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Wang MD, Zhang S, Liu XY, Wang PP, Zhu YF, Zhu JR, Lv CS, Li SY, Liu SF, Wen L. Salvianolic acid B ameliorates retinal deficits in an early-stage Alzheimer's disease mouse model through downregulating BACE1 and Aβ generation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2151-2168. [PMID: 37420104 PMCID: PMC10618533 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with subtle onset, early diagnosis remains challenging. Accumulating evidence suggests that the emergence of retinal damage in AD precedes cognitive impairment, and may serve as a critical indicator for early diagnosis and disease progression. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a bioactive compound isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been shown promise in treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and Parkinson's disease. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effects of Sal B on retinopathy in early-stage AD. One-month-old transgenic mice carrying five familial AD mutations (5×FAD) were treated with Sal B (20 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 3 months. At the end of treatment, retinal function and structure were assessed, cognitive function was evaluated in Morris water maze test. We showed that 4-month-old 5×FAD mice displayed distinct structural and functional deficits in the retinas, which were significantly ameliorated by Sal B treatment. In contrast, untreated, 4-month-old 5×FAD mice did not exhibit cognitive impairment compared to wild-type mice. In SH-SY5Y-APP751 cells, we demonstrated that Sal B (10 μM) significantly decreased BACE1 expression and sorting into the Golgi apparatus, thereby reducing Aβ generation by inhibiting the β-cleavage of APP. Moreover, we found that Sal B effectively attenuated microglial activation and the associated inflammatory cytokine release induced by Aβ plaque deposition in the retinas of 5×FAD mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that functional impairments in the retina occur before cognitive decline, suggesting that the retina is a valuable reference for early diagnosis of AD. Sal B ameliorates retinal deficits by regulating APP processing and Aβ generation in early AD, which is a potential therapeutic intervention for early AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xing-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Pan-Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chong-Shan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shi-Ying Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Sui-Feng Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
| | - Lei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Edwards K, Dehghani C, Markoulli M. Ocular implications of systemic disease. Clin Exp Optom 2022; 105:103-104. [PMID: 35220914 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.2022962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Edwards
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cirous Dehghani
- Discipline of Optometry, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Unsw Sydney, Sydney, Australia,
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Vandenabeele M, Veys L, Lemmens S, Hadoux X, Gelders G, Masin L, Serneels L, Theunis J, Saito T, Saido TC, Jayapala M, De Boever P, De Strooper B, Stalmans I, van Wijngaarden P, Moons L, De Groef L. The App NL-G-F mouse retina is a site for preclinical Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and research. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:6. [PMID: 33407903 PMCID: PMC7788955 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the results of a comprehensive phenotyping of the retina of the AppNL-G-F mouse. We demonstrate that soluble Aβ accumulation is present in the retina of these mice early in life and progresses to Aβ plaque formation by midlife. This rising Aβ burden coincides with local microglia reactivity, astrogliosis, and abnormalities in retinal vein morphology. Electrophysiological recordings revealed signs of neuronal dysfunction yet no overt neurodegeneration was observed and visual performance outcomes were unaffected in the AppNL-G-F mouse. Furthermore, we show that hyperspectral imaging can be used to quantify retinal Aβ, underscoring its potential as a biomarker for AD diagnosis and monitoring. These findings suggest that the AppNL-G-F retina mimics the early, preclinical stages of AD, and, together with retinal imaging techniques, offers unique opportunities for drug discovery and fundamental research into preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Vandenabeele
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Veys
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lemmens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Group Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Hadoux
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Géraldine Gelders
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Masin
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Serneels
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Theunis
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (Imec), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Murali Jayapala
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (Imec), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center of Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Group Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
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Özsoy F, Alim S. Optical coherence tomography findings in patients with alcohol use disorder and their relationship with clinical parameters. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2019; 39:54-60. [PMID: 31847594 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2019.1700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: In our study, we aimed to investigate the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPL), retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL), mean macular volume (MMV), central macular thickness (CMT), mean macular thickness (MMT), and choroidal thickness (CT) values with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients who are diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD).Materials and methods: The study included 43 patients who were diagnosed with AUD, and 43 healthy controls. Detailed biomicroscopic examinations of all the participants, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, anterior and posterior segment examinations, and then, OCT measurements were carried out.Results: Although the measured values for RNFL in the superior and temporal quadrant are within normal limits, they were slightly higher compared to those in the control group (p values 0.127 and 0.191 for superior quadrant and temporal quadrant, respectively). The CT measurements in all quadrants were higher than the control group; however, these measurements were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). When the relation between clinical features and OCT findings of the patients were examined, it was determined that the ages of the patients were statistically significantly and inversely correlated with the temporal CT and also the nasal and temporal quadrants of RNFL.Conclusions: Our study is the first study that examines the retinal GCIPL and CT with OCT in patients who are diagnosed with AUD. In our results, it was determined that there were no statistically significant differences between the participants in terms of OCT parameters. Further studies with larger sampling groups evaluating neurotransmission findings may provide wider results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Özsoy
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Sait Alim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gaziosmanpaşa University Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
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Gemelli H, Fidalgo TM, Gracitelli CPB, de Andrade EP. Retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in cocaine users. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:226-229. [PMID: 30502559 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a well-known factor of tissue ischemia and may be related to thinning of the inner retinal layers. The present study aimed to evaluate and determine whether cocaine users show retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning by means of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. A group of 17 cocaine users and 18 non-users were recruited for complete ophthalmologic examination. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus OCT) was used to evaluate peripapillary RNFL and macular thickness. The average RNFL measurement in the cocaine users group was significantly thinner compared to the control group. Subjects in the cocaine users group showed significant thinning in the nasal, superior and inferior quadrant. There were no significant differences in macular thickness or in the temporal quadrant between the two groups. This study supports further research with larger sample sizes to precisely determine the effect of cocaine on the RNFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Gemelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual Francisco Morato de Oliveira, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago M Fidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina P B Gracitelli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Pinheiro de Andrade
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual Francisco Morato de Oliveira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Retinal thickness correlates with parietal cortical atrophy in early-onset Alzheimer's disease and controls. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 10:49-55. [PMID: 29201990 PMCID: PMC5699891 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The retina may reflect Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological changes and is easily visualized with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retinal thickness decrease has been correlated to AD, however, without information on amyloid status. We correlated retinal (layer) thickness to AD biomarkers in amyloid-positive early-onset AD (EOAD) patients and amyloid-negative controls. Methods We measured macular thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness with OCT in 15 EOAD patients and 15 controls and correlated retinal thickness to visual rating scores for atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging. Results Total macular thickness correlated to parietal cortical atrophy in both groups (Spearman ρ -0.603, P = .001). Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses were not significantly decreased in EOAD compared to controls. Discussion Retinal thickness does not discriminate EOAD from controls but is correlated to parietal cortical atrophy in both groups. These findings may suggest reflection of cerebral cortical changes in the retina, independent of amyloid.
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De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Is the Eye an Extension of the Brain in Central Nervous System Disease? J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:129-133. [PMID: 28609158 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Groef
- 1 Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , London, United Kingdom .,2 Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Francesca Cordeiro
- 1 Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , London, United Kingdom .,3 Western Eye Hospital , Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom .,4 ICORG, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
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