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Leie MA, Klasan A, Yeo WW, Misso D, Coolican M. Decreasing Posterior Femoral Condyle Offset Improves Intraoperative Correction of Flexion Contracture in Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Knee Surg 2022; 35:653-660. [PMID: 32927494 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple intraoperative strategies are described to achieve full extension in total knee arthroplasty, but only a few studies have assessed the effect of the flexion gap on intraoperative improvement in flexion contracture. The aim of this study was to determine whether posterior condylar offset, in isolation, independently affects extension at the time of total knee arthroplasty.Two hundred and seventy-eight patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis and flexion contracture ≥ 5 degrees between January 2008 and July 2018 were included in this study. Patients with other factors that could affect knee extension at the time of surgery were excluded. We recorded the thickness of posterior femoral condyle bone resected as well as the thickness of the posterior femoral component chosen for each patient. Patients' knee extension was recorded under anesthetic, prior to resection and intraoperatively after total knee replacement.Average thickness of bone resection for the posteromedial femur was 12.64 ± 1.65 mm and for the posterolateral femur was 10.38 ± 1.52 mm. Using a linear regression model, we found that changes in posterior offset and implant downsizing influenced correction of fixed flexion deformity at the time of surgery. When patients had a combined posteromedial and posterolateral offset 2 mm thinner than the thickness of bone resected, there was an average correction of 3.5 degrees of flexion contracture.Our study demonstrated that posterior femoral condyle offset is an independent variable affecting correction of flexion contracture at the time of surgery in a gap balanced cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty. This is a level IV evidence study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Klasan
- Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia.,Center for Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wei Wang Yeo
- University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dylan Misso
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joondalup Health Campus, Grand Boulevard and Shenton Avenue, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Myles Coolican
- Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia
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Allom RJ, Wood JA, Chen DB, MacDessi SJ. Tibiofemoral dynamic stressed gap laxities correlate with compartment load measurements in robotic arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty. Bone Jt Open 2021; 2:974-980. [PMID: 34818899 PMCID: PMC8636298 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.211.bjo-2021-0066.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims It is unknown whether gap laxities measured in robotic arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) correlate to load sensor measurements. The aim of this study was to determine whether symmetry of the maximum medial and lateral gaps in extension and flexion was predictive of knee balance in extension and flexion respectively using different maximum thresholds of intercompartmental load difference (ICLD) to define balance. Methods A prospective cohort study of 165 patients undergoing functionally-aligned TKA was performed (176 TKAs). With trial components in situ, medial and lateral extension and flexion gaps were measured using robotic navigation while applying valgus and varus forces. The ICLD between medial and lateral compartments was measured in extension and flexion with the load sensor. The null hypothesis was that stressed gap symmetry would not correlate directly with sensor-defined soft tissue balance. Results In TKAs with a stressed medial-lateral gap difference of ≤1 mm, 147 (89%) had an ICLD of ≤15 lb in extension, and 112 (84%) had an ICLD of ≤ 15 lb in flexion; 157 (95%) had an ICLD ≤ 30 lb in extension, and 126 (94%) had an ICLD ≤ 30 lb in flexion; and 165 (100%) had an ICLD ≤ 60 lb in extension, and 133 (99%) had an ICLD ≤ 60 lb in flexion. With a 0 mm difference between the medial and lateral stressed gaps, 103 (91%) of TKA had an ICLD ≤ 15 lb in extension, decreasing to 155 (88%) when the difference between the medial and lateral stressed extension gaps increased to ± 3 mm. In flexion, 47 (77%) had an ICLD ≤ 15 lb with a medial-lateral gap difference of 0 mm, increasing to 147 (84%) at ± 3 mm. Conclusion This study found a strong relationship between intercompartmental loads and gap symmetry in extension and flexion measured with prostheses in situ. The results suggest that ICLD and medial-lateral gap difference provide similar assessment of soft-tissue balance in robotic arm-assisted TKA. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(11):974–980.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jil A Wood
- Sydney Knee Specialists, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren B Chen
- Sydney Knee Specialists, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel J MacDessi
- Sydney Knee Specialists, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kamei G, Ishibashi S, Yoshioka K, Sakurai S, Inoue H, Ishikawa M, Mochizuki Y, Adachi N. Accuracy of total knee arthroplasty using the modified gap technique based on the bone gap: an evaluation of the bone gap with a distal femoral trial component. ARTHROPLASTY 2021; 3:17. [PMID: 35236501 PMCID: PMC8796463 DOI: 10.1186/s42836-021-00072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using the modified gap technique, the soft-tissue balance is measured after osteotomy of the distal femur and proximal tibia (conventional bone gap). However, after osteotomy, the flexion gap size during 90° knee flexion may be larger than that observed after implantation. The tension of the lateral compartment during 90° flexion may also be reduced after osteotomy of the distal femur. We manufactured a distal femoral trial component to reproduce the condition after implantation and prior to posterior condyle osteotomy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the trial component on the flexion gap. METHODS This prospective study included 21 consecutive patients aged 78 years with medial osteoarthritis who underwent cruciate-retaining TKA between February 2017 and March 2018. The postoperative flexion gap size and inclination during 90° flexion were compared between cases with and without the trial component. RESULTS The mean joint gap size with the trial component (13.4 ± 0.80 mm) was significantly smaller than that without the trial component (14.7 ± 0.84 mm). The mean gap inclination angle with the trial component (3.7° ± 0.62°) was significantly smaller than that without the trial component (5.5° ± 0.78°). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, the joint gap size and medial tension were significantly reduced after the trial component had been set. Accurate measurement of the soft-tissue balance is an important factor in the modified gap technique, and this method using a distal femoral trial component can offer better outcomes than those achieved with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goki Kamei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54, Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Ishibashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54, Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koki Yoshioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54, Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoru Sakurai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54, Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54, Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Artificial Joints and Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yu Mochizuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54, Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Wakama H, Okamoto Y, Otsuki S, Nakagawa K, Okuno N, Neo M. Preoperative factors associated with extension gap in cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective study on continuous determination of distraction force. J Orthop Sci 2020; 25:1035-1039. [PMID: 31902557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this retrospective study was to identify the preoperative patient-related factors affecting the soft tissue balancing in cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty. This is an important clinical issue, as the acquisition of adequate soft tissue balancing is essential for successful outcomes. METHODS The study group included 59 knees treated for medial compartment osteoarthritis. The extension gap was measured using the newly electric tensor that enables continuous quantification of a distraction force ranging from 0 to 40 lbf. We performed regression analyses to identify the relationship between preoperative factors and the extension gap. RESULTS Patient height, weight, and percent mechanical axis showed univariate correlation with the extension gap of either 30 lbf or 40 lbf. In the multivariate regression analysis without encountering multicollinearity, percent mechanical axis was inversely associated with the extension gap (t-value = -2.31, p = 0.02 for 30 lbf; and t-value = -2.39; p = 0.02 for 40lbf) as a significant independent factor. CONCLUSIONS We revealed the significant influence of several factors on the absolute value of the extension gap. Particularly, the severity of preoperative coronal alignment was a statistically independent explanatory variable, and the extension gap was overvalued in knees with severe varus deformity. This influence should be considered when comparing different individual cases longitudinally. Our feasible strategies could lead to a better understanding about the soft tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Wakama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 5698686, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 5698686, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Otsuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 5698686, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 5698686, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Okuno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 5698686, Japan
| | - Masashi Neo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 5698686, Japan
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Song SJ, Lee HW, Kim KI, Park CH. Load imbalances existed as determined by a sensor after conventional gap balancing with a tensiometer in total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:2953-2961. [PMID: 31485685 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate intercompartmental load intraoperatively with a sensor after conventional gap balancing with a tensiometer during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS Fifty sensor-assisted TKA procedures were performed prospectively between August and September 2018 with a cruciate-retaining prosthesis. After applying a modified measured resection technique, conventional balancing between resected surfaces was achieved. The equal and rectangular flexion-extension gaps were confirmed using a tensiometer at 90° and 5°-7° (due to posterior tibial slope) of knee flexion. Then, the load distribution was evaluated intraoperatively with a sensor placed on trial implants in the positions of knee flexion (90° flexion) and extension (10° flexion). RESULTS The proportion of coronal load imbalance (medial load - lateral load ≥ ± 15 lb) was 56% in extension and 32% in flexion (p = 0.023). The proportion of sagittal load imbalance (extension load - flexion load ≥ ± 15 lb) was 36% in the medial compartment and 4% in the lateral compartment (p < 0.001). An additional procedure for load balancing was performed in 74% of knees. CONCLUSIONS Coronal and sagittal load imbalances existed as determined by the sensor even after the achievement of appropriate conventional gap balance. The additional rebalancing procedure was performed for balanced loads in 74% of the knees after conventional balancing. The use of an intraoperative load sensor offers the advantage of direct evaluation of the load on TKA implants. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Il Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Park
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-872, Korea.
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Takagi H, Soshi Asai, Fumiyoshi Kawashima, Shin Kato, Atsushi Sato, Takayuki Okumo, Koji Kanzaki. A gap balancing technique for adjusting the component gap in total knee arthroplasty using a navigation system. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE ARTHROSCOPY REHABILITATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 21:17-21. [PMID: 32395433 PMCID: PMC7203512 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recently, some studies showed assessment of the component gap is important for determination of the implant-inserted condition during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We perform the modified gap technique with adjustment of the virtual gap which estimated by computer-aided design (CAD) using navigation system. The purpose of this study was to compare the virtual gap (CAD-gap) with the actual gap after inserting a femoral trial component (Trial-gap), and examine the usefulness of the surgical technique. Materials and methods The subjects were 35 patients who underwent primary TKA using a navigation system and posterior-stabilized type TKA. The surgical procedure was to produce an extension gap, confirm the flexed CAD-gap on the navigation screen based on CAD data, and plan osteotomy of the femur. After osteotomy, the femoral component was inserted and the gap balance was measured. A tensor was used to adjust and measure the gap balance. Initial alignment, rotation of the femoral component, soft tissue balance in extension, final alignment after fixing all components, and the CAD- and Trial-gaps in both extension and flexion were evaluated. Results The mean initial alignment angle, rotation angle of the femoral component, soft tissue balance angle and final alignment angle were 8.1 ± 4.2° varus, 3.5 ± 1.3°external rotation, 2.7 ± 2.5° varus and 0.4 ± 1.4° varus respectively. The mean medial and lateral CAD-gaps in extension were 10.8 ± 2.5 and 13.7 ± 2.5 mm, and the mean medial and lateral CAD-gaps in flexion were 12.2 ± 2.2 and 13.9 ± 2.7 mm. The equivalent Trial-gaps in extension and flexion were 10.5 ± 2.6 and 11.4 ± 3.1 mm, and 12.2 ± 2.5 and 14.4 ± 2.8 mm. The CAD- and Trial-gaps differed significantly only for lateral gaps in extension. Conclusion In comparing the CAD-gap and the Trial-gap, only small difference was found in the lateral gap of extension. The other gaps in both extension and flexion were well maintained. We concluded adjustment of the CAD-gap during surgery using a navigation system can be used to adjust the actual component gap especially in the medial side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Soshi Asai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Kawashima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okumo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Koji Kanzaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
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Seo SS, Kim CW, Seo JH, Kim DH, Kim OG, Lee CR. Effects of Resection of Posterior Condyles of Femur on Extension Gap of Knee Joint in Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2017; 32:1819-1823. [PMID: 28236549 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When evaluating the effects of the preparation of the flexion gap on the extension gap in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the effects of posterior condylar resection and osteophyte removal on the extension gap should be differentiated. Although the amount of osteophytes differs between patients, posterior condylar resection is a procedure that is routinely implemented in TKA. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the resection of the posterior condyle of the femur on the extension gap in posterior-stabilized (PS) TKA. METHODS We enrolled 40 knees that underwent PS TKA between July 2010 and February 2011 with no or minimal osteophytes in the posterior compartment and a varus deformity of <15°. We measured the extension gap before and after the resection of the posterior condyle of the femur using a tensor under 20 and 40 lb of distraction force. RESULTS Under 20 lb of distraction force, the average extension gap was 13.3 mm (standard deviation [SD], 1.6) before and 13.8 mm (SD, 1.6) after posterior condylar resection. Under 40 lb of distraction force, the average extension gap was 15.1 mm (SD, 1.5) before and 16.1 mm (SD, 1.7) after posterior condylar resection. CONCLUSION The resection of the posterior condyle of the femur in PS TKA increased the extension gap. However, this increase was only by approximately 1 mm. In conclusion, posterior condylar resection does increase the extension gap by approximately 1 mm. However, in most case, this change in unlikely to be clinically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Suk Seo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bumin Hospital, Buk-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Wan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuk Seo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bumin Hospital, Buk-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bumin Hospital, Buk-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Gul Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bumin Hospital, Buk-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Rack Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
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