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Liang L, Zhang J, Duan H, Li X, Xie S, Wang C. Effects of spray cryotherapy on cough receptors and airway microenvironment in a canine model of chronic bronchitis. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104569. [PMID: 37597598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of spray cryotherapy (SCT) on cough receptors and airway microenvironment in a canine model of chronic bronchitis. We examined the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1/4 (TRPV1/4) and the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) at the gene and protein levels before and after SCT. In addition, we explored whether TRPV1/4 could regulate inflammatory factors via mediator adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The levels of ATP and cytokines in alveolar lavage fluid and cell supernatant were measured using ELISA. SCT effectively downregulated the expression of TRPV1/4 and SP/CGRP in canine airway tissues with chronic bronchitis and reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines that affect cough receptor sensitivity, achieving cough relief. TRPV1/4 - ATP - inflammatory cytokines axis has been demonstrated at the cellular level, which in turn modulate the milieu of the airways and promote the formation of a cough feedback loop. Our study has fully revealed the specific mechanism of SCT in treating cough in a canine model of chronic bronchitis, providing a solid theoretical basis for future clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jushan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shuanshuan Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Changhui Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Nie Y, Liang J, Sun J, Li J, Zhai X, Zhao P. Orexin A alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting macrophage activation through JNK-mediated autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111018. [PMID: 37801969 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between the central nervous system and immune system by the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems is critical during the inflammatory response. Exposure to endotoxin alters the activity of hypothalamic homeostatic systems, resulting in changed transmitter release within the brain. This study investigated the effects and cellular molecular mechanisms of neurogenic and exogenous orexin-A (OXA) in LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We found the production of OXA in the hypothalamus and lungs was both decreased following LPS infection. LPS-induced lung injury including the destruction of the structure, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokines generation was aggravated in mice in which orexin neurons were lesioned with the neurotoxin orexin-saporin (orexin-SAP). Administration of exogenous OXA greatly improved lung pathology and reduced inflammatory response. Orexin receptors were found in cultured mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and lung macrophages (LMs), adoptive transfer of OXA-treated macrophages showed alleviative lung injury compared to adoptive transfer of macrophages without OXA treatment. Mechanistically, it is the induction of autophagy via JNK activation that is responsible for OXA to suppress macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These findings highlight the importance of neuro-immune crosstalk and indicate that OXA may be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Nie
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Junjie Liang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi 214000, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaorun Zhai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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3
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Futagami S, Kessoku T, Kasai Y, Higurashi T, Nakajima A, Agawa S, Yamawaki H, Nakamura K, Habiro M, Kawawa R, Ueki N, Higashida S, Watanabe Y, Yamato H, Yamamoto T, Takasaki Y, Ito K, Hojo M, Isayama H, Motoda N, Ohashi R, Siah KTH, Ng CK, Gwee KA. Comparison of pancreatic enzyme abnormalities and protease-activated receptor-2-positive eosinophils in the duodenum of patients with functional dyspepsia-irritable bowel syndrome overlap with functional dyspepsia alone in Asian populations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1778-1786. [PMID: 37278449 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Some patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders exhibit pancreatic dysfunctions and pancreatic enzyme abnormalities. Thus, we aimed to clarify whether significant differences in clinical characteristics, prevalence of pancreatic enzyme abnormalities, duodenal inflammation, and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) expression levels related to hypersensitivity exist between functional dyspepsia (FD) alone and FD-irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) overlap group. METHODS Ninety-three patients based on the Rome IV criteria, FD alone (n = 44) and FD overlapped with IBS (n = 49) group were enrolled. The patients scored their own clinical symptoms after consuming high-fat meals. Serum trypsin, PLA2, lipase, p-amylase, and elastase-1 levels were measured. PAR2, eotaxin-3, and TRPV4 mRNA levels in duodenum were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. PRG2- and PAR2 in the duodenum were evaluated using immunostaining. RESULTS FD score and global GSRS in patients with FD-IBS overlap were significantly higher than FD alone. Although the prevalence of pancreatic enzyme abnormalities in patients with FD alone was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that in FD-IBS overlap, the ratio of aggravation of clinical symptoms following high-fat intake in patients with FD-IBS overlap was significantly higher (P = 0.007) than that in patients with FD alone. PAR2- and PRG2-double positive cells were localized in the degranulated eosinophils in the duodenum of patients with FD-IBS overlap. The number of PAR2- and PRG2-double positive cells in FD-IBS overlap was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than FD alone. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic enzyme abnormalities and PAR2 expression on degranulated eosinophils infiltrations in the duodenum may be associated with the pathophysiology of patients with FD-IBS overlap in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Futagami
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kasai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Agawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamawaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Habiro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kawawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobue Ueki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Higashida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kawasaki Rinko General Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hojo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Motoda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kewin Tien Ho Siah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kok-Ann Gwee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Stomach, Liver and Bowel Clinic, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore
- The Gastroenterology Group, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore
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Zhang X, Zhu L, Wang X, Xia L, Zhang Y. Advances in the role and mechanism of miRNA in inflammatory pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114463. [PMID: 36868014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a distressing experience associated with tissue damage or potential tissue damage, and its occurrence is related to sensory, emotional, cognitive and social factors. Inflammatory pain is one of the chronic pains where pain hypersensitivity are functional features of inflammation used to protect tissues from further damage. Pain has a serious impact on people's lives and has become a social problem that cannot be ignored. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that exert directing effects on RNA silencing by complementary binding to the 3'UTR of target mRNA. MiRNAs can target a number of protein-coding genes and participate in almost all developmental and pathological processes in animals. Growing studies have suggested that miRNAs have significant implications for inflammatory pain via participating in multiple processes during the occurrence and development, such as affecting the activation of glial cells, regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting central and peripheral sensitization. In this review, the advances in the role of miRNAs in inflammatory pain were discussed. miRNAs as a class of micro-mediators are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for inflammatory pain, which provides a better diagnostic and treatment approach for inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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Luo Z, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zeng H, Yi M, Li P, Pan J, Zhu C, Lin N, Liang S, Verkhratsky A, Nie H. Polyphyllin VI screened from Chonglou by cell membrane immobilized chromatography relieves inflammatory pain by inhibiting inflammation and normalizing the expression of P2X 3 purinoceptor. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1117762. [PMID: 36865911 PMCID: PMC9971013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1117762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inflammatory pain is one of the most common diseases in daily life and clinic. In this work, we analysed bioactive components of the traditional Chinese medicine Chonglou and studied mechanisms of their analgesic effects. Material and methods: Molecular docking technology and U373 cells overexpressing P2X3 receptors combined with the cell membrane immobilized chromatography were used to screen possible CL bioactive molecules interacting with the P2X3 receptor. Moreover, we investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Polyphyllin VI (PPIV), in mice with chronic neuroinflammatory pain induced by CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant). Results: The results of cell membrane immobilized chromatography and molecular docking showed that PPVI was one of the effective compounds of Chonglou. In mice with CFA-induced chronic neuroinflammatory pain, PPVI decreased the thermal paw withdrawal latency and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and diminished foot edema. Additionally, in mice with CFA-induced chronic neuroinflammatory pain, PPIV reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and downregulated the expression of P2X3 receptors in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Conclusion: Our work identifies PPVI as a potential analgesic component in the Chonglou extract. We demonstrated that PPVI reduces pain by inhibiting inflammation and normalizing P2X3 receptor expression in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Luo
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hekun Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqin Yi
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqin Pan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Alexei Verkhratsky, ; Hong Nie,
| | - Hong Nie
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Alexei Verkhratsky, ; Hong Nie,
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Camilleri M, Zhernakova A, Bozzarelli I, D'Amato M. Genetics of irritable bowel syndrome: shifting gear via biobank-scale studies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:689-702. [PMID: 35948782 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial and probably involves genetic predisposition and the effect of environmental factors. Unlike other gastrointestinal diseases with a heritable component, genetic research in IBS has been scarce and mostly characterized by small underpowered studies, leading to inconclusive results. The availability of genomic and health-related data from large international cohorts and population-based biobanks offers unprecedented opportunities for long-awaited, well-powered genetic studies in IBS. This Review focuses on the latest advances that provide compelling evidence for the importance of genes involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, ion channel function, neurotransmitters and their receptors, neuronal pathways and the control of gut motility. These discoveries have generated novel information that might be further refined for the identification of predisposed individuals and selection of management strategies for patients. This Review presents a conceptual framework, the advantages and potential limitations of modern genetic research in IBS, and a summary of available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mauro D'Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE - BRTA, Derio, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. .,Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy.
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7
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Kudsi SQ, Piccoli BC, Ardisson-Araújo D, Trevisan G. Transcriptional landscape of TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPV4, and TRPM8 channels throughout human tissues. Life Sci 2022; 308:120977. [PMID: 36126722 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This article aims to analyze the baseline distribution of TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV4, and TRPM8 channels in human systems at the transcriptional level. MAIN METHODS Using the RNA-seq dataset from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) gene database, we investigated and compared the transcriptional levels of TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPV4 and TRPM8 found in 95 human subjects representing 33 different tissues to determine the tissue specificity of all protein-coding genes. KEY FINDING In this study, we observed higher transcriptional levels for TRPV1 (duodenum), TRPA1 (Urinary bladder), TRPV4 (Kidney) and TRPM8 (Prostate) compared to the other TRPs. SIGNIFICANCE These channels are involved in developing inflammatory and painful pathologies and seem to participate in cancer development. This information on transcriptional levels of TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPV4 and TRPM8 in human systems may provide essential suggestions for further studies on these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Qader Kudsi
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Candia Piccoli
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ardisson-Araújo
- Laboratory of Baculovirus, Cell Biology Department, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Pathophysiology of Diverticular Disease: From Diverticula Formation to Symptom Generation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126698. [PMID: 35743141 PMCID: PMC9223421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverticular disease is a common clinical problem, particularly in industrialized countries. In most cases, colonic diverticula remain asymptomatic throughout life and sometimes are found incidentally during colonic imaging in colorectal cancer screening programs in otherwise healthy subjects. Nonetheless, roughly 25% of patients bearing colonic diverticula develop clinical manifestations. Abdominal symptoms associated with diverticula in the absence of inflammation or complications are termed symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD). The pathophysiology of diverticular disease as well as the mechanisms involved in the shift from an asymptomatic condition to a symptomatic one is still poorly understood. It is accepted that both genetic factors and environment, as well as intestinal microenvironment alterations, have a role in diverticula development and in the different phenotypic expressions of diverticular disease. In the present review, we will summarize the up-to-date knowledge on the pathophysiology of diverticula and their different clinical setting, including diverticulosis and SUDD.
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Hussein MRA, Al Bshabshe A, Elhakeem AA, Elsamman MK. Neurogenic Appendicitis: A Reappraisal of the Clinicopathological Features and Pathogenesis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061386. [PMID: 35741196 PMCID: PMC9222018 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1921; Masson and Maresch first coined the term “neurogenic appendicitis (NA)” to describe “neuroma-like” lesions in the appendix. To date, our knowledge about NA is limited; therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the literature (1921 to 2020) to examine the clinicopathological features of NA. We also addressed the pathophysiology of acute abdominal pain and fibrosis in this entity. We performed a meta-analysis study by searching the PubMed database, using several keywords, such as: “appendix,” “neurogenic,” “obliterative,” “neuroma,” “fibrous obliteration,” “appendicopathy,” and “appendicitis.” Our study revealed that patients with NA usually present clinically with features of acute appendicitis, bud2t they have grossly unremarkable appendices. Histologically, the central appendiceal neuroma was the most common histological variant of NA, followed by the submucosal and intramucosal variants. To conclude, NA represents a form of neuroinflammation. The possibility of NA should be considered in patients with clinical features of acute appendicitis who intraoperatively show a grossly unremarkable appendix. Neuroinflammation and neuropeptides play roles in the development of pain and fibrosis in NA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Al Bshabshe
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62527, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Mahmoud Kamal Elsamman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82725, Egypt;
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Gu X, Zhou W, Han J. Factors Affecting the Readmission of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer after Surgery. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:6106914. [PMID: 35528536 PMCID: PMC9076323 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest solid malignancies. Its surgical resection is technically very challenging and has a high risk of complications even after discharge. This study analyzed the risk factors associated with unplanned readmission after pancreatic cancer surgery. Methods Pancreatic cancer patients who were readmitted within 30 days after surgery were classified as the observation group, while those not readmitted within 30 days postsurgery were classified as the control group. The serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones, stress hormones, and peripheral immune cells of the two groups were compared at different intervals. Results No significant differences in gender and age were observed between the two groups. At 7, 14, and 21 days postsurgery, the levels of gastrointestinal hormones motilin, gastrin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and growth hormone-releasing peptide of the observation group were lower than the control group, while the levels of adrenocorticotropin, renin, angiotensin, and plasma aldosterone of the observation group were significantly higher than the control group. In addition, compared to the control group, lower levels of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and NKT cells and higher levels of Treg, Breg, and MDSC cells were observed in the peripheral blood of the observation group. Conclusion The serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones, stress hormones, and peripheral immune cells could be associated with the risk of unplanned readmission within 30 days after pancreatic cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Gu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Juan Han
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Fan H, Wu Z, Zhu D, Gu J, Xu M, Zhang M, Duan H, Li Y, Chen T. Proanthocyanidins Inhibit the Transmission of Spinal Pain Information Through a Presynaptic Mechanism in a Mouse Inflammatory Pain Model. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:804722. [PMID: 35185451 PMCID: PMC8850919 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.804722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is one of the most common symptoms of clinical pain that seriously affects patient quality of life, but it currently has limited therapeutic options. Proanthocyanidins, a group of polyphenols enriched in plants and foods, have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory pain-alleviating effects. However, the mechanism by which proanthocyanidins relieve inflammatory pain in the central nervous system is unclear. In the present study, we observed that intrathecal injection of proanthocyanidins inhibited mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity in mice with inflammatory pain induced by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) injection. Electrophysiological results further showed that proanthocyanidins inhibited the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents without affecting the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents or the intrinsic properties of parabrachial nucleus-projecting neurons in the spinal cord. The effect of proanthocyanidins may be mediated by their inhibition of phosphorylated activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway molecules in dorsal root ganglia neurons. In summary, intrathecal injection of procyanidin induces an obvious anti-inflammatory pain effect in mice by inhibiting peripheral excitatory inputs to spinal neurons that send nociceptive information to supraspinal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Epilepsy Center of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - DaYu Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Junxiang Gu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mang Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haokai Duan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Chen,
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12
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Osadchuk MA, Svistunov AA, Balashov DV, Osadchuk MM. Functional dyspepsia: a multifaceted problem in gastroenterology. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 93:1539-1544. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.12.201190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The article presents the views on dyspepsia in world practice, data on the difficulties of diagnosis and the problem of the effectiveness of various therapy regimens. Particular attention is paid to the use of fixed forms of drugs for functional dyspepsia, in particular Omez DSR.
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13
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Li J, Kang R, Tang D. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of perineural invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:642-660. [PMID: 34264020 PMCID: PMC8360640 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignant disease with a unique tumor microenvironment surrounded by an interlaced network of cancer and noncancerous cells. Recent works have revealed that the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and neuronal cells leads to perineural invasion (PNI), a clinical pathological feature of PDAC. The formation and function of PNI are dually regulated by molecular (e.g., involving neurotrophins, cytokines, chemokines, and neurotransmitters), metabolic (e.g., serine metabolism), and cellular mechanisms (e.g., involving Schwann cells, stromal cells, T cells, and macrophages). Such integrated mechanisms of PNI not only support tumor development, growth, invasion, and metastasis but also mediate the formation of pain, all of which are closely related to poor disease prognosis in PDAC. This review details the modulation, signaling pathways, detection, and clinical relevance of PNI and highlights the opportunities for further exploration that may benefit PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Li
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
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14
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Wang C, Fang X. Inflammation and Overlap of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Dyspepsia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 27:153-164. [PMID: 33795538 PMCID: PMC8026374 DOI: 10.5056/jnm20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) are common functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and account for a large proportion of consulting patients. These 2 disorders overlap with each other frequently. The pathogenesis of IBS or FD is complicated and multi-factors related, in which infectious or non-infectious inflammation and local or systemic immune response play significant roles. There are few studies focusing on the mechanism of inflammation in patients with overlap syndrome of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia (IBS-FD). This review focuses on current advances about the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of IBS and FD and the possible mechanism of inflammation in IBS-FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiucai Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Neural Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia in a Case of Chronic Ovine Pancreatitis. J Comp Pathol 2021; 185:1-7. [PMID: 34119226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nerves can be severely reshaped in human pancreatic diseases such as chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer, in which pancreatic nerves can undergo hypertrophy or hyperplasia. This neural plasticity is associated with neuropathic pain. Although there are several animal models of CP, pancreatic neuropathy is not well-characterized. Thus, the translational value of these in-vivo models cannot be entirely ascertained for the study of neural plasticity. We now describe spontaneous alterations characteristic of pancreatic neural plasticity in a lamb. Microscopic lesions of chronic sclerosing pancreatitis were associated with neuronal hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Although CP and pancreatic tumours are common in many animal species, to the authors' knowledge, spontaneous occurrence of associated pancreatic neural plasticity has not been reported in any non-human species. Sheep might be a suitable animal model for the study of this condition.
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16
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Gottfried-Blackmore A, Habtezion A, Nguyen L. Noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation for gastroenterology pain disorders. Pain Manag 2021; 11:89-96. [PMID: 33111642 PMCID: PMC7787175 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal pain continues to be a major challenge and unmet need in clinical practice. Normalization of bidirectional gut-brain signaling has generated much interest as a therapeutic approach to treat chronic abdominal pain. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is emerging as a potential non-pharmacologic strategy for the treatment of abdominal pain. In this review paper, we will summarize the etiologies of chronic pain in gastrointestinal disorders and discuss the rational for VNS as a therapeutic approach to chronic abdominal pain, with particular emphasis in the gammaCore stimulator which allows for noninvasive VNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gottfried-Blackmore
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Saricaoglu ÖC, Teller S, Wang X, Wang S, Stupakov P, Heinrich T, Istvanffy R, Friess H, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Localisation analysis of nerves in the mouse pancreas reveals the sites of highest nerve density and nociceptive innervation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13880. [PMID: 32406093 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathy and neuro-inflammation drive the severe pain and disease progression in human chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Mice, especially genetically induced-mouse models, have been increasingly utilized in mechanistic research on pancreatic neuropathy, but the normal "peripheral neurobiology" of the mouse pancreas has not yet been critically compared to human pancreas. METHODS We introduced a standardized tissue-harvesting technique that preserves the anatomic orientation of the mouse pancreas and allows complete sectioning in an anterior to posterior fashion. We applied immunohistochemistry and quantitative colorimetry of all nerves from the whole organ for studying pancreatic neuro-anatomy. KEY RESULTS Nerves in the mouse pancreas appeared as "clusters" of nerve trunks in contrast to singly distributed nerve trunks in the human pancreas. Nerve trunks in the mouse pancreas were exclusively found around intrapancreatic blood vessels, and around lymphoid structures. The majority of nerve trunks were located in the pancreatic head (0.15 ± 0.08% of tissue area) and the anterior/front surface of the corpus/body (0.17 ± 0.27%), thus significantly more than in the tail (0.02 ± 0.02%, P = .006). Nerves in the tail included a higher proportion of nociceptive fibers, but the absolute majority, ie, ca. 70%, of all nociceptive fibers, were localized in the head. Mice heterozygous for Bdnf knockout allele (Bdnf+/- ) exhibited enrichment of nitrergic nerve fibers specifically in the head and corpus. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Neuro-anatomy of the "mesenteric type" mouse pancreas is highly different from the "compact" human pancreas. Studies that aim at reproducing human pancreatic neuro-phenomena in mouse models should pay diligent attention to these anatomic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Cemil Saricaoglu
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shenghan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pavel Stupakov
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Heinrich
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rouzanna Istvanffy
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany
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18
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Sarnelli G, Pesce M, Seguella L, Lu J, Efficie E, Tack J, Elisa De Palma FD, D’Alessandro A, Esposito G. Impaired Duodenal Palmitoylethanolamide Release Underlies Acid-Induced Mast Cell Activation in Functional Dyspepsia. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:841-855. [PMID: 33065341 PMCID: PMC7858681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acid hypersensitivity is claimed to be a symptomatic trigger in functional dyspepsia (FD); however, the neuroimmune pathway(s) and the mediators involved in this process have not been investigated systematically. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous compound, able to modulate nociception and inflammation, but its role in FD has not been assessed. METHODS Duodenal biopsy specimens from FD and control subjects, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) null mice were cultured at a pH of 3.0 and 7.4. Mast cell (MC) number, the release of their mediators, and the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor (TRPV)1 and TRPV4, were evaluated. All measurements also were performed in the presence of a selective blocker of neuronal action potential (tetradotoxin). FD and control biopsy specimens in acidified medium also were incubated in the presence of different PEA concentrations, alone or combined with a selective PPARα or PPAR-γ antagonist. RESULTS An acid-induced increase in MC density and the release of their mediators were observed in both dyspeptic patients and controls; however, this response was amplified significantly in FD. This effect was mediated by submucosal nerve fibers and up-regulation of TRPV1 and TRPV4 receptors because pretreatment with tetradotoxin significantly reduced MC infiltration. The acid-induced endogenous release of PEA was impaired in FD and its exogenous administration counteracts MC activation and TRPV up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS Duodenal acid exposure initiates a cascade of neuronal-mediated events culminating in MC activation and TRPV overexpression. These phenomena are consequences of an impaired release of endogenous PEA. PEA might be regarded as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Naples, Italy,United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Chair, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Giovanni Sarnelli, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Via Pansini 5 80131, Naples, Italy. fax: (39) 0817463892.
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Domenica Elisa De Palma
- Centro Ingegneria Genetica-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a rl, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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Goldsteen PA, Dolga AM, Gosens R. Advanced Modeling of Peripheral Neuro-Effector Communication and -Plasticity. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:348-357. [PMID: 32783607 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00010.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) plays crucial roles in physiology and disease. Neuro-effector communication and neuroplasticity of the PNS are poorly studied, since suitable models are lacking. The emergence of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has great promise to resolve this deficit. hPSC-derived PNS neurons, integrated into organ-on-a-chip systems or organoid cultures, allow co-cultures with cells of the local microenvironment to study neuro-effector interactions and to probe mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pien A Goldsteen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Demir E, Safak O, Friess H, Demir IE. Pain in chronic pancreatitis: mechanics or molecules? Pain Manag 2020; 10:205-208. [PMID: 32677878 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Okan Safak
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modelling & Targeting Pancreatic Cance
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modelling & Targeting Pancreatic Cance.,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkeyr
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21
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Aspirin Administration Affects Neurochemical Characterization of Substance P-Like Immunoreactive (SP-LI) Nodose Ganglia Neurons Supplying the Porcine Stomach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1049179. [PMID: 32626731 PMCID: PMC7306837 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1049179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a commonly used anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic drug, which has many side effects on the gastric mucosal layer. Despite this, knowledge concerning the influence of ASA on neuronal cells supplying the stomach is very scanty. Methods This investigation was performed on ten immature gilts of the Large White Polish race divided into two groups (five animals in each): a control group and animals which were treated with ASA. The retrograde neuronal tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the prepyloric region of the stomach in all animals. ASA was then given orally to the experimental (ASA) group of gilts from the seventh day after FB injection to the 27th day of the experiment. After this period, all animals were euthanized. Immediately after euthanasia, nodose ganglia (NG) were collected and subjected to a standard double-labelling immunofluorescence technique using antibodies directed toward substance P (SP) and other selected neuronal factors, such as galanin (GAL), neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Key Results. The obtained results show that SP-LI neurons located in NG supplying the porcine stomach were also immunoreactive to all the above-mentioned neuronal factors. Moreover, ASA administration caused an increase in the degree of colocalization of SP with other neuronal active substances, and the most visible changes concerned the number of neurons simultaneously immunoreactive to SP and CGRP. Conclusions and Inferences. These observations indicate that the population of SP-LI neurons supplying the stomach is not homogeneous and may undergo changes after ASA administration. These changes are probably connected with inflammatory processes and/or neuroprotective reactions although their exact mechanisms remain unknown.
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22
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Tharmaradinam S, Kanthan S, Kanthan R. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and hyperganglionosis - Cause or effect? A review. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152879. [PMID: 32089409 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tharmaradinam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - S Kanthan
- Division of General Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - R Kanthan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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23
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Dangerous Liaison: Helicobacter pylori, Ganglionitis, and Myenteric Gastric Neurons: A Histopathological Study. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2019; 2019:3085181. [PMID: 32082967 PMCID: PMC7012220 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3085181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays a major role in development of gastric cancer. However, recent findings suggested that progression of inflammation and neoplastic transformation in H. pylori infection are more complex than previously believed and could involve different factors that modulate gastric microenvironment and influence host-pathogen interaction. Among these factors, gastric myenteric plexus and its potential adaptive changes in H. pylori infection received little attention. This study is aimed at identifying the impact of H. pylori-associated gastritis on number and morphology of nerve cells in the stomach. The distribution of density, inflammation, and programmed cell death in neurons was immunohistochemically assessed in full-thickness archival tissue samples obtained from 40 patients with H. pylori infection who underwent surgery for gastric cancer and were compared with findings on samples collected from 40 age- and sex-matched subjects without bacteria. Overall, significant differences were noted between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative patients. The analysis of tissue specimens obtained from those with infection revealed higher density and larger surface of the myenteric nervous plexus, as well as a significant increase in the number of gastric neuronal cell bodies and glial cells compared to controls. A predominant CD3-immunoreactive T cell infiltrate confined to the myenteric plexus was observed in infected subjects. The presence of mature B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils was also noted, but to a lesser extent, within the ganglia. Myenteric ganglionitis was associated with degeneration and neuronal loss. Our results represent the first histopathological evidence supporting the hypothesis that H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation may induce morphological changes in myenteric gastric ganglia. These findings could help gain understanding of some still unclear aspects of pathogenesis of H. pylori infection, with the possibility of having broader implications for gastric cancer progression.
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24
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Besecker EM, Blanke EN, Deiter GM, Holmes GM. Gastric vagal afferent neuropathy following experimental spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113092. [PMID: 31697943 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic impairment of gastrointestinal (GI) function accompanies high-thoracic spinal cord injury (T3-SCI). The vagus nerve contains mechano- and chemosensory fibers as well as the motor fibers necessary for the central nervous system (CNS) control of GI reflexes. Cell bodies for the vagal afferent fibers are located within the nodose gangla (NG) and the majority of vagal afferent axons are unmyelinated C fibers that are sensitive to capsaicin through activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels. Vagal afferent fibers also express receptors for GI hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK). Previously, T3-SCI provokes a transient GI inflammatory response as well as a reduction of both gastric emptying and centrally-mediated vagal responses to GI peptides, including CCK. TRPV1 channels and CCK-A receptors (CCKar) expressed in vagal afferents are upregulated in models of visceral inflammation. The present study investigated whether T3-SCI attenuates peripheral vagal afferent sensitivity through plasticity of TRPV1 and CCK receptors. Vagal afferent response to graded mechanical stimulation of the stomach was significantly attenuated by T3-SCI at 3-day and 3-week recovery. Immunocytochemical labeling for CCKar and TRPV1 demonstrated expression on dissociated gastric-projecting NG neurons. Quantitative assessment of mRNA expression by qRT-PCR revealed significant elevation of CCKar and TRPV1 in the whole NG following T3-SCI in 3-day recovery, but levels returned to normal after 3-weeks. Three days after injury, systemic administration of CCK-8 s showed a significantly diminished gastric vagal afferent response in T3-SCI rats compared to control rats while systemic capsaicin infusion revealed a significant elevation of vagal response in T3-SCI vs control rats. These findings demonstrate that T3-SCI provokes peripheral remodeling and prolonged alterations in the response of vagal afferent fibers to the physiological signals associated with digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Besecker
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States of America; Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA 17325, United States of America
| | - Emily N Blanke
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States of America
| | - Gina M Deiter
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States of America
| | - Gregory M Holmes
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States of America.
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25
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Talavera K, Startek JB, Alvarez-Collazo J, Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, Naert R, Nilius B. Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential TRPA1 Channels: From Structure to Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:725-803. [PMID: 31670612 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only one member, TRPA1, which is widely expressed in sensory neurons and in non-neuronal cells (such as epithelial cells and hair cells). TRPA1 owes its name to the presence of 14 ankyrin repeats located in the NH2 terminus of the channel, an unusual structural feature that may be relevant to its interactions with intracellular components. TRPA1 is primarily involved in the detection of an extremely wide variety of exogenous stimuli that may produce cellular damage. This includes a plethora of electrophilic compounds that interact with nucleophilic amino acid residues in the channel and many other chemically unrelated compounds whose only common feature seems to be their ability to partition in the plasma membrane. TRPA1 has been reported to be activated by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli, and its function is modulated by multiple factors, including Ca2+, trace metals, pH, and reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species. TRPA1 is involved in acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation, plays key roles in the pathophysiology of nearly all organ systems, and is an attractive target for the treatment of related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the mammalian TRPA1 channel, linking its unique structure, widely tuned sensory properties, and complex regulation to its roles in multiple pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Alvarez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Barbaro MR, Cremon C, Fuschi D, Scaioli E, Veneziano A, Marasco G, Festi D, Stanghellini V, Barbara G. Nerve fiber overgrowth in patients with symptomatic diverticular disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13575. [PMID: 30838745 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic diverticulosis is a common condition in industrialized countries. Up to 25% of patients with diverticula develop symptoms, a condition termed symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD). The aim of the present study was to characterize neuroimmune interactions and nerve fiber plasticity in the colonic mucosa of patients with diverticula. METHODS Controls, patients with diverticulosis and with SUDD were enrolled in the study. Mucosal biopsies were obtained close to diverticula (diverticular region) and in a normal mucosa (distant site), corresponding to sigmoid and descending colon in the controls. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to assess mast cells, T cells, macrophages, nerve fibers, and neuronal outgrowth (growth-associated protein 43, GAP43+fibers). KEY RESULTS No difference emerged in mast cells and T cells among the three groups. Macrophages were increased in patients with SUDD and diverticulosis as compared to controls. Nerve fibers were enhanced in patients with SUDD and diverticulosis in comparison with controls in the diverticular region. GAP43+ fibers were increased only in patients with SUDD as compared to controls and to patients with diverticulosis in the diverticular region. In patients with SUDD, GAP43 density was increased in the diverticular region compared to distant site. Macrophages close to GAP43+ fibers were increased in the diverticular region of patients with SUDD. Significant correlations were found between GAP43+ fibers and immune cells. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Patients with diverticula are characterized by increased macrophage counts, while nerve fiber sprouting is increased only in the diverticular region of patients with SUDD suggesting a role in symptom generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Fuschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Scaioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Veneziano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marasco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Festi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Demir IE, Heinrich T, Carty DG, Saricaoglu ÖC, Klauss S, Teller S, Kehl T, Mota Reyes C, Tieftrunk E, Lazarou M, Bahceci DH, Gökcek B, Ucurum BE, Maak M, Diakopoulos KN, Lesina M, Schemann M, Erkan M, Krüger A, Algül H, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. Targeting nNOS ameliorates the severe neuropathic pain due to chronic pancreatitis. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:431-443. [PMID: 31401195 PMCID: PMC6711864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain due to pancreatic cancer/PCa or chronic pancreatitis/CP, is notoriously resistant to the strongest pain medications. Here, we aimed at deciphering the specific molecular mediators of pain at surgical-stage pancreatic disease and to discover novel translational targets. METHODS We performed a systematic, quantitative analysis of the neurotransmitter/neuroenzmye profile within intrapancreatic nerves of CP and PCa patients. Ex vivo neuronal cultures treated with human pancreatic extracts, conditional genetically engineered knockout mouse models of PCa and CP, and the cerulein-induced CP model were employed to explore the therapeutic potential of the identified targets. FINDINGS We identified a unique enrichment of neuronal nitric-oxide-synthase (nNOS) in the pancreatic nerves of CP patients with increasing pain severity. Employment of ex vivo neuronal cultures treated with pancreatic tissue extracts of CP patients, and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor-deficient (BDNF+/-) mice revealed neuronal enrichment of nNOS to be a consequence of BDNF loss in the progressively destroyed pancreatic tissue. Mechanistically, nNOS upregulation in sensory neurons was induced by tryptase secreted from perineural mast cells. In a head-to-head comparison of several genetically induced, painless mouse models of PCa (KPC, KC mice) or CP (Ptf1a-Cre;Atg5fl/fl) against the hypersecretion/cerulein-induced, painful CP mouse model, we show that a similar nNOS enrichment is present in the painful cerulein-CP model, but absent in painless genetic models. Consequently, mice afflicted with painful cerulein-induced CP could be significantly relieved upon treatment with the specific nNOS inhibitor NPLA. INTERPRETATION We propose nNOS inhibition as a novel strategy to treat the unbearable pain in CP. FUND: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/DFG (DE2428/3-1 and 3-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; DKTK Munich site, Germany; SFB 1321, Germany.
| | - Tobias Heinrich
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominique G Carty
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ömer Cemil Saricaoglu
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Klauss
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Kehl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carmen Mota Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Tieftrunk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Lazarou
- Human Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dorukhan H Bahceci
- Department of Surgery, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Gökcek
- Department of Surgery, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar E Ucurum
- Department of Surgery, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Matthias Maak
- Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kalliope N Diakopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Lesina
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schemann
- Human Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mert Erkan
- Department of Surgery, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institute for Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; DKTK Munich site, Germany; SFB 1321, Germany
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29
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Wu Z, Li Y, Liu Q, Liu Y, Chen L, Zhao H, Guo H, Zhu K, Zhou N, Chai TC, Shi B. Pyroptosis engagement and bladder urothelial cell-derived exosomes recruit mast cells and induce barrier dysfunction of bladder urothelium after uropathogenic E. coli infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C544-C555. [PMID: 31241987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00102.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The specific regulatory mechanism of bladder urothelial barrier dysfunction after infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is still unclear. The cross talk between bladder urothelial cells and mast cells may play an important role during UPEC infection. In this study, the pyroptosis of urothelial cells was investigated after UPEC infection both in vivo and in vitro. The levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in exosomes derived from bladder urothelial cells after UPEC infection were detected. The role of these processes in the recruitment and activation of mast cells was measured. The mechanism of mast cell-induced disruption of bladder epithelial barrier function was also assessed. We found that UPEC infection induced pyroptosis of bladder urothelial cells and led to the release of IL-1β and IL-18 in the form of exosomes, which promoted the migration of mast cells. Tryptase secreted by mast cells aggravated the damage to the barrier function of the bladder urothelium by acting on protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Inhibition of pyroptosis or the tryptase-PAR2 axis reduced the disruption of bladder urothelial barrier function and decreased the bacterial burden. The present study supports a novel mechanism by which pyroptosis-dependent release of exosomes from bladder urothelial cells activates mast cells and regulates bladder urothelial barrier function during UPEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinggang Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Zhao
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Guo
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejia Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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30
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Lee MJ, Jung HK, Lee KE, Mun YC, Park S. Degranulated Eosinophils Contain More Fine Nerve Fibers in the Duodenal Mucosa of Patients With Functional Dyspepsia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:212-221. [PMID: 30827070 PMCID: PMC6474707 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Functional dyspepsia (FD) is characterized as chronic recurrent upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of any organic disorder. We hypothesized that duodenal low-grade inflammation activates superficial afferent nerve sprouting, thereby contributing to hypersensitivity in patients with FD. Methods A prospective case-control study was conducted in a tertiary referral center. FD was defined using the Rome III criteria. Standardized endoscopic biopsies were performed in the stomach and duodenum. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for major basic proteins were performed to detect granulated eosinophil-derived granules, and S-100 staining was performed to detect fine nerve fibers. Results A total of 51 patients with FD (82% female; mean age 35.8 ± 13.4 years) and 35 controls were enrolled. Activated eosinophil counts in the duodenum were significantly higher in patients with FD than in controls (41.4% vs 17.1%, P = 0.005). Microscopic duodenitis was more frequently detected in patients with FD than in controls. Fine nerve fibers were more abundant in patients with FD than in controls (45.1% vs 11.4%, P = 0.029). The abundance of fine nerve fibers highly correlated with the degree of activated eosinophils. Conclusion Duodenal low-grade inflammation, such as mucosal eosinophilic accumulation with degranulation, promoted mucosal enteric nerve fiber density and sprouting in patients with FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ko Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeung-Chul Mun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghui Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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The Evolving Role of Mucosal Histology in the Evaluation of Pediatric Functional Dyspepsia: A Review. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord1010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although not required to establish the diagnosis, endoscopy with mucosal biopsy is commonly performed in the evaluation of children with dyspepsia. Traditionally, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) has been performed in children with abdominal pain to identify pathology or conversely, to “rule-out” organic disease in order to establish a diagnosis of FD. In this review, we discuss the current diagnostic yield of endoscopically-obtained biopsies in identifying disease in children and adolescents with dyspepsia including an expanded discussion of common histologic diagnoses where clinical significance has not been definitively established. In turn, we discuss the transition of endoscopy from a search for disease to a search for biologic contributors to symptom generation, while considering the growing evidence linking non-diagnostic mucosal inflammation to FD, specifically mast cells and eosinophils.
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32
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Zhang L, Song J, Bai T, Wang R, Hou X. Sustained pain hypersensitivity in the stressed colon: Role of mast cell-derived nerve growth factor-mediated enteric synaptic plasticity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13430. [PMID: 30069980 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained pain hypersensitivity is the hallmark of stressed colon which could be partially explained by central sensitization with synaptic plasticity, the key mechanism of memory. We previously identified that synaptic plasticity of enteric nerve system (ENS) contributed to peripheral pain maintaining in the gut. However, the mechanisms of enteric "memory" formation remain elusive. METHODS In this study, rats were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS) or sham stress (SS), with cromolyn sodium or physiological saline injected intraperitoneally 30 minutes before stress every day. The abdominal withdrawal reflex scores, mesenteric afferent nerve activity, enteric neural c-fos expression, and enteric synaptic plasticity were assessed, and mast cell infiltration and degranulation. Furthermore, colonic mucosal mediators-induced enteric synaptic plasticity and the role of mast cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF), tryptase, and histamine were investigated via ex vivo longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (LMMP) organotypic culture. KEY RESULTS It is shown that mast cell stabilizing inhibited WAS-induced visceral hypersensitivity through enhancing visceral pain threshold, decreasing spontaneous and distention-induced mesenteric afferent firing, and downregulating enteric neural activation (c-fos). Importantly, WAS led to evident enteric synaptic plasticity, but decreased by cromolyn. Water avoidance stress-derived mucosal supernatants markedly enhanced the c-fos expression and enteric synaptic plasticity in LMMP tissues, which could be eliminated by mast cell inhibition or NGF neutralization, but not tryptase or histamine blocking. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In conclusion, mast cells/NGF pathway may be the key regulator of synaptic plasticity of ENS and participate in the formation of chronic stress-induced sustained visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - T Bai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - R Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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A mouse model for pain and neuroplastic changes associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pain 2018; 158:1609-1621. [PMID: 28715356 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be one of the deadliest human malignancies and is associated with excruciating pain, which is a serious complication and severely impacts the quality of life in patients. In human patients, poor survival prognosis is linked to remarkable remodeling of intrapancreatic nerves, which, in turn, is correlated to increased pain intensity. Understanding mechanisms underlying pain associated with PDAC has been hampered by the lack of animal models which replicate all germane aspects of the disease and importantly, enable analyses of pain associated with PDAC. In this study, we describe an immunocompetent orthotopic mouse model of PDAC involving intrapancreatic growth of K8484 mouse PDAC cells, which reliably exhibits a large number of key characteristics of human PDAC, including its unique histopathology and neuroplastic changes. We observed that tumor-bearing mice demonstrated significant abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity to von Frey stimuli as well as on-going pain in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Moreover, a myriad of other behavioral tests revealed that indicators of overall well-being were significantly reduced in tumor-bearing mice as compared to sham mice. Morphological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed structural remodeling in several different types of sensory and autonomic nerve fibers. Finally, perineural invasion of tumor cells, a cardinal manifestation in human PDAC, was also observed in our orthotopic mouse model. Thus, we describe a validated tumor model for quantitatively testing hypersensitivity and pain in PDAC, which lays a crucial basis for interrogating tumor-nerve interactions and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying pain in PDAC.
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Association of inflammatory mediators with pain perception. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1445-1452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Gonzalez-Correa C, Mulett-Vásquez E, Miranda D, Gonzalez-Correa C, Gómez-Buitrago P. The colon revisited or the key to wellness, health and disease. Med Hypotheses 2017; 108:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schreiber D, Marx L, Felix S, Clasohm J, Weyland M, Schäfer M, Klotz M, Lilischkis R, Erkel G, Schäfer KH. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Fungal Metabolites in Mouse Intestine as Revealed by In vitro Models. Front Physiol 2017; 8:566. [PMID: 28824460 PMCID: PMC5545603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders that can affect the whole gastrointestinal tract or the colonic mucosal layer. Current therapies aiming to suppress the exaggerated immune response in IBD largely rely on compounds with non-satisfying effects or side-effects. Therefore, new therapeutical options are needed. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the fungal metabolites, galiellalactone, and dehydrocurvularin in both an in vitro intestinal inflammation model, as well as in isolated myenteric plexus and enterocyte cells. Administration of a pro-inflammatory cytokine mix through the mesenteric artery of intestinal segments caused an up-regulation of inflammatory marker genes. Treatment of the murine intestinal segments with galiellalactone or dehydrocurvularin by application through the mesenteric artery significantly prevented the expression of pro-inflammatory marker genes on the mRNA and the protein level. Comparable to the results in the perfused intestine model, treatment of primary enteric nervous system (ENS) cells from the murine intestine with the fungal compounds reduced expression of cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and inflammatory enzymes such as COX-2 and iNOS on mRNA and protein levels. Similar anti-inflammatory effects of the fungal metabolites were observed in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1 after stimulation with IFN-γ (10 ng/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml), and IL-1β (5 ng/ml). Our results show that the mesenterially perfused intestine model provides a reliable tool for the screening of new therapeutics with limited amounts of test compounds. Furthermore, we could characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of two novel active compounds, galiellalactone, and dehydrocurvularin which are interesting candidates for studies with chronic animal models of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schreiber
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lisa Marx
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Silke Felix
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jasmin Clasohm
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weyland
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Klotz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rainer Lilischkis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erkel
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany.,Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital MannheimMannheim, Germany
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Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 supplementation reduces gastrointestinal dysfunction in an animal model of IBS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181863. [PMID: 28732069 PMCID: PMC5521842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 on intestinal neuromuscular anomalies in an IBS-type mouse model of gastrointestinal motor dysfunctions elicited by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) exposure. Methods Mice were inoculated intranasally with HSV-1 (102 PFU) or vehicle at time 0 and 4 weeks later by the intragastric (IG) route (108 PFU). Six weeks after IG inoculum, mice were randomly allocated to receive oral gavage with either S. boulardii (107 CFU/day) or vehicle. After 4 weeks the following were determined: a) intestinal motility using fluorescein-isothiocyanate dextran distribution in the gut, fecal pellet expulsion, stool water content, and distal colonic transit of glass beads; b) integrity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) by immunohistochemistry on ileal whole-mount preparations and western blot of protein lysates from ileal longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus; c) isometric muscle tension with electric field and pharmacological (carbachol) stimulation of ileal segments; and d) intestinal inflammation by levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-10 and IL-4. Results S. boulardii CNCM I-745 improved HSV-1 induced intestinal dysmotility and alteration of intestinal transit observed ten weeks after IG inoculum of the virus. Also, the probiotic yeast ameliorated the structural alterations of the ENS induced by HSV-1 (i.e., reduced peripherin immunoreactivity and expression, increased glial S100β protein immunoreactivity and neuronal nitric oxide synthase level, reduced substance P-positive fibers). Moreover, S. boulardii CNCM I-745 diminished the production of HSV-1 associated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the myenteric plexus and increased levels of anti-inflammatory interleukins. Conclusions S. boulardii CNCM I-745 ameliorated gastrointestinal neuromuscular anomalies in a mouse model of gut dysfunctions typically observed with irritable bowel syndrome.
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Liang WJ, Zhang G, Luo HS, Liang LX, Huang D, Zhang FC. Tryptase and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Expression Levels in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut Liver 2017; 10:382-90. [PMID: 26446924 PMCID: PMC4849691 DOI: 10.5009/gnl14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Previous studies have revealed that mast cells (MCs) may activate the protease-activated receptors and release of neuropeptides involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The levels of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) and tryptase can contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of IBS. Methods Colonoscopic biopsies were performed of 38 subjects (20 with IBS-diarrhea [IBS-D], eight with IBS-constipation [IBS-C], and 10 healthy volunteers). The mRNA and protein levels of tryptase and PAR-2 were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. The levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were measured by immunohistochemistry, and MCs were counted by toluidine blue staining. Results Significant increases in the mRNA expression of tryptase (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) and PAR-2 (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) and in the tryptase protein level (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) were detected in IBS. Elevations of MCs, CGRP, VIP and SP (p<0.05, IBS-D vs control) were observed for IBS-D only. Conclusions Tryptase levels may upregulate the function of PAR-2, resulting in the release of neuropeptide and they were correlated with clinical symptoms associated with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - He-Sheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lie-Xin Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Fa-Can Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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Giebels F, Prescher A, Wagenpfeil S, Bücker A, Kinzel S. [Nerve distribution and density in the canine hip joint capsule. Comparison of healthy and dysplastic hip joints]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2017; 45:77-83. [PMID: 28197624 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hip-joint capsule is exposed to increased tension forces during canine hip dysplasia, resulting in inflammation of the capsular tissue. It has been postulated that inflammation is associated with an increased nerve-distribution density. Therefore, it could be supposed that the nerve-distribution density in the hip-joint capsule is higher in dogs with dysplastic hip compared to healthy dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 16 Labrador Retriever dogs that had been euthanised due to unrelated reasons, the hip joints were classified as normoplastic (group 1, n = 18) or dysplastic (group 2, n = 14) based on radiography. Following staining of the capsular nerve fibres by the Sihler method, histological specimens of the hip-joint capsules were scanned. By subdividing each specimen into 10 quadrants numbered from dorsomedial (Q01) to craniodorsolateral (Q10), the ratio of black to white pixels was calculated digitally for each specimen and each quadrant by using a semiautomatic image analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent t-test. RESULTS Comparison of the mean values of each quadrant showed a significantly higher (p < 0.03) nerve distribution density for the craniodorsolateral quadrant (Q10) in group 2 when compared to group 1. Mean nerve-distribution density for all quadrants combined was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION The increase in nerve-distribution density of the craniodorsal region of the hip-joint capsule in dogs with dysplastic hip could be the result of increased tension forces on this area following hip-joint dysplasia. The craniodorsal region of the hip-joint capsule is an important origin of pain and coxarthrosis in canine hip dysplasia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results provide the pathophysiological basis for the efficacy of hip-joint denervation. Denervation of the cranial region of the acetabular rim is essential to reduce capsular inflammation and joint-related pain in canine hip dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Giebels
- Felix Giebels, Jülicher Straße 376, 52070 Aachen, E-Mail:
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Early pancreatic cancer lesions suppress pain through CXCL12-mediated chemoattraction of Schwann cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:E85-E94. [PMID: 27986950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606909114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells (PCC) have an exceptional propensity to metastasize early into intratumoral, chemokine-secreting nerves. However, we hypothesized the opposite process, that precancerous pancreatic cells secrete chemokines that chemoattract Schwann cells (SC) of nerves and thus induce ready-to-use routes of dissemination in early carcinogenesis. Here we show a peculiar role for the chemokine CXCL12 secreted in early PDAC and for its receptors CXCR4/CXCR7 on SC in the initiation of neural invasion in the cancer precursor stage and the resulting delay in the onset of PDAC-associated pain. SC exhibited cancer- or hypoxia-induced CXCR4/CXCR7 expression in vivo and in vitro and migrated toward CXCL12-expressing PCC. Glia-specific depletion of CXCR4/CXCR7 in mice abrogated the chemoattraction of SC to PCC. PDAC mice with pancreas-specific CXCL12 depletion exhibited diminished SC chemoattraction to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and increased abdominal hypersensitivity caused by augmented spinal astroglial and microglial activity. In PDAC patients, reduced CXCR4/CXCR7 expression in nerves correlated with increased pain. Mechanistically, upon CXCL12 exposure, SC down-regulated the expression of several pain-associated targets. Therefore, PDAC-derived CXCL12 seems to induce tumor infiltration by SC during early carcinogenesis and to attenuate pain, possibly resulting in delayed diagnosis in PDAC.
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Demir IE, Tieftrunk E, Schorn S, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. Nerve growth factor & TrkA as novel therapeutic targets in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:37-50. [PMID: 27264679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors TrkA & p75NTR were recognized to be overexpressed in the overwhelming majority of human solid cancers. Recent studies discovered the presence of overactive TrkA signaling due to TrkA rearrangements or TrkA fusion products in frequent cancers like colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, or acute myeloid leukemia. Thus, targeting TrkA/NGF via selective small-molecule-inhibitors or antibodies has gained enormous attention in the drug discovery sector. Clinical studies on the anti-cancer impact of NGF-blocking antibodies are likely to be accelerated after the recent removal of clinical holds on these agents by regulatory authorities. Based on these current developments, the present review provides not only a broad overview of the biological effects of NGF-TrkA-p75NTR on cancer cells and their microenvironment, but also explains why NGF and its receptors are going to evoke major interest as promising therapeutic anti-cancer targets in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elke Tieftrunk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schorn
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Demir IE, Tieftrunk E, Schorn S, Saricaoglu ÖC, Pfitzinger PL, Teller S, Wang K, Waldbaur C, Kurkowski MU, Wörmann SM, Shaw VE, Kehl T, Laschinger M, Costello E, Algül H, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. Activated Schwann cells in pancreatic cancer are linked to analgesia via suppression of spinal astroglia and microglia. Gut 2016; 65:1001-14. [PMID: 26762195 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of glia cells during GI carcinogenesis and in cancer pain is unknown. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism how Schwann cells (SCs) become activated in the pancreatic cancer (PCa) microenvironment and influence spinal activity and pain sensation. DESIGN Human SCs were exposed to hypoxia, to pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) and/or to T-lymphocytes. Both SC and intrapancreatic nerves of patients with PCa with known pain severity were assessed for glial intermediate filament and hypoxia marker expression, proliferation and for transcriptional alterations of pain-related targets. In conditional PCa mouse models with selective in vivo blockade of interleukin (IL)-6 signalling (Ptf1a-Cre;LSL-Kras(G12D)/KC interbred with IL6(-/-) or sgp130(tg) mice), SC reactivity, abdominal mechanosensitivity and spinal glial/neuronal activity were quantified. RESULTS Tumour hypoxia, PCC and/or T-lymphocytes activated SC via IL-6-signalling in vitro. Blockade of the IL-6-signalling suppressed SC activation around PCa precursor lesions (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN)) in KC;IL6(-/-) (32.06%±5.25% of PanINs) and KC;sgp130(tg) (55.84%±5.51%) mouse models compared with KC mice (78.27%±3.91%). Activated SCs were associated with less pain in human PCa and with decreased abdominal mechanosensitivity in KC mice (von Frey score of KC: 3.9±0.5 vs KC;IL6(-/-) mice: 5.9±0.9; and KC;sgp130(tg): 10.21±1.4) parallel to attenuation of spinal astroglial and/or microglial activity. Activated SC exhibited a transcriptomic profile with anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive features. CONCLUSIONS Activated SC in PCa recapitulate the hallmarks of 'reactive gliosis' and contribute to analgesia due to suppression of spinal glia. Our findings propose a mechanism for how cancer might remain pain-free via the SC-central glia interplay during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Tieftrunk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schorn
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ömer Cemil Saricaoglu
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paulo L Pfitzinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Hepatic, Biliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Christine Waldbaur
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena U Kurkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Maria Wörmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Victoria E Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timo Kehl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Laschinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eithne Costello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, Liverpool, UK Liverpool NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hana Algül
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Persistent visceral allodynia in rats exposed to colorectal irradiation is reversed by mesenchymal stromal cell treatment. Pain 2016; 156:1465-1476. [PMID: 25887464 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Each year, millions of people worldwide are treated for primary or recurrent pelvic malignancies, involving radiotherapy in almost 50% of cases. Delayed development of visceral complications after radiotherapy is recognized in cancer survivors. Therapeutic doses of radiation may lead to the damage of healthy tissue around the tumor and abdominal pain. Because of the lack of experimental models, the underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced long-lasting visceral pain are still unknown. This makes managing radiation-induced pain difficult, and the therapeutic strategies proposed are mostly inefficient. The aim of our study was to develop an animal model of radiation-induced visceral hypersensitivity to (1) analyze some cellular and molecular mechanisms involved and (2) to test a therapeutic strategy using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Using a single 27-Grays colorectal irradiation in rats, we showed that such exposure induces a persistent visceral allodynia that is associated with an increased spinal sensitization (enhanced p-ERK neurons), colonic neuroplasticity (as increased density of substance P nerve fibers), and colonic mast cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Mast cell stabilization by ketotifen provided evidence of their functional involvement in radiation-induced allodynia. Finally, intravenous injection of 1.5 million MSCs, 4 weeks after irradiation, induced a time-dependent reversion of the visceral allodynia and a reduction of the number of anatomical interactions between mast cells and PGP9.5+ nerve fibers. Moreover, unlike ketotifen, MSC treatment has the key advantage to limit radiation-induced colonic ulceration. This work provides new insights into the potential use of MSCs as cellular therapy in the treatment of pelvic radiation disease.
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Guerra L, Stoffolano JG, Belardinelli MC, Fausto AM. Serotonergic Innervation of the Salivary Glands and Central Nervous System of Adult Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae), and the Impact of the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (GpSGHV) on the Host. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iev162. [PMID: 26798144 PMCID: PMC4725261 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a serotonin antibody and confocal microscopy, this study reports for the first time direct serotonergic innervation of the muscle sheath covering the secretory region of the salivary glands of adult tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes Austen. Reports to date, however, note that up until this finding, dipteran species previously studied lack a muscle sheath covering of the secretory region of the salivary glands. Direct innervation of the salivary gland muscle sheath of tsetse would facilitate rapid deployment of saliva into the host, thus delaying a host response. Our results also suggest that the neuronal and abnormal pattern seen in viral infected glands by the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV) is due to a compensatory increased branching of the neurons of the salivary glands, which is associated with the increased size of the salivary glands in viral infected flies. This study shows for the first time serotonin in the cell bodies of the brain and thoracico-abdominal ganglion in adult tsetse, G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae). A hypothesis is proposed as to whether innervation of the muscle sheath covering of the secretory region of the salivary glands is present in brachyceran compared with nematoceran dipterans; and, a plea is made that more research is needed to develop a blood feeding model, similar to that in the blow flies, for elucidating the various mechanisms involved in production and deployment of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guerra
- Dipartimento per la Innovazioni nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy (; ; ),
| | - John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, 270 Stockbridge Rd., Fernald Hall, Room 204A, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Belardinelli
- Dipartimento per la Innovazioni nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy (; ; )
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Dipartimento per la Innovazioni nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy (; ; ),
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Pohl CS, Medland JE, Moeser AJ. Early-life stress origins of gastrointestinal disease: animal models, intestinal pathophysiology, and translational implications. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G927-41. [PMID: 26451004 PMCID: PMC4683303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00206.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress and adversity are major risk factors in the onset and severity of gastrointestinal (GI) disease in humans later in life. The mechanisms by which early-life stress leads to increased GI disease susceptibility in adult life remain poorly understood. Animal models of early-life stress have provided a foundation from which to gain a more fundamental understanding of this important GI disease paradigm. This review focuses on animal models of early-life stress-induced GI disease, with a specific emphasis on translational aspects of each model to specific human GI disease states. Early postnatal development of major GI systems and the consequences of stress on their development are discussed in detail. Relevant translational differences between species and models are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin S. Pohl
- 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ,2Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and
| | - Julia E. Medland
- 3Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; ,2Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and
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46
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Three-Dimensional Gastrointestinal Organoid Culture in Combination with Nerves or Fibroblasts: A Method to Characterize the Gastrointestinal Stem Cell Niche. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:3710836. [PMID: 26697073 PMCID: PMC4677245 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3710836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium is characterized by a high turnover of cells and intestinal stem cells predominantly reside at the bottom of crypts and their progeny serve to maintain normal intestinal homeostasis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the pivotal role of a niche surrounding intestinal stem cells in crypts, which consists of cellular and soluble components and creates an environment constantly influencing the fate of stem cells. Here we describe different 3D culture systems to culture gastrointestinal epithelium that should enable us to study the stem cell niche in vitro in the future: organoid culture and multilayered systems such as organotypic cell culture and culture of intestinal tissue fragments ex vivo. These methods mimic the in vivo situation in vitro by creating 3D culture conditions that reflect the physiological situation of intestinal crypts. Modifications of the composition of the culture media as well as coculturing epithelial organoids with previously described cellular components such as myofibroblasts, collagen, and neurons show the impact of the methods applied to investigate niche interactions in vitro. We further present a novel method to isolate labeled nerves from the enteric nervous system using Dclk1-CreGFP mice.
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47
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Yu R, Zheng Y, Lucas MB, Tong YG. Elusive liver factor that causes pancreatic α cell hyperplasia: A review of literature. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6:131-139. [PMID: 26600971 PMCID: PMC4644877 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas are commonly derived from precursor lesions so that understanding the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of precursor lesions is critical for the prevention and treatment of those neoplasms. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) can also be derived from precursor lesions. Pancreatic α cell hyperplasia (ACH), a specific and overwhelming increase in the number of α cells, is a precursor lesion leading to PNET pathogenesis. One of the 3 subtypes of ACH, reactive ACH is caused by glucagon signaling disruption and invariably evolves into PNETs. In this article, the existing work on the mechanisms underlying reactive ACH pathogenesis is reviewed. It is clear that the liver secretes a humoral factor regulating α cell numbers but the identity of the liver factor remains elusive. Potential approaches to identify the liver factor are discussed.
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48
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Abstract
Pancreatic nerves undergo prominent alterations during the evolution and progression of human chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Intrapancreatic nerves increase in size (neural hypertrophy) and number (increased neural density). The proportion of autonomic and sensory fibres (neural remodelling) is switched, and are infiltrated by perineural inflammatory cells (pancreatic neuritis) or invaded by pancreatic cancer cells (neural invasion). These neuropathic alterations also correlate with neuropathic pain. Instead of being mere histopathological manifestations of disease progression, pancreatic neural plasticity synergizes with the enhanced excitability of sensory neurons, with Schwann cell recruitment toward cancer and with central nervous system alterations. These alterations maintain a bidirectional interaction between nerves and non-neural pancreatic cells, as demonstrated by tissue and neural damage inducing neuropathic pain, and activated neurons releasing mediators that modulate inflammation and cancer growth. Owing to the prognostic effects of pain and neural invasion in pancreatic cancer, dissecting the mechanism of pancreatic neuroplasticity holds major translational relevance. However, current in vivo models of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis contain many discrepancies from human disease that overshadow their translational value. The present Review discusses novel possibilities for mechanistically uncovering the role of the nervous system in pancreatic disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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49
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Ohlsson B, Melander O. Basal Plasma Levels of Copeptin are Elevated in Inactive Inflammatory Bowel Disease after Bowel Resection. Drug Target Insights 2015; 9:21-7. [PMID: 26244009 PMCID: PMC4501700 DOI: 10.4137/dti.s26589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of interactions between the enteric nervous system, neuropeptides, and the immune system is growing. The aim of this study was to examine basal plasma levels of a variety of peptide precursors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In two middle-aged cohorts, Malmö Preventive Medicine (n = 5,415) and Malmö Diet and Cost Study (n = 6,103), individuals with the diagnosis of IBD were identified. Medical records were scrutinized. Three controls were matched for each patient. Copeptin, midregional fragments of adrenomedullin, pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, and proenkephalin A, as well as N-terminal protachykinin A and proneurotensin were analyzed in the plasma. Sixty-two IBD patients were identified. The only difference between patients and controls was higher copeptin levels in the patients compared with controls (P = 0.006), with higher copeptin levels in resected than unresected patients (P = 0.020). There was no difference in any precursor levels between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, between different distributions of disease lesions, or between different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, and Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, and Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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50
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Dothel G, Barbaro MR, Boudin H, Vasina V, Cremon C, Gargano L, Bellacosa L, De Giorgio R, Le Berre-Scoul C, Aubert P, Neunlist M, De Ponti F, Stanghellini V, Barbara G. Nerve fiber outgrowth is increased in the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1002-1011.e4. [PMID: 25655556 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mediators released by the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affect the function of enteric and extrinsic sensory nerves, which can contribute to the development of symptoms. Little is known about the effects of mucosal mediators on intestinal neuroplasticity. We investigated how these mediators affect the phenotypes of colonic mucosa nerve fibers, neuron differentiation, and fiber outgrowth. METHODS We analyzed mucosal biopsy samples collected from 101 patients with IBS and 23 asymptomatic healthy individuals (controls). We measured levels of neuronal-specific enolase, growth-associated protein 43, nerve growth factor (NGF), and tyrosine kinase receptor A (NTRK1) by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primary rat enteric neurons and human SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with supernatants from the mucosal biopsies and analyzed by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS Compared with mucosal tissues of controls, mucosa from patients with IBS had a significant increase in the area of lamina propria occupied by neuronal-specific enolase-positive (57.7% increase) and growth-associated protein 43-positive fibers (56.1% increase) and staining density of NGF (89.3% increase) (P < .05 for all). Levels of NGF protein were also increased in tissues from patients with IBS vs controls (18% increase; P = .16) along with levels of NTRK1 (64% increase; P < .05). Mucosal supernatants from tissues of patients with IBS induced higher levels of neuritogenesis in primary culture of enteric neurons, compared with controls, and more NGF-dependent neuronal sprouting in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS Nerve fiber density and sprouting, as well as expression of NGF and NTRK1, are significantly increased in mucosal tissues of patients with IBS. Mucosal mediators participate to these neuroplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Dothel
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Hélène Boudin
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Valentina Vasina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciana Gargano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Lara Bellacosa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy.
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