquitous physiological phenomenon of normal ageing might underlie the vulnerability of these same regions to neurodegeneration, highlighting three regions archetypally associated with AD, PD and ALS (the hippocampus, substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral spinal cord, respectively), as especially prone to age-related alterations. Placing particular emphasis on these three regions, we comprehensively explore differential regional susceptibility to nervous system tissue, cellular and molecular level ageing to provide an integrated perspective on why age-related neurodegenerative diseases exhibit region-selective vulnerability. Combining these principles with increasingly recognised differences between chronological and biological ageing (termed differential or ‘delta’ ageing) might ultimately guide therapeutic approaches for these devastating neurodegenerative diseases, for which a paucity of disease modifying and/or life promoting treatments currently exist.
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LRRK2 at the Crossroad of Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040505. [PMID: 33805527 PMCID: PMC8066012 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread occurrence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The etiology of PD is still far from clear, but aging has been considered as the highest risk factor influencing the clinical presentations and the progression of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that aging and PD induce common changes in multiple cellular functions, including redox imbalance, mitochondria dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. Age-dependent deteriorations in cellular dysfunction may predispose individuals to PD, and cellular damages caused by genetic and/or environmental risk factors of PD may be exaggerated by aging. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant PD and comprise the most common genetic causes of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-linked PD patients show clinical and pathological features indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients. Here, we review cellular dysfunctions shared by aging and PD-associated LRRK2 mutations and discuss how the interplay between the two might play a role in PD pathologies.
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27
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Slomianka L. Basic quantitative morphological methods applied to the central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:694-756. [PMID: 32639600 PMCID: PMC7818269 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Generating numbers has become an almost inevitable task associated with studies of the morphology of the nervous system. Numbers serve a desire for clarity and objectivity in the presentation of results and are a prerequisite for the statistical evaluation of experimental outcomes. Clarity, objectivity, and statistics make demands on the quality of the numbers that are not met by many methods. This review provides a refresher of problems associated with generating numbers that describe the nervous system in terms of the volumes, surfaces, lengths, and numbers of its components. An important aim is to provide comprehensible descriptions of the methods that address these problems. Collectively known as design-based stereology, these methods share two features critical to their application. First, they are firmly based in mathematics and its proofs. Second and critically underemphasized, an understanding of their mathematical background is not necessary for their informed and productive application. Understanding and applying estimators of volume, surface, length or number does not require more of an organizational mastermind than an immunohistochemical protocol. And when it comes to calculations, square roots are the gravest challenges to overcome. Sampling strategies that are combined with stereological probes are efficient and allow a rational assessment if the numbers that have been generated are "good enough." Much may be unfamiliar, but very little is difficult. These methods can no longer be scapegoats for discrepant results but faithfully produce numbers on the material that is assessed. They also faithfully reflect problems that associated with the histological material and the anatomically informed decisions needed to generate numbers that are not only valid in theory. It is within reach to generate practically useful numbers that must integrate with qualitative knowledge to understand the function of neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Slomianka
- University of Zürich, Institute of AnatomyZürichSwitzerland
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28
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Effects of aging on the cholinergic innervation of the rat ventral tegmental area: A stereological study. Exp Gerontol 2021; 148:111298. [PMID: 33652122 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a main role in processing both rewarding and aversive stimuli, and their response to salient stimuli is significantly shaped by afferents originating in the brainstem cholinergic nuclei. Aging is associated with a decline in dopaminergic activity and reduced response to positive reinforcement. We have used stereological techniques to examine, in adult and aged rats, the dopaminergic neurons and the cholinergic innervation of the VTA, and the cholinergic populations of the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei, which are the only source of cholinergic inputs to the VTA. In the VTA, there were no age-related variations in the number and size of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons, but the density of cholinergic varicosities was reduced in aged rats. The total number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive neurons in the PPT and LDT was unchanged, but their somas were hypertrophied in aged rats. Our results suggest that dysfunction of the cholinergic system might contribute for the age-associated deterioration of the brain reward system.
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29
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Bai X, Vajkoczy P, Faust K. Morphological Abnormalities in the Basal Ganglia of Dystonia Patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2021; 99:351-362. [PMID: 33472209 DOI: 10.1159/000512599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathophysiology of dystonia is poorly understood. As opposed to secondary forms of dystonia, primary dystonia has long been believed to lack any neuroanatomical substrate. During trajectory planning for DBS, however, conspicuous T2-hyperinstensive signal alterations (SA) were registered within the target region, even in young patients, where ischemia is rare. METHODS Fifty MRIs of primary dystonia patients scheduled for DBS were analyzed. Total basal ganglia (BG) volumes, as well as proportionate SA volumes, were measured and compared to 50 age-matched control patients. RESULTS There was a 10-fold preponderance of percentaged SA within the globus pallidus (GP) in dystonia patients. The greatest disparity was in young patients <25 years. Also, total BG volume differences were observed with larger GP and markedly smaller putamen and caudate in the dystonia group. CONCLUSIONS BG morphology in primary dystonia differed from a control population. Volume reductions of the putamen and caudate may reflect functional degeneration, while volume increases of the GP may indicate overactivity. T2-hyperintensive SA in the GP of young primary dystonia patients, where microvascular lesions are highly unlikely, are striking. Their pathogenic role remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Faust
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Clinic, Berlin, Germany,
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30
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Gargano A, Beins E, Zimmer A, Bilkei-Gorzo A. Lack of Cannabinoid Receptor Type-1 Leads to Enhanced Age-Related Neuronal Loss in the Locus Coeruleus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010005. [PMID: 33374940 PMCID: PMC7792602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory and others have previously shown that cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1r) activity is neuroprotective and a modulator of brain ageing; a genetic disruption of CB1r signaling accelerates brain ageing, whereas the pharmacological stimulation of CB1r activity had the opposite effect. In this study, we have investigated if the lack of CB1r affects noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), which are vulnerable to age-related changes; their numbers are reduced in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and probably also in healthy aged individuals. Thus, we compared LC neuronal numbers between cannabinoid 1 receptor knockout (Cnr1−/−) mice and their wild-type littermates. Our results reveal that old Cnr1−/− mice have less noradrenergic neurons compared to their age-matched wild-type controls. This result was also confirmed by the analysis of the density of noradrenergic terminals which proved that Cnr1−/− mice had less compared to the wild-type controls. Additionally, we assessed pro-inflammatory glial activity in the LC. Although the density of microglia in Cnr1−/− mice was enhanced, they did not show enhanced inflammatory profile. We hypothesize that CB1r activity is necessary for the protection of noradrenergic neurons, but its anti-inflammatory effect probably only plays a minor role in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gargano
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Eva Beins
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andras Bilkei-Gorzo
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0228-6885-317
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31
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Fan Y, Zeng F, Brown RW, Price JB, Jones TC, Zhu MY. Transcription Factors Phox2a/2b Upregulate Expression of Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Phenotypes in Aged Rat Brains. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:793-807. [PMID: 32617854 PMCID: PMC7484387 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of forced overexpression of Phox2a/2b, two transcription factors, in the locus coeruleus (LC) of aged rats on noradrenergic and dopaminergic phenotypes in brains. Results showed that a significant increase in Phox2a/2b mRNA levels in the LC region was paralleled by marked enhancement in expression of DBH and TH per se. Furthermore, similar increases in TH protein levels were observed in the substantial nigra and striatum, as well as in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Overexpression of Phox2 genes also significantly increased BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and NE levels in the striatum. Moreover, this manipulation significantly improved the cognition behavior. The in vitro experiments revealed that norepinephrine treatments may increase the transcription of TH gene through the epigenetic action on the TH promoter. The results indicate that Phox2 genes may play an important role in improving the function of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in aged animals, and regulation of Phox2 gene expression may have therapeutic utility in aging or disorders involving degeneration of noradrenergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Nantong University College of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Remin Hospital of the Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer B Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Thomas C Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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Hunn BHM, Vingill S, Threlfell S, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Magdelyns M, Deltheil T, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Oliver PL, Cioroch M, Doig NM, Bannerman DM, Cragg SJ, Wade-Martins R. Impairment of Macroautophagy in Dopamine Neurons Has Opposing Effects on Parkinsonian Pathology and Behavior. Cell Rep 2020; 29:920-931.e7. [PMID: 31644913 PMCID: PMC6856726 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and accumulation of α-synuclein. Impaired autophagy has been implicated and activation of autophagy proposed as a treatment strategy. We generate a human α-synuclein-expressing mouse model of PD with macroautophagic failure in dopamine neurons to understand the interaction between impaired macroautophagy and α-synuclein. We find that impaired macroautophagy generates p62-positive inclusions and progressive neuron loss in the SNc. Despite this parkinsonian pathology, motor phenotypes accompanying human α-synuclein overexpression actually improve with impaired macroautophagy. Real-time fast-scan cyclic voltammetry reveals that macroautophagy impairment in dopamine neurons increases evoked extracellular concentrations of dopamine, reduces dopamine uptake, and relieves paired-stimulus depression. Our findings show that impaired macroautophagy paradoxically enhances dopamine neurotransmission, improving movement while worsening pathology, suggesting that changes to dopamine synapse function compensate for and conceal the underlying PD pathogenesis, with implications for therapies that target autophagy. Impaired macroautophagy in DA neurons leads to p62+ inclusions and DA neuron death Macroautophagy impairment increases evoked extracellular DA and reduces DA uptake Impaired macroautophagy improves human α-synuclein overexpression motor phenotypes Paradox of enhanced DA neurotransmission but increased neuropathology in PD model
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H M Hunn
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Siv Vingill
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Sarah Threlfell
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Javier Alegre-Abarrategui
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Morgane Magdelyns
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-neuve, Region Wallone 1348, Belgium
| | - Thierry Deltheil
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Milena Cioroch
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Natalie M Doig
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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Thomas R, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Experimental studies of mitochondrial and lysosomal function in in vitro and in vivo models relevant to Parkinson's disease genetic risk. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:279-302. [PMID: 32739007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have identified the involvement of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. In this review we discuss recent work that has identified deficits in mitophagy, mitochondrial network formation, increased sensitivity to mitochondrial stressors and alterations in proteins regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion associated with patient-derived fibroblasts harboring mutations in LRRK2 gene and from sporadic PD patient cells. We further focus on alterations of lysosomal enzymes, in particular glucocerebrosidase activity, and resultant lipid dyshomeostasis in PD and aging, in human tissue and in vivo rodent models. Future studies aimed at understanding the convergence of mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways will be of essence for the identification of unique cellular defects in PD and for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
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Wang Q, Oyarzabal EA, Song S, Wilson B, Santos JH, Hong JS. Locus coeruleus neurons are most sensitive to chronic neuroinflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:359-368. [PMID: 31923552 PMCID: PMC7316605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) develops over decades through spatiotemporal stages that ascend from the brainstem to the forebrain. The mechanism behind this caudo-rostral neurodegeneration remains largely undefined. In unraveling this phenomenon, we recently developed a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited chronic neuroinflammatory mouse model that displays sequential losses of neurons in brainstem, substantia nigra, hippocampus and cortex. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of caudo-rostral neurodegeneration and focused our efforts on the earliest neurodegeneration of vulnerable noradrenergic locus coeruleus (NE-LC) neurons in the brainstem. We found that compared with neurons in other brain regions, NE-LC neurons in untreated mice displayed high levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress that was severely exacerbated in the presence of LPS-elicited chronic neuroinflammation. In agreement, NE-LC neurons in LPS-treated mice displayed early reduction of complex IV expression and mitochondrial swelling and loss of cristae. Mechanistically, the activation of the superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX2) on NE-LC neurons was essential for their heightened vulnerability during chronic neuroinflammation. LPS induced early and high expressions of NOX2 in NE-LC neurons. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of NOX2 markedly reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in LPS-treated mice. Furthermore, inhibition of NOX2 significantly ameliorated LPS-induced NE-LC neurodegeneration. More importantly, post-treatment with NOX2 inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium when NE-LC neurodegeneration had already begun, still showed high efficacy in protecting NE-LC neurons from degeneration in LPS-treated mice. This study strongly supports that chronic neuroinflammation and NOX2 expression among vulnerable neuronal populations contribute to caudo-rostral degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Esteban A. Oyarzabal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheng Song
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Li S, Liu H, Bian S, Sha X, Li Y, Wang Y. The accelerated aging model reveals critical mechanisms of late-onset Parkinson's disease. BioData Min 2020; 13:4. [PMID: 32536974 PMCID: PMC7288517 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-020-00215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Late-onset Parkinson’s disease (LOPD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and lacks disease-modifying treatments, attracting major attentions as the aggravating trend of aging population. There were numerous evidences supported that accelerated aging was the primary risk factor for LOPD, thus pointed out that the mechanisms of PD should be revealed thoroughly based on aging acceleration. However, how PD was triggered by accelerated aging remained unclear and the systematic prediction model was needed to study the mechanisms of PD. Results In this paper, an improved PD predictor was presented by comparing with the normal aging process, and both aging and PD markers were identified herein using machine learning methods. Based on the aging scores, the aging acceleration network was constructed thereby, where the enrichment analysis shed light on key characteristics of LOPD. As a result, dysregulated energy metabolisms, the cell apoptosis, neuroinflammation and the ion imbalances were identified as crucial factors linking accelerated aging and PD coordinately, along with dysfunctions in the immune system. Conclusions In short, mechanisms between aging and LOPD were integrated by our computational pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Shiyu Bian
- China Medical University, The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Xianzheng Sha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Yixue Li
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031 China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China.,Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001 Liaoning Province China
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Muddapu VR, Dharshini SAP, Chakravarthy VS, Gromiha MM. Neurodegenerative Diseases - Is Metabolic Deficiency the Root Cause? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:213. [PMID: 32296300 PMCID: PMC7137637 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are a prominent class of neurological diseases currently without a cure. They are characterized by an inexorable loss of a specific type of neurons. The selective vulnerability of specific neuronal clusters (typically a subcortical cluster) in the early stages, followed by the spread of the disease to higher cortical areas, is a typical pattern of disease progression. Neurodegenerative diseases share a range of molecular and cellular pathologies, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate toxicity, calcium load, proteolytic stress, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and aging, which contribute to neuronal death. Efforts to treat these diseases are often limited by the fact that they tend to address any one of the above pathological changes while ignoring others. Lack of clarity regarding a possible root cause that underlies all the above pathologies poses a significant challenge. In search of an integrative theory for neurodegenerative pathology, we hypothesize that metabolic deficiency in certain vulnerable neuronal clusters is the common underlying thread that links many dimensions of the disease. The current review aims to present an outline of such an integrative theory. We present a new perspective of neurodegenerative diseases as metabolic disorders at molecular, cellular, and systems levels. This helps to understand a common underlying mechanism of the many facets of the disease and may lead to more promising disease-modifying therapeutic interventions. Here, we briefly discuss the selective metabolic vulnerability of specific neuronal clusters and also the involvement of glia and vascular dysfunctions. Any failure in satisfaction of the metabolic demand by the neurons triggers a chain of events that precipitate various manifestations of neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignayanandam Ravindernath Muddapu
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - S. Akila Parvathy Dharshini
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - M. Michael Gromiha
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Amano R, Toru S, Yamane M, Kitagawa M, Hirokawa K, Uchihara T. Parallel enlargement of Marinesco bodies and nuclei and progressive deposition of p62 in pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra. Neuropathology 2020; 40:328-335. [PMID: 32202001 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marinesco bodies (MBs) are spherical nuclear inclusions found in pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra. Although MBs are abundant in senescent brains, how they are related to aging processes remains unclear. Here, we performed a morphometric analysis of midbrain pigmented neurons to identify the possible influence of MBs on nuclear size. The transected area of the nucleus (nuclear area) was larger in the presence of MBs and was correlated with the area of MB (MB area) in all tested brains. The MB-associated nuclear enlargement was significant even after MB areas were subtracted from nuclear areas. Moreover, higher MB immunoreactivity of p62 was detected in the nucleoplasm of the enlarged MB-associated nuclei. This study on human brains is the first quantitative approach demonstrating MB-associated nuclear enlargement and progressive accumulation of small nucleoplasmic materials. Although cellular hypertrophy is usually considered to be an indication of the upregulation of cellular function, this might not always be the case. These findings suggest that an age-related decline of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy system activity and stagnation of undegradable materials are one of the candidate mechanisms to explain the age-related decline of neural activity in the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Amano
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuta Toru
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Yamane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Pathology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Pathology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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MRI T 2 and T 2* relaxometry to visualize neuromelanin in the dorsal substantia nigra pars compacta. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116625. [PMID: 32058001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualizing gradual changes in neuromelanin distribution within the substantia nigra is an important metric used to monitor the progression of Parkinsonism. This study aimed to identify the origin of the mismatch region between magnetic resonance transverse relaxation times (T2 and T2*) in the substantia nigra and investigate its feasibility and implications for in vivo detection of neuromelanin as a clinical biomarker. The relationships between neuromelanin distribution assessed by histological staining and the area of T2 and T2* mismatch determined by high- and low-resolution magnetic resonance relaxometry at 7T were directly compared in two normal and one depigmented substantia nigra collected at postmortem. In vivo feasibility of assessing T2 and T2* mismatch, clinically, was investigated using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. In the normal postmortem substantia nigra tissue, the T2 and T2* mismatch region exhibiting a linear pattern was strongly colocalized with neuromelanin distribution along the dorsal substantia nigra pars compacta, but a negligible amount of dorsal mismatch was observed in the depigmented brain. The regions of T2 and T2* mismatch from MRI, neuromelanin pigments from histology, and elevated iron signals from mass spectrometry were spatially overlapped for a normal postmortem brain. In preliminary in vivo studies, a similar, linear T2 and T2* mismatch region was observed in the dorsal area of the substantia nigra in eight normal subjects; this mismatch was significantly obscured in eight Parkinson's disease patients. The length of the dorsal linear mismatch line based on the T2*-T2 mask was significantly shorter in the Parkinson's disease patients compared to normal controls; this result was corroborated by reduced striatal uptake of [18F] FP-CIT dopamine transporters assessed by positron emission tomography scans. In conclusion, the measurement of T2 and T2* mismatch could serve as a complementary imaging biomarker to visualize the dorsal region of the substantia nigra pars compacta, which contains large amounts of neuromelanin.
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Regulation of BDNF-TrkB Signaling and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010257. [PMID: 31963575 PMCID: PMC7019526 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB) are widely distributed in multiple regions of the human brain. Specifically, BDNF/TrkB is highly expressed and activated in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and plays a critical role in neurophysiological processes, including neuro-protection and maturation and maintenance of neurons. The activation as well as dysfunction of the BDNF-TrkB pathway are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The expression of BDNF/TrkB in the substantia nigra is significantly reduced in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients. This review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the cellular and molecular roles of BNDF/TrkB signaling and its isoform, TrkB.T1, in Parkinson's disease. We have also discussed the effects of current therapies on BDNF/TrkB signaling in Parkinson's disease patients and the mechanisms underlying the mutation-mediated acquisition of resistance to therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Sergi D, Renaud J, Simola N, Martinoli MG. Diabetes, a Contemporary Risk for Parkinson's Disease: Epidemiological and Cellular Evidences. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:302. [PMID: 31787891 PMCID: PMC6856011 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a group of diseases characterized by defective glucose metabolism, is the most widespread metabolic disorder affecting over 400 million adults worldwide. This pathological condition has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of central encephalopathies and peripheral neuropathies. In further support of this notion, recent epidemiological evidence suggests a link between DM and Parkinson’s disease (PD), with hyperglycemia emerging as one of the culprits in neurodegeneration involving the nigrostriatal pathway, the neuroanatomical substrate of the motor symptoms affecting parkinsonian patients. Indeed, dopaminergic neurons located in the mesencephalic substantia nigra appear to be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress and degeneration, likely because of their intrinsic susceptibility to mitochondrial dysfunction, which may represent a direct consequence of hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. Other pathological pathways induced by increased intracellular glucose levels, including the polyol and the hexosamine pathway as well as the formation of advanced glycation end-products, may all play a pivotal role in mediating the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia on nigral dopaminergic neurons. In this review article, we will examine the epidemiological as well as the molecular and cellular clues supporting the potential susceptibility of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sergi
- Nutrition and Health Substantiation Group, Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justine Renaud
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Institute for Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia Martinoli
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval and CHU Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
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Sadeghi A, Asghari H, Hami J, Mohasel Roodi M, Mostafaee H, Karimipour M, Namavar M, Idoon F. Volumetric investigation of the hippocampus in rat offspring due to diabetes in pregnancy–A stereological study. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 101:101669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bove C, Anselmi L, Travagli RA. Altered gastric tone and motility response to brain-stem dopamine in a rat model of parkinsonism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G1-G7. [PMID: 31042398 PMCID: PMC6689734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00076.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience gastrointestinal dysfunction. Recently, we described a nigro-vagal pathway that uses dopaminergic (DA) inputs to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and A2 area neurons to modulate gastric motility and tone. This pathway is disrupted in a rodent model of PD. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that brain-stem DA modulation of gastric tone and motility is altered in a rodent model of PD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received three weekly intraperitoneal injections of paraquat (10 mg/kg) or saline (control). In naive conditions, microinjection of DA into the DMV induced a gastroinhibitory response in 100% of animals. In 19 of 28 PQ-treated animals, however, microinjection of DA into the DVC induced a biphasic response, with an initial increase in gastric tone and motility followed by a profound gastroinhibition. The excitatory response to DA microinjection was attenuated by a combination of DA type 1 (DA1)- and DA2-like receptor antagonists. Conversely, the inhibitory response was reduced by the DA2-like receptor antagonist only. Pretreatment with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine did not modulate the response to DA, thus excluding involvement of the A2 area. At the end of the experiments, induction of the Parkinson phenotype was confirmed by the presence of α-synuclein immunoreactivity in the DMV and substantia nigra pars compacta. These data suggest a maladaptive neural plasticity in brain-stem vagal circuits regulating gastric motility in PQ-treated rats that may be responsible for the gastric dysfunction observed in PD models. NEW & NOTEWORTHY After paraquat treatment and induction of Parkinson's disease, brain-stem dopamine (DA) application induces a biphasic gastric response in the majority of rats, with an initial increase in tone and motility followed by gastroinhibition. The initial increase in gastric tone and motility is mediated via a combined activation of DA type 1 (DA1)- and DA2-like receptors. The inhibitory effects of DA are mediated by DA2-like receptors and are not affected by blockade of adrenergic inputs mediated by α2-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bove
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Anselmi
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - R. Alberto Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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45
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Salkov VN, Khudoerkov RM. Neurochemical and Morphological Changes in the Microstructures of the Compact Part of the Substantia Nigra of the Human Brain in Aging and Parkinson’s Disease (Literature Review). ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s207905701902019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Uhl GR. Dopamine compartmentalization, selective dopaminergic vulnerabilities in Parkinson's disease and therapeutic opportunities. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:406-415. [PMID: 30847375 PMCID: PMC6389739 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive depletion of selected dopamine neurons is central to much Parkinson's disease (PD) disability. Although symptomatic treatments can ameliorate the disabilities that this neuronal depletion causes, no current strategy is documented to slow these losses. There is substantial evidence that dopamine in intracytoplasmic/extravesicular neuronal compartments can be toxic. Here, I review evidence that supports roles for dopamine compartmentalization, mediated largely by serial actions of plasma membrane SLC6A3/DAT and vesicular SLC18A2/VMAT2 transporters, in the selective patterns of dopamine neuronal loss found in PD brains. This compartmentalization hypothesis for the dopamine cell type specificity of PD lesions nominates available drugs for amelioration of damage arising from miscompartmentalized dopamine and raises cautions in using other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Uhl
- Neurology and Research ServicesNew Mexico VA HealthCare SystemAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87108
- Biomedical Research Institute of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87108
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87108
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimoreMaryland21287
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Iacono D, Geraci-Erck M, Peng H, Rabin ML, Kurlan R. Hypertrophy of nigral neurons in Torsin1A deletion (DYT1) carriers manifesting dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 58:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Lynch WB, Tschumi CW, Sharpe AL, Branch SY, Chen C, Ge G, Li S, Beckstead MJ. Progressively disrupted somatodendritic morphology in dopamine neurons in a mouse Parkinson's model. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1928-1937. [PMID: 30440089 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to severe motor deficits. Although the disease likely begins to develop years before observable motor symptoms, the specific morphological and functional alterations involved are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES MitoPark mice lack the gene coding for mitochondrial transcription factor A specifically in dopamine neurons, which over time produces a progressive decline of neuronal function and related behavior that phenotypically mirrors human parkinsonism. Our previous work identified a progressive decrease in cell capacitance in dopamine neurons from MitoPark mice, possibly suggesting reduced membrane surface area. We therefore sought to identify and quantify somatodendritic parameters in this model across age. METHODS We used whole-cell patch clamp and fluorescent labeling to quantify somatodendritic morphology of single, neurobiotin-filled dopamine neurons in acutely isolated brain slices from MitoPark mice. RESULTS We found that MitoPark mice exhibit an adult-onset, age-dependent reduction of neuritic branching and soma size in dopamine neurons. This decline proceeds similarly in MitoPark mice of both sexes, but does not begin until after the age that early decrements in ion channel physiology and behavior have previously been observed. CONCLUSIONS A progressive and severe decline in somatodendritic morphology occurs prior to cell death, but is not responsible for the subtle decrements observable in the earliest stages of neurodegeneration. This work could help identify the ideal time window for specific treatments to halt disease progression and avert debilitating motor deficits in Parkinson's patients. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Lynch
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher W Tschumi
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda L Sharpe
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sarah Y Branch
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Cang Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Guo Ge
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Senlin Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Xing Y, Sapuan A, Dineen RA, Auer DP. Life span pigmentation changes of the substantia nigra detected by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1792-1799. [PMID: 30423212 PMCID: PMC6659388 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuromelanin is a pigment with strong iron‐chelating properties preferentially found in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Parkinson's disease is characterized by pronounced, MRI‐detectable neuromelanin loss, but the neuroprotective or neurotoxic role of neuromelanin remains debated. Histological studies have demonstrated neuromelanin increases with age, but this has not been confirmed in vivo, and there is uncertainty whether neuromelanin declines, stabilizes, or increases from middle age. Methods: This study aimed to establish physiological changes of pigmentation of the SNpc using a pooled data set of neuromelanin‐sensitive 3T MRI from 134 healthy individuals aged 5‐83 years. Neuromelanin‐related brightness (regional contrast to ratio) and calibrated hyperintense volumes were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regression models to characterize age effects. Laterality, sex, and subregional effects were also assessed. Results: For brightness, age effects were best described as a quadratic trajectory explaining 81.5% of the observed variance in the SNpc showing a strong increase from childhood to adolescence, with plateauing in middle age and a decline in older age. Similar but less pronounced effects were seen in hyperintense volumes. We also show an anterior‐posterior gradient in SNpc contrast, larger normalized neuromelanin‐rich volume in women > 47 years old, but no laterality effect. Conclusions: Using optimized neuromelanin MRI in a life span sample, we demonstrate a strong age effect with inverted U‐shaped SNpc pigmentation‐related contrast from childhood to old age. This age trajectory of physiological SNpc pigmentation needs to be taken into account for diagnostic applications of depigmentation. The study also paves the way for systematic investigations of the mechanisms of neuromelanin in healthy and pathological brain development and aging. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xing
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abdul Sapuan
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rob A Dineen
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dorothee P Auer
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
By 2050, the aging population is predicted to expand by over 100%. Considering this rapid growth, and the additional strain it will place on healthcare resources because of age-related impairments, it is vital that researchers gain a deeper understanding of the cellular interactions that occur with normal aging. A variety of mammalian cell types have been shown to become compromised with age, each with a unique potential to contribute to disease formation in the aging body. Astrocytes represent the largest group of glial cells and are responsible for a variety of essential functions in the healthy central nervous system (CNS). Like other cell types, aging can cause a loss of normal function in astrocytes which reduces their ability to properly maintain a healthy CNS environment, negatively alters their interactions with neighboring cells, and contribute to the heightened inflammatory state characteristic of aging. The goal of this review article is to consolidate the knowledge and research to date regarding the role of astrocytes in aging. In specific, this review article will focus on the morphology and molecular profile of aged astrocytes, the consequence of astrocyte dysfunction on homeostatic functions during aging, and the role of astrocytes in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Palmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shalina S Ousman
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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