1
|
Maciulaitiene R, Kalesnykas G, Pauza DH, Januleviciene I. A combination of topical and systemic administration of brimonidine is neuroprotective in the murine optic nerve crush model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308671. [PMID: 39116180 PMCID: PMC11309405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial optic neuropathy that primarily affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Brimonidine is an intraocular pressure-lowering drug with reported neuroprotective properties. This study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects of topical and intraperitoneal (IP) brimonidine on RGCs from different retinal segments in a murine optic nerve crush (ONC) model. METHODS forty-one Balb/c mice underwent unilateral ONC and were divided into three study groups: fifteen animals received saline drops twice per day and two additional IP injections of saline; fourteen mice received brimonidine drops twice per day; and 12 mice received brimonidine eye drops twice per day and two additional IP brimonidine injections. Animals were sacrificed seven days post-ONC, and immunohistochemical staining of retinal whole mounts was performed using neuronal NeuN and GFAP staining. Microscopic pictures of the central, middle, and peripheral regions of the retina were taken. The density of the retinal cells was assessed. RESULTS The total RGC density after ONC and RGC densities in all retinal eccentricities were significantly higher in the brimonidine eye drop and IP combination treatment group than in the saline drop + saline IP, and brimonidine drop treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS brimonidine eye drops supplemented with IP brimonidine injections improved RGC survival in a preclinical model of ONC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Maciulaitiene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Kalesnykas
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
- Experimentica UAB, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Dainius Haroldas Pauza
- Academy of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Januleviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yadav KS, Bisen AC, Ishteyaque S, Sharma I, Verma S, Sanap SN, Verma S, Washimkar KR, Kumar A, Tripathi V, Bhatta RS, Mugale MN. Solanum nigrum Toxicity and Its Neuroprotective Effect Against Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Through Modulation of Extracellular Matrix in a Glaucoma Rat Model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:309-324. [PMID: 38603587 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Glaucoma is a complex degenerative optic neuropathy characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to irreversible vision loss and blindness. Solanum nigrum has been used for decades in traditional medicine system. However, no extensive studies were reported on its antiglaucoma properties. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of S. nigrum extract on RGC against glaucoma rat model. Methods: High performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the phytochemical profile of aqueous extract of S. nigrum (AESN). In vitro, {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide} (MTT) and H2DCFDA assays were used to determine cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea cells. In vivo, AESN was orally administered to carbomer-induced rats for 4 weeks. Intraocular pressure, antioxidant levels, and electrolytes were determined. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out to evaluate the neurodegeneration of RGC. Results: MTT assay showed AESN exhibited greater cell viability and minimal ROS production at 10 μg/mL. Slit lamp and funduscopy confirmed glaucomatous changes in carbomer-induced rats. Administration of AESN showed minimal peripheral corneal vascularization and restored histopathological alterations such as minimal loss of corneal epithelium and moderate narrowing of the iridocorneal angle. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed increased expression of positive BRN3A cells and decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activation in retina and cornea, whereas western blot analysis revealed downregulation of extracellular matrix proteins (COL-1 and MMP-9) in AESN-treated rats compared with the diseased group rats. Conclusions: AESN protects RGC loss through remodeling of MMPs and, therefore, can be used for the development of novel neurotherapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh Yadav
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Sharmeen Ishteyaque
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Isha Sharma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Smriti Verma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Shobhit Verma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kaveri R Washimkar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Division of Botany, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsai YC, Lee HP, Tsung TH, Chen YH, Lu DW. Unveiling Novel Structural Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Glaucoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1211. [PMID: 38927418 PMCID: PMC11200849 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, poses a significant global health burden. Early detection is crucial for effective management and prevention of vision loss. This study presents a collection of novel structural biomarkers in glaucoma diagnosis. By employing advanced imaging techniques and data analysis algorithms, we now can recognize indicators of glaucomatous progression. Many research studies have revealed a correlation between the structural changes in the eye or brain, particularly in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer, and the progression of glaucoma. These biomarkers demonstrate value in distinguishing glaucomatous eyes from healthy ones, even in the early stages of the disease. By facilitating timely detection and monitoring, they hold the potential to mitigate vision impairment and improve patient outcomes. This study marks an advancement in the field of glaucoma, offering a promising avenue for enhancing the diagnosis and possible management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chien Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pei Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Hsin Tsung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen D, Miao S, Chen X, Wang Z, Lin P, Zhang N, Yang N. Regulated Necrosis in Glaucoma: Focus on Ferroptosis and Pyroptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2542-2555. [PMID: 37910286 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. This neurodegenerative disease is characterized by progressive and irreversible damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerves, which can lead to permanent loss of peripheral and central vision. To date, maintaining long-term survival of RGCs using traditional treatments, such as medication and surgery, remains challenging, as these do not promote optic nerve regeneration. Therefore, it is of great clinical and social significance to investigate the mechanisms of optic nerve degeneration in depth and find reliable targets to provide pioneering methods for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma. Regulated necrosis is a form of genetically programmed cell death associated with the maintenance of homeostasis and disease progression in vivo. An increasing body of innovative evidence has recognized that aberrant activation of regulated necrosis pathways is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and glaucoma, resulting in unwanted loss of neuronal cells and function. Among them, ferroptosis and pyroptosis are newly discovered forms of regulated cell death actively involved in the pathophysiological processes of RGCs loss and optic nerve injury. This was shown by a series of in vivo and in vitro studies, and these mechanisms have been emerging as a key new area of scientific research in ophthalmic diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and pyroptosis and their regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, with the aim of exploring their implications as potential therapeutic targets and providing new perspectives for better clinical decision-making in glaucoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Sen Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ningzhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh S, Paul D, Nath V, A R. Exosomes: current knowledge and future perspectives. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2232248. [PMID: 37439246 PMCID: PMC11042064 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2232248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound micro-vesicles that possess endless therapeutic potential for treatment of numerous pathologies including autoimmune, cardiovascular, ocular, and nervous disorders. Despite considerable knowledge about exosome biogenesis and secretion, still, there is a lack of information regarding exosome uptake by cell types and internal signaling pathways through which these exosomes process cellular response. Exosomes are key components of cell signaling and intercellular communication. In central nervous system (CNS), exosomes can penetrate BBB and maintain homeostasis by myelin sheath regulation and the waste products elimination. Therefore, the current review summarizes role of exosomes and their use as biomarkers in cardiovascular, nervous and ocular disorders. This aspect of exosomes provides positive hope to monitor disease development and enable early diagnosis and treatment optimization. In this review, we have summarized recent findings on physiological and therapeutic effects of exosomes and also attempt to provide insights about stress-preconditioned exosomes and stem cell-derived exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepraj Paul
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Virendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Rohini A
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hermas A, Tsilfidis C, Karanjia R, Miller G, Kantungane AL, El-Salibi A, Kherani IN, Bali S, Coupland S. Sensitivity and specificity of the uniform field electroretinogram in glaucoma detection in comparison to the pattern electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2024; 148:97-106. [PMID: 38243039 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the ability of the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the uniform field electroretinogram (UF-ERG) to identify early glaucomatous changes in comparison to the checkerboard and bar stimuli of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). METHODS Forty-nine glaucoma patients were classified into two groups: glaucoma-suspect (23 eyes) and early to moderate glaucoma (30 eyes), based on their clinical examination and the results of standard automated perimetry. Thirty patients (30 eyes) with intraocular pressures (IOP) of 21 mmHg or less, with no history of reported high IOP, were included as controls. PERG and UF-ERG recordings were obtained on a Diagnosys D-341 Attaché-Envoy System. Visual field testing was done only for glaucoma-suspect and glaucoma patients. RESULTS All three tests (PERG bar stimulus, PERG checkerboard stimulus and PhNR) displayed significantly prolonged peak times for glaucoma and glaucoma-suspect patients, with delays ranging from 7.8 to 14.8%, depending on the test. The PERG bar stimulus also showed a significantly lower N95 amplitude for both glaucoma groups (with reductions of 26.0% and 33.0% for glaucoma-suspect and glaucoma groups, respectively). The PERG checkerboard N95 amplitude component had high sensitivity for detecting glaucoma patients but a low specificity (97% and 37%, respectively; AUC = 0.61). Overall, the PhNR peak time showed the highest sensitivity and specificity (77% and 90%, respectively; AUC = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS PERG bar stimuli and the PhNR of the UF-ERG can be used in the clinical setting to detect glaucoma-related changes in glaucoma-suspect and glaucoma patients. However, our data confirm that the PhNR peak time has the best combined sensitivity and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hermas
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Catherine Tsilfidis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Garfield Miller
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ange-Lynca Kantungane
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Irfan N Kherani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shveta Bali
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart Coupland
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patil SV, Kaipa BR, Ranshing S, Sundaresan Y, Millar JC, Nagarajan B, Kiehlbauch C, Zhang Q, Jain A, Searby CC, Scheetz TE, Clark AF, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. Lentiviral mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 reduces intraocular pressure in a mouse model of myocilin glaucoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6958. [PMID: 38521856 PMCID: PMC10960846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in myocilin (MYOC) are the leading known genetic cause of primary open-angle glaucoma, responsible for about 4% of all cases. Mutations in MYOC cause a gain-of-function phenotype in which mutant myocilin accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leading to ER stress and trabecular meshwork (TM) cell death. Therefore, knocking out myocilin at the genome level is an ideal strategy to permanently cure the disease. We have previously utilized CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing successfully to target MYOC using adenovirus 5 (Ad5). However, Ad5 is not a suitable vector for clinical use. Here, we sought to determine the efficacy of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and lentiviruses (LVs) to target the TM. First, we examined the TM tropism of single-stranded (ss) and self-complimentary (sc) AAV serotypes as well as LV expressing GFP via intravitreal (IVT) and intracameral (IC) injections. We observed that LV_GFP expression was more specific to the TM injected via the IVT route. IC injections of Trp-mutant scAAV2 showed a prominent expression of GFP in the TM. However, robust GFP expression was also observed in the ciliary body and retina. We next constructed lentiviral particles expressing Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) targeting MYOC (crMYOC) and transduction of TM cells stably expressing mutant myocilin with LV_crMYOC significantly reduced myocilin accumulation and its associated chronic ER stress. A single IVT injection of LV_crMYOC in Tg-MYOCY437H mice decreased myocilin accumulation in TM and reduced elevated IOP significantly. Together, our data indicates, LV_crMYOC targets MYOC gene editing in TM and rescues a mouse model of myocilin-associated glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Balasankara Reddy Kaipa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, 829 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Sujata Ranshing
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Yogapriya Sundaresan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, 829 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - J Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Bhavani Nagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Charles Kiehlbauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ankur Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Charles C Searby
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Gulab S Zode
- Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, 829 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bugara K, Pacwa A, Smedowski A. Molecular pathways in experimental glaucoma models. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1363170. [PMID: 38562304 PMCID: PMC10982327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1363170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex and progressive disease that primarily affects the optic nerve axons, leading to irreversible vision loss. Although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying glaucoma pathogenesis are not fully understood, it is believed that except increased intraocular pressure, a combination of genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of the disease. Animal models have been widely used in the study of glaucoma, allowing researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments. Several molecular pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and excitotoxic-induced neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the most important knowledge about molecular mechanisms involved in the glaucoma development. Although much research has been done to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease, there is still much to be learned to develop effective treatments and prevent vision loss in those affected by glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Bugara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Pacwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Professor K. Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lv Y, Zhai C, Sun G, He Y. Chitosan as a promising materials for the construction of nanocarriers for diabetic retinopathy: an updated review. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:18. [PMID: 38388386 PMCID: PMC10885467 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a condition that causes swelling of the blood vessels of the retina and leaks blood and fluids. It is the most severe form of diabetic eye disease. It causes vision loss in its advanced stage. Diabetic retinopathy is responsible for causing 26% of blindness. Very insufficient therapies are accessible for the treatment of DR. As compared to the conventional therapies, there should be enhanced research on the controlled release, shorter duration, and cost-effective therapy of diabetic retinopathy. The expansion of advanced nanocarriers-based drug delivery systems has been now employed to exploit as well as regulate the transport of many therapeutic agents to target sites via the increase in penetration or the extension of the duration of contact employing production by enclosing as well as distributing tiny molecules in nanostructured formulation. Various polymers have been utilized for the manufacturing of these nanostructured formulations. Chitosan possesses incredible biological and chemical properties, that have led to its extensive use in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Chitosan has been used in many studies because of its enhanced mucoadhesiveness and non-toxicity. Multiple studies have used chitosan as the best candidate for manufacturing nanocarriers and treating diabetic retinopathy. Numerous nanocarriers have been formulated by using chitosan such as nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers for treating diabetic retinopathy. This current review elaborates on the recent advancements of chitosan as a promising approach for the manufacturing of nanocarriers that can be used for treating diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130011, China
| | - Chenglei Zhai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130011, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130011, China.
| | - Yangfang He
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Theruveethi N. Impact of light-emitting diodes on visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons (V1-L5PNs)-A rodent study. Mol Vis 2024; 30:67-73. [PMID: 38586606 PMCID: PMC10994679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Light-induced neural retinal insult leads to alterations in the visual cortex neurons. We examined light-induced neuronal alterations in the visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons (V1-L5PNs) of adult male Wistar rats. Methods A total of 24 rats were divided into the following groups (n=6 each): control (NC), blue (BL), white (WL), and yellow (YL). The exposure groups were subjected to light-emitting diodes (LED) exposure (450-500 lx) of differing wavelengths for 90 days (12:12 16 light-dark cycle). After LED exposure, the animals were sacrificed, and the brain tissues were removed and impregnated in freshly prepared Golgi-Cox stain for 21 days. Sholl's grading analysis was used to quantify the apical and basal dendritic branching points and intersections of the V1-L5PNs. Results There was a significant difference in the number of apical branching points among all groups (p<0.001), with a particularly notable difference between the BL and WL groups (p<0.001). A post hoc test revealed that all exposure groups (BL, WL, and YL) had fewer apical branching points (p<0.001) on an average of 3.6 µm and a significant reduction in the dendritic intersections (p<0.001) compared to the number of branching points extending from layer Va (V1) neurons. Conclusions Chronic and cumulative exposure to blue and white LEDs led to the pruning of V1-L5PNs, which might impair visual processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Theruveethi
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Soundararajan A, Wang T, Pattabiraman PP. Proteomic analysis uncovers clusterin-mediated disruption of actin-based contractile machinery in the trabecular meshwork to lower intraocular pressure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580757. [PMID: 38405803 PMCID: PMC10888873 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a major cause of blindness, is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to improper drainage of aqueous humor via the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway. Our recent work identified that loss of clusterin resulted in elevated IOP. This study delves deeper to elucidate the role of clusterin in IOP regulation. Employing an ex vivo human anterior segment perfusion model, we established that constitutive expression and secretion as well as exogenous addition of clusterin can significantly lower IOP. Interestingly, clusterin significantly lowered transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2)-induced IOP elevation. This effect was linked to the suppression of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and, highlighting the crucial role of clusterin in maintaining ECM equilibrium. A comprehensive global proteomic approach revealed the broad impact of clusterin on TM cell structure and function by identifying alterations in protein expression related to cytoskeletal organization, protein processing, and cellular mechanics, following clusterin induction. These findings underscore the beneficial modulation of TM cell structure and functionality by clusterin. Specifically, clusterin influences the actin-cytoskeleton and focal adhesion dynamics, which are instrumental in cell contractility and adhesion processes. Additionally, it suppresses the activity of proteins critical in TGFβ2, G-protein, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, which are vital for the regulation of ocular pressure. By delineating these targeted effects of clusterin within the TM outflow pathway, our findings pave the way for novel treatment strategies aimed at mitigating the progression of ocular hypertension and glaucoma through targeted molecular interventions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Venkatapathappa P, Sultana A, K S V, Mansour R, Chikkanarayanappa V, Rangareddy H. Ocular Pathology and Genetics: Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Anterior Segment Diseases. Cureus 2024; 16:e55216. [PMID: 38435218 PMCID: PMC10908431 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a revolutionary influence in the field of ophthalmology, providing unparalleled capabilities in data analysis and pattern recognition. This narrative review delves into the crucial role that AI plays, particularly in the context of anterior segment diseases with a genetic basis. Corneal dystrophies (CDs) exhibit significant genetic diversity, manifested by irregular substance deposition in the cornea. AI-driven diagnostic tools exhibit promising accuracy in the identification and classification of corneal diseases. Importantly, chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT)-4.0 shows significant advancement over its predecessor, ChatGPT-3.5. In the realm of glaucoma, AI significantly contributes to precise diagnostics through inventive algorithms and machine learning models, surpassing conventional methods. The incorporation of AI in predicting glaucoma progression and its role in augmenting diagnostic efficiency is readily apparent. Additionally, AI-powered models prove beneficial for early identification and risk assessment in cases of congenital cataracts, characterized by diverse inheritance patterns. Machine learning models achieving exceptional discrimination in identifying congenital cataracts underscore AI's remarkable potential. The review concludes by emphasizing the promising implications of AI in managing anterior segment diseases, spanning from early detection to the tailoring of personalized treatment strategies. These advancements signal a paradigm shift in ophthalmic care, offering optimism for enhanced patient outcomes and more streamlined healthcare delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayesha Sultana
- Pathology, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
| | - Vidhya K S
- Bioinformatics, University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore, IND
| | - Romy Mansour
- Ophthalmology, Lebanese American University Medical Center, Beirut, LBN
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brown RB. Myopia, Sodium Chloride, and Vitreous Fluid Imbalance: A Nutritional Epidemiology Perspective. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 5:29-40. [PMID: 38390916 PMCID: PMC10885086 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Theories of myopia etiology based on near work and lack of outdoor exposure have had inconsistent support and have not prevented the rising prevalence of global myopia. New scientific theories in the cause and prevention of myopia are needed. Myopia prevalence is low in native people consuming traditional diets lacking in sodium chloride, and nutritional epidemiological evidence supports the association of rising myopia prevalence with dietary sodium intake. East Asian populations have among the highest rates of myopia associated with high dietary sodium. Similar associations of sodium and rising myopia prevalence were observed in the United States in the late 20th century. The present perspective synthesizes nutritional epidemiology evidence with pathophysiological concepts and proposes that axial myopia occurs from increased fluid retention in the vitreous of the eye, induced by dietary sodium chloride intake. Salt disturbs ionic permeability of retinal membranes, increases the osmotic gradient flow of fluid into the vitreous, and stretches ocular tissue during axial elongation. Based on the present nutritional epidemiology evidence, experimental research should investigate the effect of sodium chloride as the cause of myopia, and clinical research should test a very low-salt diet in myopia correction and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Crupi L, Capra AP, Paterniti I, Lanza M, Calapai F, Cuzzocrea S, Ardizzone A, Esposito E. Evaluation of the nutraceutical Palmitoylethanolamide in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38269580 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2306916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) positively correlates with both normal and high-tension glaucoma. To date, IOP targeting remains the validated pharmacological approach in counteracting glaucoma progression as well as in halting vision loss. Among the different adjuvant compounds, evidence highlighted the potential effectiveness of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous fatty acid amide. Thus, a systematic review of the literature was conducted, thoroughly evaluating PEA treatment regimen in decreasing IOP in patients with eye disorders. We checked for articles across the scientific databases Pubmed (MEDLINE), Embase (OVID), and Web of Science from the inception to 30 August 2023, and a total of 828 articles were recovered. Six of these studies (199 patients) were included in the systematic review after the study selection process, and three studies for meta-analysia. Overall, PEA showed significant efficacy in reducing IOP in patients, this encourages its clinical use in glaucoma as well as across different forms of eye disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lelio Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Capra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cooper AC, Tchernykh M, Shmuel A, Mendola JD. Diffusion tensor imaging of optic neuropathies: a narrative review. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2024; 14:1086-1107. [PMID: 38223128 PMCID: PMC10784057 DOI: 10.21037/qims-23-779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been implemented in a breadth of scientific investigations of optic neuropathies, though it has yet to be fully adopted for diagnosis or prognosis. This is potentially due to a lack of standardization and weak replication of results. The aim of this investigation was to review DTI results from studies specific to three distinct optic neuropathies in order to probe its current clinical utility. Methods We reviewed the DTI literature specific to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), optic neuritis (ON), and traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) by systematically searching the PubMed database on March 1st, 2023. Four distinct DTI metrics are considered: fractional anisotropy (FA), along with mean diffusivity (MD, axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). Results from within-group, between-group, and correlational studies were thoroughly assessed. Key Content and Findings POAG studies most consistently report a decrease in FA, especially in the optic radiations, followed in prevalence by an increase in RD and then MD, whilst AD yields conflicting results between studies. It is notable that there is not an equal distribution of investigated DTI metrics, with FA utilized the most, followed by MD, RD, and AD. Studies of ON are similar in that the most consistent findings are specific to FA, RD, and MD. These results are specific to the optic nerve and radiation since only one study measured the intermediary regions. More studies are needed to assess the effect that ON has on the tracts of the visual system. Finally, only three studies assessing DTI of TON have been performed to date, displaying low to moderate replicability of results. To improve the level of agreement between studies assessing each optic neuropathy, an increased level of standardization is recommended. Conclusions Both POAG and ON studies have yielded some prevalent DTI findings, both for contrast and correlation-based assessments. Although the clinical need is high for TON, considering the limitations of the current diagnostic tools, too few studies exist to make confident conclusions. Future use of standardized and longitudinal DTI, along with the foreseen methodological and technical improvements, is warranted to effectively study optic neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin C. Cooper
- McGill Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxim Tchernykh
- McGill Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amir Shmuel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janine D. Mendola
- McGill Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Patil SV, Kaipa BR, Ranshing S, Sundaresan Y, Millar JC, Nagarajan B, Kiehlbauch C, Zhang Q, Jain A, Searby CC, Scheetz TE, Clark AF, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. Lentiviral mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 reduces intraocular pressure in a mouse model of myocilin glaucoma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3740880. [PMID: 38196579 PMCID: PMC10775399 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3740880/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in myocilin (MYOC) are the leading known genetic cause of primary open-angle glaucoma, responsible for about 4% of all cases. Mutations in MYOC cause a gain-of-function phenotype in which mutant myocilin accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leading to ER stress and trabecular meshwork (TM) cell death. Therefore, knocking out myocilin at the genome level is an ideal strategy to permanently cure the disease. We have previously utilized CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing successfully to target MYOC using adenovirus 5 (Ad5). However, Ad5 is not a suitable vector for clinical use. Here, we sought to determine the efficacy of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and lentiviruses (LVs) to target the TM. First, we examined the TM tropism of single-stranded (ss) and self-complimentary (sc) AAV serotypes as well as LV expressing GFP via intravitreal (IVT) and intracameral (IC) injections. We observed that LV_GFP expression was more specific to the TM injected via the IVT route. IC injections of Trp-mutant scAAV2 showed a prominent expression of GFP in the TM. However, robust GFP expression was also observed in the ciliary body and retina. We next constructed lentiviral particles expressing Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) targeting MYOC (crMYOC) and transduction of TM cells stably expressing mutant myocilin with LV_crMYOC significantly reduced myocilin accumulation and its associated chronic ER stress. A single IVT injection of LV_crMYOC in Tg-MYOCY437H mice decreased myocilin accumulation in TM and reduced elevated IOP significantly. Together, our data indicates, LV_crMYOC targets MYOC gene editing in TM and rescues a mouse model of myocilin-associated glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Patil
- University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth
| | | | - Sujata Ranshing
- University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abbot F Clark
- University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Basavarajappa D, Galindo-Romero C, Gupta V, Agudo-Barriuso M, Gupta VB, Graham SL, Chitranshi N. Signalling pathways and cell death mechanisms in glaucoma: Insights into the molecular pathophysiology. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101216. [PMID: 37856930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex multifactorial eye disease manifesting in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and optic nerve degeneration, ultimately causing irreversible vision loss. Research in recent years has significantly enhanced our understanding of RGC degenerative mechanisms in glaucoma. It is evident that high intraocular pressure (IOP) is not the only contributing factor to glaucoma pathogenesis. The equilibrium of pro-survival and pro-death signalling pathways in the retina strongly influences the function and survival of RGCs and optic nerve axons in glaucoma. Molecular evidence from human retinal tissue analysis and a range of experimental models of glaucoma have significantly contributed to unravelling these mechanisms. Accumulating evidence reveals a wide range of molecular signalling pathways that can operate -either alone or via intricate networks - to induce neurodegeneration. The roles of several molecules, including neurotrophins, interplay of intracellular kinases and phosphates, caveolae and adapter proteins, serine proteases and their inhibitors, nuclear receptors, amyloid beta and tau, and how their dysfunction affects retinal neurons are discussed in this review. We further underscore how anatomical alterations in various animal models exhibiting RGC degeneration and susceptibility to glaucoma-related neuronal damage have helped to characterise molecular mechanisms in glaucoma. In addition, we also present different regulated cell death pathways that play a critical role in RGC degeneration in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) & Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) & Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lo J, Mehta K, Dhillon A, Huang YK, Luo Z, Nam MH, Al Diri I, Chang KC. Therapeutic strategies for glaucoma and optic neuropathies. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101219. [PMID: 37839232 PMCID: PMC10841486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease that causes permanent vision impairment. The main pathological characteristics of glaucoma are retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and optic nerve degeneration. Glaucoma can be caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), although some cases are congenital or occur in patients with normal IOP. Current glaucoma treatments rely on medicine and surgery to lower IOP, which only delays disease progression. First-line glaucoma medicines are supported by pharmacotherapy advancements such as Rho kinase inhibitors and innovative drug delivery systems. Glaucoma surgery has shifted to safer minimally invasive (or microinvasive) glaucoma surgery, but further trials are needed to validate long-term efficacy. Further, growing evidence shows that adeno-associated virus gene transduction and stem cell-based RGC replacement therapy hold potential to treat optic nerve fiber degeneration and glaucoma. However, better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of RGC development is needed to provide insight into RGC differentiation from stem cells and help choose target genes for viral therapy. In this review, we overview current progress in RGC development research, optic nerve fiber regeneration, and human stem cell-derived RGC differentiation and transplantation. We also provide an outlook on perspectives and challenges in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Kamakshi Mehta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Armaan Dhillon
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Mi-Hyun Nam
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Issam Al Diri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu W, Sun Y, Zhao S, Zhao J, Zhang J. Identification and validation of autophagy-related genes in primary open-angle glaucoma. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:287. [PMID: 37968618 PMCID: PMC10648356 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the most common type of glaucoma, the etiology of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) has not been unified. Autophagy may affect the occurrence and development of POAG, while the specific mechanism and target need to be further explored. METHODS The GSE27276 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the autophagy gene set from the GeneCards database were selected to screen differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (DEARGs) of POAG. Hub DEARGs were selected by constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and utilizing GSE138125 dataset. Subsequently, immune cell infiltration analysis, genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and other analyses were performed on the hub genes. Eventually, animal experiments were performed to verify the mRNA levels of the hub genes by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS A total of 67 DEARGs and 2 hub DEARGs, HSPA8 and RPL15, were selected. The hub genes were closely related to the level of immune cell infiltration. GWAS analysis confirmed that the causative regions of the 2 hub genes in glaucoma were on chromosome 11 and chromosome 3, respectively. GSEA illustrated that pathways enriched for highly expressed HSPA8 and RPL15 contained immunity, autophagy, gene expression and energy metabolism-related pathways. qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of Hspa8 and Rpl15 in the rat POAG model was consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that HSPA8 and RPL15 may affect the progression of POAG by regulating autophagy and provided new ideas for the pathogenesis and treatment of POAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Xu
- Ophthalmology Department of QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuhao Sun
- Otolaryngology Department of QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Ophthalmology Department of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Juanmei Zhang
- Ophthalmology Department of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim HJ, Cha S, Choi JS, Lee JY, Kim KE, Kim JK, Kim J, Moon SY, Lee SHS, Park K, Won SY. scAAV2-Mediated Expression of Thioredoxin 2 and C3 Transferase Prevents Retinal Ganglion Cell Death and Lowers Intraocular Pressure in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16253. [PMID: 38003443 PMCID: PMC10671512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma causes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and damage to the optic nerve. Although IOP is controlled pharmacologically, no treatment is available to restore retinal and optic nerve function. In this paper, we aimed to develop a novel gene therapy for glaucoma using an AAV2-based thioredoxin 2 (Trx2)-exoenzyme C3 transferase (C3) fusion protein expression vector (scAAV2-Trx2-C3). We evaluated the therapeutic effects of this vector in vitro and in vivo using dexamethasone (DEX)-induced glaucoma models. We found that scAAV2-Trx2-C3-treated HeLa cells had significantly reduced GTP-bound active RhoA and increased phosphor-cofilin Ser3 protein expression levels. scAAV2-Trx2-C3 was also shown to inhibit oxidative stress, fibronectin expression, and alpha-SMA expression in DEX-treated HeLa cells. NeuN immunostaining and TUNEL assay in mouse retinal tissues was performed to evaluate its neuroprotective effect upon RGCs, whereas changes in mouse IOP were monitored via rebound tonometer. The present study showed that scAAV2-Trx2-C3 can protect RGCs from degeneration and reduce IOP in a DEX-induced mouse model of glaucoma, while immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of fibronectin and alpha-SMA was decreased after the transduction of scAAV2-Trx2-C3 in murine eye tissues. Our results suggest that AAV2-Trx2-C3 modulates the outflow resistance of the trabecular meshwork, protects retinal and other ocular tissues from oxidative damage, and may lead to the development of a gene therapeutic for glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jong Kim
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Cha
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sub Choi
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.L.); (K.E.K.)
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ko Eun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.L.); (K.E.K.)
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kwon Kim
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Moon
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Hyun Seung Lee
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - Keerang Park
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Institute of New Drug Development Research, Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.C.); (J.-S.C.); (J.K.K.); (J.K.); (S.Y.M.); (S.H.S.L.); (K.P.)
- Cdmogen Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28577, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abbasi M, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Moustardas P, Ranjbaran R, Graham SL. Molecular Mechanisms of Glaucoma Pathogenesis with Implications to Caveolin Adaptor Protein and Caveolin-Shp2 Axis. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1012. [PMID: 37962455 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common retinal disorder characterized by progressive optic nerve damage, resulting in visual impairment and potential blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor, but some patients still experience disease progression despite IOP-lowering treatments. Genome-wide association studies have linked variations in the Caveolin1/2 (CAV-1/2) gene loci to glaucoma risk. Cav-1, a key protein in caveolae membrane invaginations, is involved in signaling pathways and its absence impairs retinal function. Recent research suggests that Cav-1 is implicated in modulating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in retinal ganglion cells, which plays a critical role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) health and protection against apoptosis. Understanding the interplay between these proteins could shed light on glaucoma pathogenesis and provide potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Abbasi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Petros Moustardas
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Reza Ranjbaran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Y, Zhang XJ, Yuan N, Wang YM, Ip P, Chen LJ, Tham CC, Pang CP, Yam JC. Secondhand smoke exposure and ocular health: A systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:1166-1207. [PMID: 37479063 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The toxicology of secondhand smoke (SHS), along with the harm of its exposure to human health, has been generally acknowledged; however, specific evidence is lacking on the association between SHS exposure and ocular health. In this systematic review (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022247992), we included 55 original articles published by 12 May 2023, which dealt with SHS exposure and ocular disorders, such as eye irritation, conjunctivitis, dry eye diseases, uveitis, myopia, astigmatism, contact lens discomfort, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and thyroid eye disease that addressed the ocular neurovascular structures of the macular, retinal nerve fiber layer, choroid, and corneal biomechanical parameters. We found compelling correlational evidence for eye irritation, conjunctivitis, and dry eye symptoms-supporting that SHS exposure was positively associated with inflammatory and allergic changes in the eyes. Yet, evidence about the associations between SHS exposure and other ocular disorders, structures, and parameters is still limited or controversial. Given the limitations of existing literature, more investigations with high quality and rigorous design are warranted to elucidate the potentially harmful effects of SHS exposure on ocular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiu Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Nan Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Kunming Bright Eye Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Meng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Patel PD, Kodati B, Clark AF. Role of Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:2452. [PMID: 37887296 PMCID: PMC10605158 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), including both alternative spliced isoforms (GRα and GRβ), has been implicated in the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and iatrogenic glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG). POAG is the most common form of glaucoma, which is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness in the world. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used therapeutically for ocular and numerous other diseases/conditions. One serious side effect of prolonged GC therapy is the development of iatrogenic secondary ocular hypertension (OHT) and OAG (i.e., GC-induced glaucoma (GIG)) that clinically and pathologically mimics POAG. GC-induced OHT is caused by pathogenic damage to the trabecular meshwork (TM), a tissue involved in regulating aqueous humor outflow and intraocular pressure. TM cells derived from POAG eyes (GTM cells) have a lower expression of GRβ, a dominant negative regulator of GC activity, compared to TM cells from age-matched control eyes. Therefore, GTM cells have a greater pathogenic response to GCs. Almost all POAG patients develop GC-OHT when treated with GCs, in contrast to a GC responder rate of 40% in the normal population. An increased expression of GRβ can block GC-induced pathogenic changes in TM cells and reverse GC-OHT in mice. The endogenous expression of GRβ in the TM may relate to differences in the development of GC-OHT in the normal population. A number of studies have suggested increased levels of endogenous cortisol in POAG patients as well as differences in cortisol metabolism, suggesting that GCs may be involved in the development of POAG. Additional studies are warranted to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in POAG and GIG in order to develop new disease-modifying therapies to better treat these two sight threatening forms of glaucoma. The purpose of this timely review is to highlight the pathological and clinical features of GC-OHT and GIG, mechanisms responsible for GC responsiveness, potential therapeutic options, as well as to compare the similar features of GIG with POAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (P.D.P.); (B.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kuang G, Salowe R, O'Brien J. Paving the way while playing catch up: mitochondrial genetics in African ancestry primary open-angle glaucoma. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1267119. [PMID: 38983031 PMCID: PMC11182247 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1267119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, disproportionately affects individuals of African descent. Specifically, previous research has indicated that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common form of disease, is more prevalent, severe, early-onset, and rapidly-progressive in populations of African ancestry. Recent studies have identified genetic variations that may contribute to the greater burden of disease in this population. In particular, mitochondrial genetics has emerged as a profoundly influential factor in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including POAG. Several hypotheses explaining the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial genetic contribution to disease progression have been proposed, including nuclear-mitochondrial gene mismatch. Exploring the fundamentals of mitochondrial genetics and disease pathways within the understudied African ancestry population can lead to groundbreaking advancements in the research and clinical understanding of POAG. This article discusses the currently known involvements of mitochondrial genetic factors in POAG, recent directions of study, and potential future prospects in mitochondrial genetic studies in individuals of African descent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kuang
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Salowe
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joan O'Brien
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carmichael-Martins A, Gast TJ, King BJ, Walker BR, Sobczak M, Burns SA. Imaging fine structures of the human trabecular meshwork in vivo using a custom design goniolens and OCT gonioscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5267-5281. [PMID: 37854570 PMCID: PMC10581814 DOI: 10.1364/boe.500623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM), located within the iridocorneal angle, is a target for many glaucoma treatments aimed at controlling intraocular pressure. However, structural variations between individuals are poorly understood. We propose a newly designed gonioscopic lens optimized for high-resolution imaging to image fine structures of the human TM in vivo. The body of the new lens is index-matched to the human cornea and includes a choice of two gonioscopic mirrors (59° and 63°) and matching air-spaced doublets placed on the anterior surface of the goniolens. The new design allows a diffraction-limited image plane at the iridocorneal angle structures. The goniolens design was built and then placed on the subjectś eyes coupled to the cornea with goniogel and a 3D adjustable mount. Images were obtained using a commercially available OCT device (Heidelberg Spectralis). The optical resolution was measured in a model eye as 40.32 and 45.25 cy/mm respectively for each mirror angle. In humans, dense OCT scans with minimum spacing oriented tangential to the iris and ICA were performed on 7 healthy subjects (23-73 yrs). The TM was successfully imaged in all subjects. The custom goniolens improved the contrast of the uveoscleral meshwork structures and corneoscleral meshwork revealing limbus parallel striations, not visible with previous goniolens designs. Transverse OCT images were constructed along the segmentation line, providing an enface image of the TM structures including corneoscleral beams, previously only imaged in vivo using custom adaptive optics systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J. Gast
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Brett J. King
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Brittany R. Walker
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Marcelina Sobczak
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Stephen A. Burns
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ranocchia J, Irving W, Haase B. Exclusion of previously described variant in LTBP2 for primary glaucoma in Australian Burmese cats. Anim Genet 2023; 54:657-658. [PMID: 37499110 DOI: 10.1111/age.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ranocchia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Irving
- Eye Clinic for Animals, Artarmon, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ng TK, Chu KO, Wang CC, Pang CP. Green Tea Catechins as Therapeutic Antioxidants for Glaucoma Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1320. [PMID: 37507860 PMCID: PMC10376590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment, affecting more than 80 million individuals worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation-induced neurodegenerative insults to retinal ganglion cells are the main pathogenesis of glaucoma. Retinal ganglion cells, the retinal neurons transmitting the visual signals to the visual cortex in the brain, have very limited regeneration or recovery capacity after damages. Apart from intraocular pressure-lowering treatments, there is still no clinically effective treatment to rescue the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. Dietary antioxidants are easily accessible and can be applied as supplements assisting in the clinical treatments. Catechins, a chemical family of flavonoids, are the phenolic compounds found in many plants, especially in green tea. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of green tea catechins in vitro and in vivo have been well proven. They could be a potential treatment ameliorating retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma. In this review, the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic properties of green tea catechins were summarized. Research updates on the biological effects of green tea catechins in cellular and animal experimental glaucoma models were reviewed. In addition, clinical potentials of green tea catechins for glaucoma treatment were also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kai On Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang L, Tang L, Xia M, Cao G. The application of artificial intelligence in glaucoma diagnosis and prediction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1173094. [PMID: 37215077 PMCID: PMC10192631 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1173094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is a multidisciplinary and collaborative science, the ability of deep learning for image feature extraction and processing gives it a unique advantage in dealing with problems in ophthalmology. The deep learning system can assist ophthalmologists in diagnosing characteristic fundus lesions in glaucoma, such as retinal nerve fiber layer defects, optic nerve head damage, optic disc hemorrhage, etc. Early detection of these lesions can help delay structural damage, protect visual function, and reduce visual field damage. The development of deep learning led to the emergence of deep convolutional neural networks, which are pushing the integration of artificial intelligence with testing devices such as visual field meters, fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography to drive more rapid advances in clinical glaucoma diagnosis and prediction techniques. This article details advances in artificial intelligence combined with visual field, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography in the field of glaucoma diagnosis and prediction, some of which are familiar and some not widely known. Then it further explores the challenges at this stage and the prospects for future clinical applications. In the future, the deep cooperation between artificial intelligence and medical technology will make the datasets and clinical application rules more standardized, and glaucoma diagnosis and prediction tools will be simplified in a single direction, which will benefit multiple ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Zhang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Tang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Xia
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofan Cao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yadav M, Bhardwaj A, Yadav A, Dada R, Tanwar M. Molecular genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:1739-1756. [PMID: 37203025 PMCID: PMC10391438 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2570_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a series of linked optic diseases resulting in progressive vision loss and total blindness due to the acquired loss of retinal ganglion cells. This harm to the optic nerve results in visual impairment and, ultimately, total blindness if left untreated. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most frequent variety within the large family of glaucoma. It is a multifaceted and heterogeneous condition with several environmental and genetic variables aiding in its etiology. By 2040, there will be 111.8 million glaucoma patients globally, with Asia and Africa accounting for the vast majority. The goal of this review is to elaborate on the role of genes (nuclear and mitochondrial) as well as their variants in the pathogenesis of POAG. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched online for papers until September 2022. Prevalence and inheritance patterns vary significantly across different ethnic and geographic populations. Numerous causative genetic loci may exist; however, only a few have been recognized and characterized. Further investigation into the genetic etiology of POAG is expected to uncover novel and intriguing causal genes, allowing for a more precise pathogenesis pattern of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Aarti Bhardwaj
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Anshu Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Tanwar
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Seong HR, Noh CH, Park S, Cho S, Hong SJ, Lee AY, Geum D, Hong SC, Park D, Kim TM, Choi EK, Kim YB. Intraocular Pressure-Lowering and Retina-Protective Effects of Exosome-Rich Conditioned Media from Human Amniotic Membrane Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098073. [PMID: 37175778 PMCID: PMC10179312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most devastating eye diseases, since the disease can develop into blindness and no effective therapeutics are available. Although the exact mechanisms and causes of glaucoma are unknown, increased intraocular pressure (IOP) has been demonstrated to be an important risk factor. Exosomes are lipid nanoparticles secreted from functional cells, including stem cells, and have been found to contain diverse functional molecules that control body function, inhibit inflammation, protect and regenerate cells, and restore damaged tissues. In the present study, exosome-rich conditioned media (ERCMs) were attained via hypoxic culture (2% O2) of human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (AMMSCs) and amniotic membrane epithelial stem cells (AMESCs) containing 50 times more exosome particles than normoxic culture (20% O2) medium (NCM). The exosome particles in ERCM were confirmed to be 77 nm in mean size and contain much greater amounts of growth factors (GFs) and neurotrophic factors (NFs) than those in NCM. The glaucoma-therapeutic effects of ERCMs were assessed in retinal cells and a hypertonic (1.8 M) saline-induced high-IOP animal model. CM-DiI-labeled AMMSC exosomes were found to readily penetrate the normal and H2O2-damaged retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and AMMSC-ERCM not only facilitated retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPEC) proliferation but also protected against H2O2- and hypoxia-induced RPEC insults. The IOP of rats challenged with 1.8 M saline increased twice the normal IOP (12-17 mmHg) in a week. However, intravitreal injection of AMMSC-ERCM or AMESC-ERCM (3.9-4.5 × 108 exosomes in 10 μL/eye) markedly recovered the IOP to normal level in 2 weeks, similar to the effect achieved with platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB, 1.5 μg), a reference material. In addition, AMMSC-ERCM, AMESC-ERCM, and PDGF-AB significantly reversed the shrinkage of retinal layers, preserved RGCs, and prevented neural injury in the glaucoma eyes. It was confirmed that stem cell ERCMs containing large numbers of functional molecules such as GFs and NFs improved glaucoma by protecting retinal cells against oxidative and hypoxic injuries in vitro and by recovering IOP and retinal degeneration in vivo. Therefore, it is suggested that stem cell ERCMs could be a promising candidate for the therapy of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Seong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryong Park
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Hong
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Lee
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Geum
- Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Cheol Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Myoung Kim
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wan H, Yan YD, Hu XM, Shang L, Chen YH, Huang YX, Zhang Q, Yan WT, Xiong K. Inhibition of mitochondrial VDAC1 oligomerization alleviates apoptosis and necroptosis of retinal neurons following OGD/R injury. Ann Anat 2023; 247:152049. [PMID: 36690044 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological mechanism in many retinal diseases, which can lead to cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), which is mainly located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, is the gatekeeper of mitochondria. The permeability of mitochondrial membrane can be regulated by controlling the oligomerization of VDAC1. However, the functional mechanism of VDAC1 in retinal I/R injury was unclear. Our results demonstrate that oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R) injury leads to apoptosis, necroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction of R28 cells. The OGD/R injury increases the levels of VDAC1 oligomerization. Inhibition of VDAC1 oligomerization by VBIT-12 rescued mitochondrial dysfunction by OGD/R and also reduced apoptosis/necroptosis of R28 cells. In vivo, the use of VBIT-12 significantly reduced aHIOP-induced neuronal death (apoptosis/necroptosis) in the rat retina. Our findings indicate that VDAC1 oligomers may open and enlarge mitochondrial membrane pores during OGD/R injury, leading to the release of death-related factors in mitochondria, resulting in apoptosis and necroptosis. This study provides a potential therapeutic strategy against ocular diseases caused by I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yan-di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yan-Xia Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wei-Tao Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Izhar MP, Hafeez A, Kushwaha P, Simrah. Drug Delivery Through Niosomes: A Comprehensive Review with Therapeutic Applications. J CLUST SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-023-02423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
33
|
Neuroprotective effect of the calcium channel blocker nilvadipine on retinal ganglion cell death in a mouse ocular hypertension model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13812. [PMID: 36879972 PMCID: PMC9984798 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether nilvadipine has a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a mouse model of ocular hypertension (OH) that expresses cyan fluorescein protein (CFP) in RGCs. OH was induced in the right eyes of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice using a laser. Nilvadipine or vehicle treatment began simultaneously with OH modeling and was administered intraperitoneally once daily for 8 weeks. Intraocular pressure (IOP) in both the laser- and non-treated eyes was measured weekly with the microneedle method, and calculations were performed to estimate the pressure insult in each eye. Using a retinal whole mount, the number of RGCs was counted at week 9. Laser-treated eyes showed a significant increase in IOP (p < 0.01), and the pressure insult did not differ between the drug-treated groups. Over time, laser treatment produced a significant decrease in the number of RGCs in the vehicle-treated groups, but this effect was attenuated by nilvadipine treatment. The pressure insult and RGC survival rate were significantly negatively correlated in the vehicle-treated group (y = -0.078 x + 107.8, r = 0.76, p < 0.001), but not in the nilvadipine-treated group (y = -0.015 x + 99.9, r = 0.43, p = 0.128). Nilvadipine was a potent neuroprotective agent for RGCs in our mouse model of OH and may have potential for protection against glaucoma. This model is useful as a screening tool for drugs with retinal protective effects.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kuang G, Salowe R, O’Brien J. Genetic Factors Implicated in the Investigation of Possible Connections between Alzheimer's Disease and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:338. [PMID: 36833265 PMCID: PMC9957421 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) are diseases of primary global neurodegeneration with complex pathophysiologies. Throughout the published literature, researchers have highlighted similarities associated with various aspects of both diseases. In light of the increasing number of findings reporting resemblance between the two neurodegenerative processes, scientists have grown interested in possible underlying connections between AD and POAG. In the search for explanations to fundamental mechanisms, a multitude of genes have been studied in each condition, with overlap in the genes of interest between AD and POAG. Greater understanding of genetic factors can drive the research process of identifying relationships and elucidating common pathways of disease. These connections can then be utilized to advance research as well as to generate new clinical applications. Notably, AD and glaucoma are currently diseases with irreversible consequences that often lack effective therapies. An established genetic connection between AD and POAG would serve as the basis for development of gene or pathway targeted strategies relevant to both diseases. Such a clinical application could be of immense benefit to researchers, clinicians, and patients alike. This paper aims to summarize the genetic associations between AD and POAG, describe common underlying mechanisms, discuss potential areas of application, and organize the findings in a review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan O’Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xie X, Liu D, Wang W, Xiang J, Yang M, Liu G. Microelectrode-Based Electrochemical Impedance Determination of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Aqueous Humor for Diagnosis of Glaucoma. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2087-2093. [PMID: 36628978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in aqueous humor (AH) is an ideal biomarker for the diagnosis of glaucoma, a chronic progressive optic neuropathy and the most frequent cause of irreversible blindness. The difficulty of AH-based BDNF detection is from the small amount of extracted AH in a paracentesis (<100 μL) and the ultra-low abundance of BDNF. In this work, we systematically studied the non-specific adsorption of biofluids on the bare gold electrode by electrochemistry and Raman spectroscopy techniques, revealing the unexpected negative correlation of the extent of non-specific adsorption with the size of the electrode. Based on it, a simple microelectrode-based sensor without the introduction of the blocking layer was developed for the detection of BDNF in the AH sample. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and extracting the changes of electron-transfer resistance of the electrochemical probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- on the sensor surface, the BDNF was quantified. The dynamic range was from 0.5 to 50 pg·mL-1, with a detection limit of 0.3 pg·mL-1 and a sample consumption of 5 μL. The real AH sample analysis confirmed the significant decrease of BDNF abundance in the AH of glaucoma patients. Our microelectrode-based EIS sensor displayed prominent advantages on simplified preparation, sensitive response, and low sample consumption. This AH-based BDNF analysis is expected to be used for the screening and diagnosis of glaucoma, especially for the high-risk population who have ocular diseases and have to undergo surgeries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha410083, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha410083, P. R. China
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Juan Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha410083, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, P. R. China
| | - Guokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Iezhitsa I, Lazaldin MM, Agarwal R, Agarwal P, Ismail N. Neuroprotective effects of exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor on amyloid-beta 1–40-induced retinal degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:382-388. [PMID: 35900434 PMCID: PMC9396500 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ)-related alterations, similar to those found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, have been observed in the retina of patients with glaucoma. Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are believed to be associated with the neurotoxic effects of Aβ peptide. To investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of BDNF on Aβ1–40-induced retinal injury in Sprague-Dawley rats, we treated rats by intravitreal administration of phosphate-buffered saline (control), Aβ1–40 (5 nM), or Aβ1–40 (5 nM) combined with BDNF (1 µg/mL). We found that intravitreal administration of Aβ1–40 induced retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Fluoro-Gold staining showed a significantly lower number of retinal ganglion cells in the Aβ1–40 group than in the control and BDNF groups. In the Aβ1–40 group, low number of RGCs was associated with increased caspase-3 expression and reduced TrkB and ERK1/2 expression. BDNF abolished Aβ1–40-induced increase in the expression of caspase-3 at the gene and protein levels in the retina and upregulated TrkB and ERK1/2 expression. These findings suggest that treatment with BDNF prevents RGC apoptosis induced by Aβ1–40 by activating the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in rats.
Collapse
|
37
|
Arévalo-López C, Gleitze S, Madariaga S, Plaza-Rosales I. Pupillary response to chromatic light stimuli as a possible biomarker at the early stage of glaucoma: a review. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:343-356. [PMID: 35781599 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve currently considered a severe health problem because of its high prevalence, being the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The most common type corresponds to Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Glaucoma produces, among other alterations, a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and its axons which are the key contributors to generate action potentials that reach the visual cortex to create the visual image. Glaucoma is characterized by Visual Field loss whose main feature is to be painless and therefore makes early detection difficult, causing a late diagnosis and a delayed treatment indication that slows down its progression. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which represent a subgroup of RGCs are characterized by their response to short-wave light stimulation close to 480 nm, their non-visual function, and their role in the generation of the pupillary reflex. Currently, the sensitivity of clinical examinations correlates to RGC damage; however, the need for an early damage biomarker is still relevant. It is an urgent task to create new diagnostic approaches to detect an early stage of glaucoma in a prompt, quick, and economical manner. We summarize the pathology of glaucoma and its current clinical detection methods, and we suggest evaluating the pupillary response to chromatic light as a potential biomarker of disease, due to its diagnostic benefit and its cost-effectiveness in clinical practice in order to reduce irreversible damage caused by glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Arévalo-López
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvia Gleitze
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Madariaga
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neurosistemas, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Ecological Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Plaza-Rosales
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Laboratorio de Neurosistemas, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Ecological Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dezor-Garus J, Niechciał E, Kędzia A, Gotz-Więckowska A. Obesity-induced ocular changes in children and adolescents: A review. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1133965. [PMID: 37033164 PMCID: PMC10076676 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1133965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels worldwide. Overweight and obesity is associated with an increase in several inflammatory markers, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation responsible for macro- and microvascular dysfunction. While the impact of obesity on overall health is well-described, less is known about its ocular manifestations. Still, there are few studies in children and adolescents in this regard and they are inconsistent. However, some evidence suggests a significant role of overnutrition in the development of changes in retinal microvasculature parameters (wider venules, narrower arterioles, lower arteriovenous ratio). Higher values of intraocular pressure were found to be positively correlated with high body mass index (BMI) as well as obesity. In addition, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) values seem to be lower in obese children, and there is a significant negative correlation between RNFL values and anthropometric and/or metabolic parameters. Changes also could be present in macular retinal thickness and choroidal thickness as well as in the retinal vessel density in children with obesity. However, these associations were not consistently documented. The purpose of this review is to present the most current issues on child obesity and the related potential ocular effects through an overview of international publications from the years 1992-2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dezor-Garus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: Julia Dezor-Garus
| | - Elżbieta Niechciał
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Auxology and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kędzia
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Auxology and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Gotz-Więckowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rodrigo MJ, Bravo-Osuna I, Subias M, Montolío A, Cegoñino J, Martinez-Rincón T, Mendez-Martinez S, Aragón-Navas A, Garcia-Herranz D, Pablo LE, Herrero-Vanrell R, del Palomar AP, Garcia-Martin E. Tunable degrees of neurodegeneration in rats based on microsphere-induced models of chronic glaucoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20622. [PMID: 36450772 PMCID: PMC9712621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares four different animal models of chronic glaucoma against normal aging over 6 months. Chronic glaucoma was induced in 138 Long-Evans rats and compared against 43 aged-matched healthy rats. Twenty-five rats received episcleral vein sclerosis injections (EPIm cohort) while the rest were injected in the eye anterior chamber with a suspension of biodegradable microspheres: 25 rats received non-loaded microspheres (N-L Ms cohort), 45 rats received microspheres loaded with dexamethasone (MsDexa cohort), and 43 rats received microspheres co-loaded with dexamethasone and fibronectin (MsDexaFibro cohort). Intraocular pressure, neuroretinal function, structure and vitreous interface were evaluated. Each model caused different trends in intraocular pressure, produced specific retinal damage and vitreous signals. The steepest and strongest increase in intraocular pressure was seen in the EPIm cohort and microspheres models were more progressive. The EPIm cohort presented the highest vitreous intensity and percentage loss in the ganglion cell layer, the MsDexa cohort presented the greatest loss in the retinal nerve fiber layer, and the MsDexaFibro cohort presented the greatest loss in total retinal thickness. Function decreased differently among cohorts. Using biodegradable microspheres models it is possible to generate tuned neurodegeneration. These results support the multifactorial nature of glaucoma based on several noxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Rodrigo
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Subias
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Montolío
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3a), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Cegoñino
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3a), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Martinez-Rincón
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Mendez-Martinez
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alba Aragón-Navas
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Herranz
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Emilio Pablo
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Pérez del Palomar
- grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Biomaterials Group, Aragon Engineering Research Institute (I3a), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain ,grid.417198.20000 0000 8497 6529Thematic Research Network in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain ,grid.11205.370000 0001 2152 8769Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ,C/Padre Arrupe, Servicio de Oftalmología, Edificio de Consultas Externas, Planta 1, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang L, Wei Z, Wang X, Lan C, Zhu Y, Ye Q. AZD6738 Decreases Intraocular Pressure and Inhibits Fibrotic Response in Trabecular Meshwork through CHK1/P53 Pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
41
|
Fan J, Liu J, Liu J, Angel PM, Drake RR, Wu Y, Fan H, Koutalos Y, Crosson CE. Sphingomyelinases in retinas and optic nerve heads: Effects of ocular hypertension and ischemia. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109250. [PMID: 36122624 PMCID: PMC10694736 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases (SMase), enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide, are important sensors for inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic signaling. Studies have provided evidence that increased SMase activity can contribute to retinal injury. In most tissues, two major SMases are responsible for stress-induced increases in ceramide: acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and Mg2+-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase). The purposes of the current study were to determine the localization of SMases and their substrates in the retina and optic nerve head and to investigate the effects of ocular hypertension and ischemia on ASMase and NSMase activities. Tissue and cellular localization of ASMase and NSMase were determined by immunofluorescence imaging. Tissue localization of sphingomyelin in retinas was further determined by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Tissue levels of sphingomyelins and ceramide were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Sphingomyelinase activities under basal conditions and following acute ischemic and ocular hypotensive stress were measured using the Amplex Red Sphingomyelinase Assay Kit. Our data show that ASMase is in the optic nerve head and the retinal ganglion cell layer. NSMase is in the optic nerve head, photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell layers. Both ASMase and NSMase were identified in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve head astrocytes. The retina and optic nerve head each exhibited unique distribution of sphingomyelins with the abundance of very long chain species being higher in the optic nerve head than in the retina. Basal activities for ASMase in retinas and optic nerve heads were 54.98 ± 2.5 and 95.6 ± 19.5 mU/mg protein, respectively. Ocular ischemia significantly increased ASMase activity to 86.2 ± 15.3 mU/mg protein in retinas (P = 0.03) but not in optic nerve heads (81.1 ± 15.3 mU/mg protein). Ocular hypertension significantly increased ASMase activity to 121.6 ± 7.3 mU/mg protein in retinas (P < 0.001) and 267.0 ± 66.3 mU/mg protein in optic nerve heads (P = 0.03). Basal activities for NSMase in retinas and optic nerve heads were 12.3 ± 2.1 and 37.9 ± 8.7 mU/mg protein, respectively. No significant change in NSMase activity was measured following ocular ischemia or hypertension. Our results provide evidence that both ASMase and NSMase are expressed in retinas and optic nerve heads; however, basal ASMase activity is significantly higher than NSMase activity in retinas and optic nerve heads. In addition, only ASMase activity was significantly increased in ocular ischemia or hypertension. These data support a role for ASMase-mediated sphingolipid metabolism in the development of retinal ischemic and hypertensive injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Jian Liu
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jiali Liu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 274 Middle Zhijiang Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hongkuan Fan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yiannis Koutalos
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Craig E Crosson
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wu HJ, Kuchtey RW, Kuchtey J. Optic neuropathy associated with TGFβ dysregulation in mice with a glaucoma-causative mutation of ADAMTS10. Matrix Biol 2022; 113:83-99. [PMID: 36216203 PMCID: PMC10001177 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that causes irreversible blindness due to loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. We previously identified a G661R mutation of ADAMTS10 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 motif 10) as the disease-causing mutation in a beagle model of glaucoma. ADAMTS10 is a secreted matrix metalloproteinase that belongs to the ADAMTS family which is involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. Previous studies have shown that ADAMTS10 binds fibrillin microfibrils, promotes their formation, and influences their fibrillin isoform composition. Here, we established a mouse model carrying the G661R mutation of ADAMTS10 (ADAMTS10G661R/G661R) to investigate its ocular phenotypes related to glaucoma and to explore possible functions of ADAMTS10. We found that ADAMTS10 was expressed in the inner retina and along RGC axons in the optic nerve. However, ADAMTS10 was not colocalized with fibrillin microfibrils in these tissues, suggesting fibrillin-independent function for ADAMTS10. In electroretinogram experiments, we found that ADAMTS10G661R/G661R mice had reduced amplitude of retinal responses to dim light stimulus, indicating RGC dysfunction. The reduced RGC function coincided with RGC axon structural changes manifested as smaller optic nerves and fewer optic nerve axons, which may contribute to glaucoma. The reduced number of optic nerve axons found for ADAMTS10G661R/G661R mice occurred early, suggesting developmental deficits. Subsequent experiments found increased apoptosis in the retina of ADAMTS10G661R/G661R mice during postnatal development, which could result in fewer RGCs produced, accounting for fewer optic nerve axons in adulthood. Consistent with a protective effect of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling against apoptosis during retinal development as shown previously by others, we found increased apoptosis accompanied by decreased TGFβ signaling in the developing retina of ADAMTS10G661R/G661R mice, suggesting a novel role for ADAMTS10 in regulating TGFβ signaling which could involve direct interaction between ADAMTS10 and latent TGFβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Jing Wu
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, AA7100 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA
| | - Rachel W Kuchtey
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, AA7100 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0022, USA
| | - John Kuchtey
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, AA7100 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chaudhary P, Stowell C, Reynaud J, Gardiner SK, Yang H, Williams G, Williams I, Marsh-Armstrong N, Burgoyne CF. Optic Nerve Head Myelin-Related Protein, GFAP, and Iba1 Alterations in Non-Human Primates With Early to Moderate Experimental Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:9. [PMID: 36239974 PMCID: PMC9586137 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.11.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to test if optic nerve head (ONH) myelin basic protein (MBP), 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) proteins are altered in non-human primate (NHP) early/moderate experimental glaucoma (EG). Methods Following paraformaldehyde perfusion, control and EG eye ONH tissues from four NHPs were paraffin embedded and serially (5 µm) vertically sectioned. Anti-MBP, CNPase, GFAP, Iba1, and nuclear dye-stained sections were imaged using sub-saturating light intensities. Whole-section images were segmented creating anatomically consistent laminar (L) and retrolaminar (RL) regions/sub-regions. EG versus control eye intensity/pixel-cluster density data within L and two RL regions (RL1 [1-250 µm]/RL2 [251-500 µm] from L) were compared using random effects models within the statistical program “R.” Results EG eye retinal nerve fiber loss ranged from 0% to 20%. EG eyes’ MBP and CNPase intensity were decreased within the RL1 (MBP = 31.4%, P < 0.001; CNPase =62.3%, P < 0.001) and RL2 (MBP = 19.6%, P < 0.001; CNPase = 56.1%, P = 0.0004) regions. EG eye GFAP intensity was decreased in the L (41.6%, P < 0.001) and RL regions (26.7% for RL1, and 28.4% for RL2, both P < 0.001). Iba1+ and NucBlue pixel-cluster density were increased in the laminar (28.2%, P = 0.03 and 16.6%, P = 0.008) and both RL regions (RL1 = 37.3%, P = 0.01 and 23.7%, P = 0.0002; RL2 = 53.7%, P = 0.002 and 33.2%, P < 0.001). Conclusions Retrolaminar myelin disruption occurs early in NHP EG and may be accompanied by laminar and retrolaminar decreases in astrocyte process labeling and increases in microglial/ macrophage density. The mechanistic and therapeutic implications of these findings warrant further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chaudhary
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Cheri Stowell
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Juan Reynaud
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Stuart K Gardiner
- Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Hongli Yang
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Galen Williams
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Imee Williams
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | | | - Claude F Burgoyne
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Surgical Menopause Impairs Retinal Conductivity and Worsens Prognosis in an Acute Model of Rat Optic Neuropathy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193062. [PMID: 36231022 PMCID: PMC9564175 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of estradiol during the menopausal period is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including various optic neuropathies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of surgical menopause on the function and survival ratio of RGCs in the rat model of ONC (optic nerve crush). We used eight-week-old female Long Evans rats, divided into two main groups depending on the time between ovariectomy procedure (OVA) and euthanasia (two weeks vs. seven weeks), and subgroups—OVA, OVA + ONC, or ONC. Retinal function was assessed with electroretinography (ERG). RGC loss ratio was evaluated using immunolabelling and counting of RGCs. Seven weeks after OVA, the menopause morphologically affected interneurons but not RGC; however, when the ONC procedure was applied, RGCs appeared to be more susceptible to damage in case of deprivation of estrogens. In our analysis, PhNR (photopic negative responses) were severely diminished in the OVA + ONC group. A deprivation of estrogens in menopause results in accelerated retinal neurodegeneration that firstly involves retinal interneurons. The lack of estrogens increases the susceptibility of RGCs to insults.
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang L, Ye Q, Lan C, Wang X, Zhu Y. AZD6738 Inhibits fibrotic response of conjunctival fibroblasts by regulating checkpoint kinase 1/P53 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:990401. [PMID: 36204234 PMCID: PMC9530343 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.990401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trabeculectomy can effectively reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients, the long-term surgical failure is due to the excessive proliferation and fibrotic response of conjunctival fibroblasts which causes the subconjunctival scar and non-functional filtering bleb. In this study, we demonstrated that AZD6738 (Ceralasertib), a novel potent ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase inhibitor, can inhibit the fibrotic response of conjunctival fibroblasts for the first time. Our in vitro study demonstrated that AZD6738 inhibited the level and the phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), reduced TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis of human conjunctival fibroblasts (HConFs) in the high-dose group (5 μM). Low-dose AZD6738 (0.1 μM) inhibited the phosphorylation of CHK1 and reduce fibrotic response but did not promote apoptosis of HConFs. Further molecular research indicated that AZD6738 regulates survival and apoptosis of HConFs by balancing the CHK1/P53 and PI3K/AKT pathways, and inhibiting TGF-β1-induced fibrotic response including myofibroblast activation and relative extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis such as fibronectin (FN), collagen Ⅰ (COL1) and collagen Ⅳ (COL4) through a dual pharmacological mechanism. Hence, our results show that AZD6738 inhibits fibrotic responses in cultured HConFs in vitro and may become a potential therapeutic option for anti-subconjunctival scarring after trabeculectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Lan
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yihua Zhu, ; Xiaohui Wang,
| | - Yihua Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yihua Zhu, ; Xiaohui Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Carmichael-Martins A, Gast TJ, Burns SA, Walker BR, King BJ. Characterization of the human iridocorneal angle in vivo using a custom design goniolens with OCT gonioscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4652-4667. [PMID: 36187241 PMCID: PMC9484429 DOI: 10.1364/boe.465317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma progression, and many treatments target the trabecular meshwork (TM). Imaging this region in vivo is challenging due to optical limitations of imaging through the cornea at high angles. We propose a gonioscopic OCT approach using a custom goniolens and a commercially available OCT device to improve imaging of the TM, Schlemm's canal (SC) and adjacent structures within the iridocorneal angle (ICA). The goniolens is modified with a plano-convex focusing lens and placed on the eye optically mated with goniogel and aided by a 3D adjustable mount. Gonioscopic OCT volume scans are acquired to image SC. Transverse enface images allowed measurements of SC over a 45° section of the ICA for the first time and revealed locations of SC narrowing. The band of extracanalicular limbal lamina and corneoscleral bands were imaged in most subjects and these bands were confirmed using exterior OCT imaging. The polarization dependence of the visibility of these structures is studied by polarization rotation the OCT beam with a half-wave plate, allowing increased contrast of SC. Gonioscopic OCT has successfully been used to image the human ICA in 3D in vivo. This approach provides more detailed characterization of the TM and SC, enhancing their contrast against their birefringent backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J. Gast
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Stephen A. Burns
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Brittany R. Walker
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Brett J. King
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dada T, Verma S, Gagrani M, Bhartiya S, Chauhan N, Satpute K, Sharma N. Ocular and Systemic Factors Associated with Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022; 16:179-191. [PMID: 36793269 PMCID: PMC9905876 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10078-1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. Although numerous factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, the main focus of management still remains lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP) by medical or surgical therapy. However, a major challenge is that many glaucoma patients continue to progress despite good control of IOP. In this regard, the importance of other coexisting factors that may contribute to disease progression needs to be explored. Ophthalmologists need to be aware of ocular risk factors and the impact of systemic diseases and their medications, along with lifestyle modifications on the course of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and adopt a holistic approach in treating the eye as well as the patient to alleviate the suffering from glaucoma in a comprehensive manner. How to cite this article Dada T, Verma S, Gagrani M, et al. Ocular and Systemic Factors associated with Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(3):179-191.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Dada
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Meghal Gagrani
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Shibal Bhartiya
- Senior consultant, Department of Opthalmology, fortis memorial research institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Kanchan Satpute
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Prior C, Panter J, Kusumaatmaja H. A minimal model of elastic instabilities in biological filament bundles. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, INTERFACE 2022; 19:20220287. [PMID: 36128703 PMCID: PMC9490347 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We present a model of a system of elastic fibres which exhibits complex, coupled, nonlinear deformations via a connecting elastic spring network. This model can capture physically observed deformations such as global buckling, pinching and internal collapse. We explore the transitions between these deformation modes numerically, using an energy minimization approach, highlighting how supported environments, or stiff outer sheath structures, favour internal structural collapse over global deformation. We then derive a novel analytic buckling criterion for the internal collapse of the system, a mode of structural collapse pertinent in many biological filament bundles such as the optic nerve bundle and microtubule bundles involved in cell abscission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Prior
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jack Panter
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen HSL, Chen GA, Syu JY, Chuang LH, Su WW, Wu WC, Liu JH, Chen JR, Huang SC, Kang EYC. Early Glaucoma Detection by Using Style Transfer to Predict Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Distribution on the Fundus Photograph. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100180. [PMID: 36245759 PMCID: PMC9559108 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to develop a deep learning (DL)–based algorithm for early glaucoma detection based on color fundus photographs that provides information on defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and its thickness from the mapping and translating relations of spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) thickness maps. Design Developing and evaluating an artificial intelligence detection tool. Subjects Pretraining paired data of color fundus photographs and SD-OCT images from 189 healthy participants and 371 patients with early glaucoma were used. Methods The variational autoencoder (VAE) network training architecture was used for training, and the correlation between the fundus photographs and RNFL thickness distribution was determined through the deep neural network. The reference standard was defined as a vertical cup-to-disc ratio of ≥0.7, other typical changes in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, and RNFL defects. Convergence indicates that the VAE has learned a distribution that would enable us to produce corresponding synthetic OCT scans. Main Outcome Measures Similarly to wide-field OCT scanning, the proposed model can extract the results of RNFL thickness analysis. The structural similarity index measure (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) were used to assess signal strength and the similarity in the structure of the color fundus images converted to an RNFL thickness distribution model. The differences between the model-generated images and original images were quantified. Results We developed and validated a novel DL-based algorithm to extract thickness information from the color space of fundus images similarly to that from OCT images and to use this information to regenerate RNFL thickness distribution images. The generated thickness map was sufficient for clinical glaucoma detection, and the generated images were similar to ground truth (PSNR: 19.31 decibels; SSIM: 0.44). The inference results were similar to the OCT-generated original images in terms of the ability to predict RNFL thickness distribution. Conclusions The proposed technique may aid clinicians in early glaucoma detection, especially when only color fundus photographs are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Shen-Lih Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Henry Shen-Lih Chen, MD, MBA, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fu-Hsin Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Guan-An Chen
- Healthcare Service Division, Department of Intelligent Medical & Healthcare, Service Systems Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Yang Syu
- Healthcare Service Division, Department of Intelligent Medical & Healthcare, Service Systems Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hsin Chuang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Hong Liu
- Healthcare Service Division, Department of Intelligent Medical & Healthcare, Service Systems Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ren Chen
- Healthcare Service Division, Department of Intelligent Medical & Healthcare, Service Systems Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chen Huang
- Healthcare Service Division, Department of Intelligent Medical & Healthcare, Service Systems Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fu-Hsin Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu K, Wu P, Chen B, Cai Y, Yuan R, Zou J. Implicating Causal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Glaucoma Using Mendelian Randomization. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:956339. [PMID: 35847794 PMCID: PMC9283577 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.956339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is hypothesized to originate in the brain but manifests as an eye disease as it possesses the common features of neurodegeneration diseases. But there is no evidence to demonstrate the primary brain changes in glaucoma patients. In the present study, we have used Mendelian randomization (MR) to understand the causal effect of brain alterations on glaucoma. Methods Our MR study was carried out using summary statistics from genome-wide associations for 110 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements of white matter (WM) tracts (17,706 individuals), 101 brain region-of-interest (ROI) volumes (19,629 individuals), and glaucoma (8,591 cases, 210,201 control subjects). The causal relationship was evaluated by multiplicative random effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method and verified by two other MR methods, including MR Egger, weighted median, and extensive sensitivity analyses. Results Genetic liability to fornix fractional anisotropy (FX.FA) (OR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.56–0.88, P = 2.44 × 10–3), and uncinate fasciculus UNC.FA (OR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.48–0.88, P = 5.57 × 10–3) was associated with a low risk of glaucoma. Besides, the right ventral diencephalon (OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.17–2.52, P = 5.64 × 10–3) and brain stem (OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.08–1.69, P = 8.94 × 10–3) were associated with the increased risk of glaucoma. No heterogeneity and pleiotropy were detected. Conclusion Our study suggests that the fornix and uncinate fasciculus degenerations and injures of the right ventral diencephalon and brain stem potentially increase the occurrence of glaucoma and reveal the existence of the brain-eye axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangcheng Liu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bolin Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingjun Cai
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruolan Yuan
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zou,
| |
Collapse
|