1
|
Okuda-Ashitaka E, Matsumoto KI. Tenascin-X as a causal gene for classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Front Genet 2023; 14:1107787. [PMID: 37007968 PMCID: PMC10050494 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein for which a deficiency results in a recessive form of classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS), a heritable connective tissue disorder with hyperextensible skin without atrophic scarring, joint hypermobility, and easy bruising. Notably, patients with clEDS also suffer from not only chronic joint pain and chronic myalgia but also neurological abnormalities such as peripheral paresthesia and axonal polyneuropathy with high frequency. By using TNX-deficient (Tnxb−/−) mice, well-known as a model animal of clEDS, we recently showed that Tnxb−/− mice exhibit hypersensitivity to chemical stimuli and the development of mechanical allodynia due to the hypersensitization of myelinated A-fibers and activation of the spinal dorsal horn. Pain also occurs in other types of EDS. First, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms of pain in EDS, especially that in clEDS. In addition, the roles of TNX as a tumor suppressor protein in cancer progression have been reported. Recent in silico large-scale database analyses have shown that TNX is downregulated in various tumor tissues and that high expression of TNX in tumor cells has a good prognosis. We describe what is so far known about TNX as a tumor suppressor protein. Furthermore, some patients with clEDS show delayed wound healing. Tnxb−/− mice also exhibit impairment of epithelial wound healing in corneas. TNX is also involved in liver fibrosis. We address the molecular mechanism for the induction of COL1A1 by the expression of both a peptide derived from the fibrinogen-related domain of TNX and integrin α11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka, ; Ken-ichi Matsumoto,
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka, ; Ken-ichi Matsumoto,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu X, Fu Y, Gu L, Zhang Y, Liao AY, Wang T, Jia B, Zhou D, Liao L. Integrated proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of gastric adenocarcinoma reveals molecular signatures capable of stratifying patient outcome. Mol Oncol 2022; 17:261-283. [PMID: 36520032 PMCID: PMC9892830 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the main causes of low survival rate of gastric cancer patients. Exploring key proteins in the progression of gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) may provide new candidates for prognostic biomarker development and therapeutic intervention. We applied quantitative mass spectrometry to compare the proteome and phosphoproteome of primary tumor tissues between GAC patients with and without lymph node metastasis (LNM). We then performed an integrated analysis of the proteomic and transcriptomic data to reveal the molecular features. We quantified a total of 5536 proteins, and we found 218 upregulated and 49 downregulated proteins in tumor samples from patients with LNM compared to those without LNM. Clustering analysis identified a number of hub proteins that have been previously shown to play important roles in gastric cancer progression. We also found that two extracellular proteins, TNXB and SPON1, are overexpressed in patients with LNM, which correlates with poor survival of GAC patients. Overexpression of TNXB and SPON1 was validated by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, treating gastric cancer cells with anti-TNXB antibody significantly reduced cell migration. Finally, quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis combined with activity-based kinase capture revealed a number of activated kinases in primary tumor tissues from patients with LNM, among which GSK3 might be a new target that warrants further study. Our study provides a snapshot of the proteome and phosphoproteome of GAC tumor tissues that have metastatic potential, and identifies potential biomarkers for GAC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunyun Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | | | | | - Bin Jia
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityChina
| | - Donglei Zhou
- Department of Gastric SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterChina,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lujian Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhardwaj V, Fabijanic KI, Cohen A, Mao J, Azadegan C, Pittet JC, Bris BL. Holistic approach to visualize and quantify collagen organization at macro, micro, and nano‐scale. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:419-426. [PMID: 35285552 PMCID: PMC9907653 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scarcity of imaging and image processing techniques for accurate discrimination and quantitation of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), primarily collagen. The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate a holistic imaging and image processing approach to visualize and quantify collagen remodeling at the macro-, micro- and nano-scale using histochemical imaging, Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS For proof-of-concept, a commercial anti-aging product known to induce collagen neo-synthesis and re-organization was tested ex vivo on human skin biopsies from two aged females. RESULTS Relative to untreated skin, collagen fibers (RCM) and fibrils (AFM) were longer and aligned after treatment. The content of collagen and elastin (histochemical imaging and ELISA) statistically improved after treatment. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we can conclude: (1) AFM, RCM, and histochemical imaging can accurately discriminate collagen from other ECM components in the skin and (2) the image processing methods can enable quantitation and hence capture small improvements in collagen remodeling after treatment (commercial cosmetic product with collagen organizer technology as proof-of-concept). The reported holistic imaging approach has direct clinical implications for scientists and dermatologists to make quick, real-time, and accurate decisions in skin research and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
| | | | - Aaron Cohen
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
| | - Junhong Mao
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
| | - Chloe Azadegan
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lattouf R, Assoumou-Abroh A, Younes R, Lutomski D, Bassil J, Blanchet-Bardon C, Naaman N, Changotade S, Godeau G, Senni K. Inherited connective tissue diseases highlight macromolecular network interdependences in skin extracellular matrix: a histomorphometric study. J Histotechnol 2022; 45:66-76. [PMID: 35135439 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2021.2024980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of just a single extracellular matrix protein, a receptor or enzyme involved in connective tissue metabolism is sufficient to cause systemic pathologies and failure of tissues that are subjected to strong mechanical stresses. Skin histological and computerized image analyses can provide a good qualitative and quantitative indication of these inherited connective tissue diseases. In this study, skin biopsies from young (10 to 25 years) and middle-aged patients (26 to 50 years) suffering from Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS), Marfan syndrome (MS) or pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) were studied after specific staining of both the collagen and elastic networks. Findings from the histomorphometric analyses conducted on skin sections of the patients with EDS, MS and PXE were compared to skin sections of healthy subjects from the same age groups. Our results show that both the collagen and the elastic networks were affected in all the studied pathological cases, but that the adverse changes to the elastic network in older patients were distinct from the physiological changes observed during aging process for healthy subjects. This degenerative process may be explained by an added phenomenon involving a general connective tissue proteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raed Lattouf
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Assoumou-Abroh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Ronald Younes
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Didier Lutomski
- Unité de Recherche en Ingénierie Tissulaire-URIT, Université Paris 13 dénommée Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Joseph Bassil
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Nada Naaman
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sylvie Changotade
- Unité de Recherche en Ingénierie Tissulaire-URIT, Université Paris 13 dénommée Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Gaston Godeau
- Biochemistry Department, Dental School, Paris Descartes University, Montrouge, France
| | - Karim Senni
- Laboratoire EBInnov, Ecole de Biologie Industrielle-EBI, Cergy, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Halper J. Basic Components of Connective Tissues and Extracellular Matrix: Fibronectin, Fibrinogen, Laminin, Elastin, Fibrillins, Fibulins, Matrilins, Tenascins and Thrombospondins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:105-126. [PMID: 34807416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Collagens are the most abundant components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and many types of soft tissues. Elastin is another major component of certain soft tissues, such as arterial walls and ligaments. It is an insoluble polymer of the monomeric soluble precursor tropoelastin, and the main component of elastic fibers in matrix tissue where it provides elastic recoil and resilience to a variety of connective tissues, e.g., aorta and ligaments. Elastic fibers regulate activity of transforming growth factors β (TGFβ) through their association with fibrillin microfibrils. Elastin also plays a role in cell adhesion, cell migration, and has the ability to participate in cell signaling. Mutations in the elastin gene lead to cutis laxa. Many other molecules, though lower in quantity, function as essential, structural and/or functional components of the extracellular matrix in soft tissues. Some of these are reviewed in this chapter. Besides their basic structure, biochemistry and physiology, their roles in disorders of soft tissues are discussed only briefly as most chapters in this volume deal with relevant individual compounds. Fibronectin with its multidomain structure plays a role of "master organizer" in matrix assembly as it forms a bridge between cell surface receptors, e.g., integrins, and compounds such collagen, proteoglycans and other focal adhesion molecules. It also plays an essential role in the assembly of fibrillin-1 into a structured network. Though the primary role of fibrinogen is in clot formation, after conversion to fibrin by thrombin it also binds to a variety of compounds, particularly to various growth factors, and as such, fibrinogen is a player in cardiovascular and extracellular matrix physiology. Laminins contribute to the structure of the ECM and modulate cellular functions such as adhesion, differentiation, migration, stability of phenotype, and resistance towards apoptosis. Fibrillins represent the predominant core of microfibrils in elastic as well as non-elastic extracellular matrixes, and interact closely with tropoelastin and integrins. Not only do microfibrils provide structural integrity of specific organ systems, but they also provide basis for elastogenesis in elastic tissues. Fibrillin is important for the assembly of elastin into elastic fibers. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene are closely associated with Marfan syndrome. Latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) are included here as their structure is similar to fibrillins. Several categories of ECM components described after fibrillins are sub-classified as matricellular proteins, i.e., they are secreted into ECM, but do not provide structure. Rather they interact with cell membrane receptors, collagens, proteases, hormones and growth factors, communicating and directing cell-ECM traffic. Fibulins are tightly connected with basement membranes, elastic fibers and other components of extracellular matrix and participate in formation of elastic fibers. Matrilins have been emerging as a new group of supporting actors, and their role in connective tissue physiology and pathophysiology has not been fully characterized. Tenascins are ECM polymorphic glycoproteins found in many connective tissues in the body. Their expression is regulated by mechanical stress both during development and in adulthood. Tenascins mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair and play roles in pathogenesis of Ehlers-Danlos, heart disease, and regeneration and recovery of musculo-tendinous tissue. One of the roles of thrombospondin 1 is activation of TGFβ. Increased expression of thrombospondin and TGFβ activity was observed in fibrotic skin disorders such as keloids and scleroderma. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) or thrombospondin-5 is primarily present in the cartilage. High levels of COMP are present in fibrotic scars and systemic sclerosis of the skin, and in tendon, especially with physical activity, loading and post-injury. It plays a role in vascular wall remodeling and has been found in atherosclerotic plaques as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Halper
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Basic Sciences, AU/UGA Medical Partnership, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Musiime M, Chang J, Hansen U, Kadler KE, Zeltz C, Gullberg D. Collagen Assembly at the Cell Surface: Dogmas Revisited. Cells 2021; 10:662. [PMID: 33809734 PMCID: PMC8002325 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased awareness about the importance of the composition, organization, and stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue homeostasis, there is a renewed need to understand the details of how cells recognize, assemble and remodel the ECM during dynamic tissue reorganization events. Fibronectin (FN) and fibrillar collagens are major proteins in the ECM of interstitial matrices. Whereas FN is abundant in cell culture studies, it is often only transiently expressed in the acute phase of wound healing and tissue regeneration, by contrast fibrillar collagens form a persistent robust scaffold in healing and regenerating tissues. Historically fibrillar collagens in interstitial matrices were seen merely as structural building blocks. Cell anchorage to the collagen matrix was thought to be indirect and occurring via proteins like FN and cell surface-mediated collagen fibrillogenesis was believed to require a FN matrix. The isolation of four collagen-binding integrins have challenged this dogma, and we now know that cells anchor directly to monomeric forms of fibrillar collagens via the α1β1, α2β1, α10β1 and α11β1 integrins. The binding of these integrins to the mature fibrous collagen matrices is more controversial and depends on availability of integrin-binding sites. With increased awareness about the importance of characterizing the total integrin repertoire on cells, including the integrin collagen receptors, the idea of an absolute dependence on FN for cell-mediated collagen fibrillogenesis needs to be re-evaluated. We will summarize data suggesting that collagen-binding integrins in vitro and in vivo are perfectly well suited for nucleating and supporting collagen fibrillogenesis, independent of FN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses Musiime
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Joan Chang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (J.C.); (K.E.K.)
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Karl E. Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (J.C.); (K.E.K.)
| | - Cédric Zeltz
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsumoto KI, Aoki H. The Roles of Tenascins in Cardiovascular, Inflammatory, and Heritable Connective Tissue Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:609752. [PMID: 33335533 PMCID: PMC7736112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins with time- and tissue specific expression patterns during development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases. There are four family members (tenascin-C, -R, -X, -W) in vertebrates. Among them, tenascin-X (TNX) and tenascin-C (TNC) play important roles in human pathologies. TNX is expressed widely in loose connective tissues. TNX contributes to the stability and maintenance of the collagen network, and its absence causes classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS), a heritable connective tissue disorder. In contrast, TNC is specifically and transiently expressed upon pathological conditions such as inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. There is growing evidence that TNC is involved in inflammatory processes with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory activity in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we summarize the roles of these two tenascins, TNX and TNC, in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases and in clEDS, and we discuss the functional consequences of the expression of these tenascins for tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hao XD, Chen XN, Zhang YY, Chen P, Wei C, Shi WY, Gao H. Multi-level consistent changes of the ECM pathway identified in a typical keratoconus twin's family by multi-omics analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:227. [PMID: 32867823 PMCID: PMC7457807 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoconus (KC) is a common, degenerative disorder of the cornea, and genetic factors play a key role in its development. However, the genetic etiology of KC is still unclear. This study used the family of twins as material, using, for the first time, multi-omics analysis, to systematically display the changes in KC candidate factors in patients at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. These can evaluate candidate pathogenic factors in depth and lock onto pathogenic targets. RESULTS The twins in this study presented classic phenotypes, clear diagnoses, complete case data, and clinical samples, which are excellent materials for genetically studying KC. Whole-exome sequencing was conducted on both the twins and their parents. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on proband's and health individual's primary human corneal fibroblast cells. Quantitative Real-time PCR and western blot were used to validate the differential gene expressions between the proband and controls. By integrating genomics, transcriptome, and protein level data, multiple consecutive events of KC were systematically analyzed to help better understand the molecular mechanism and genetic basis of KC. The results showed that the accumulation of rare, micro-effect risk variants was the pathogenic factor in this Chinese KC family. Consistent changes in extracellular matrices (ECMs) at the DNA and RNA levels suggested that ECM related changes play a key role in KC pathogenesis. The major gene variants (WNT16, CD248, COL6A2, COL4A3 and ADAMTS3) may affect the expression of related collagens or ECM proteins, thus reducing the amount of ECM in corneas and resulting in KC. CONCLUSIONS This study, the first to explore the genetic etiology of KC via multi-omics analysis under the polygenetic model, has provided new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying KC and an effective strategy for studying KC pathogenesis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Hao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiu-Nian Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wei-Yun Shi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Expression in the Pathologies of Hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133140. [PMID: 31252610 PMCID: PMC6651274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) exerts a wide range of biological effects and is associated with a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, neural tube defects, and cancer. Although mechanisms of HHcy toxicity are not fully uncovered, there has been a significant progress in their understanding. The picture emerging from the studies of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and pathophysiology is a complex one, as Hcy and its metabolites affect biomolecules and processes in a tissue- and sex-specific manner. Because of their connection to one carbon metabolism and editing mechanisms in protein biosynthesis, Hcy and its metabolites impair epigenetic control of gene expression mediated by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, which underlies the pathology of human disease. In this review we summarize the recent evidence showing that epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression, mediated by changes in DNA methylation and histone N-homocysteinylation, is a pathogenic consequence of HHcy in many human diseases. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of human disease induced by Hcy and its metabolites, and suggest therapeutic targets for the prevention and/or treatment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao M, Wang W, Chen W, Ma C, Zhang F, Jiang K, Liu J, Diao L, Qian H, Zhao J, Wang T, Ma L. Genome survey, high-resolution genetic linkage map construction, growth-related quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification and gene location in Scylla paramamosain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2910. [PMID: 30814536 PMCID: PMC6393678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Scylla paramamosain is one of the most economically important crabs in China. In this study, the first genome survey sequencing of this crab was performed, and the results revealed that the estimated genome size was 1.21 Gb with high heterozygosity (1.3%). Then, RAD technology was used to construct a high-resolution linkage map for this species. A total of 24,444 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) makers were grouped into 47 linkage groups. The total length of the linkage groups was 3087.53 cM with a markers interval of 0.92 cM. With the aid of transcriptome and genome scaffold data, 4,271 markers were linked to genes, including several important growth-related genes such as transforming growth factor-beta regulator I, immune related-gene C-type lectin and ecdysone pathway gene broad-complex-like protein. Further, 442 markers, representing 279 QTLs, associated with 24 traits were identified, and of these markers, 78 were linked to genes. Some interesting genes, such as dedicator of cytokinesis protein 3, tenascin-X and DNA helicase MCM8, were believed to have important relationship with specific traits and merit further exploration. The results of this study will accelerate the genetic improvement and genome sequencing analysis of the mud crab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wei Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wei Chen
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Fengying Zhang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Keji Jiang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Junguo Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Le Diao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Heng Qian
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Junxia Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Tian Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Lingbo Ma
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Imanaka-Yoshida K, Matsumoto KI. Multiple Roles of Tenascins in Homeostasis and Pathophysiology of Aorta. Ann Vasc Dis 2018; 11:169-180. [PMID: 30116408 PMCID: PMC6094038 DOI: 10.3400/avd.ra.17-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins. Four family members (tenascin-C, -R, -X, and -W) have been identified to date. Each member consists of the same types of structural domains and exhibits time- and tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting their specific roles in embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Among them, the significant involvement of tenascin-C (TNC) and tenascin-X (TNX) in the progression of vascular diseases has been examined in detail. TNC is strongly up-regulated under pathological conditions, induced by a number of inflammatory mediators and mechanical stress. TNC has diverse functions, particularly in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Recent studies suggest that TNC is involved in the pathophysiology of aneurysmal and dissecting lesions, in part by protecting the vascular wall from destructive mechanical stress. TNX is strongly expressed in vascular walls, and its distribution is often reciprocal to that of TNC. TNX is involved in the stability and maintenance of the collagen network and elastin fibers. A deficiency in TNX results in a form of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS). Although their exact roles in vascular diseases have not yet been elucidated, TNC and TNX are now being recognized as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification of vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vascular aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:380-395. [PMID: 29709596 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes comprise a heterogeneous group of rare monogenic conditions that are characterized by joint hypermobility, skin and vascular fragility and generalized connective tissue friability. The latest classification recognizes 13 clinical subtypes, with mutations identified in 19 different genes. Besides defects in fibrillar collagens (collagen types I, III and V), their modifying enzymes (ADAMTS-2, lysylhydroxylase 1 (LH1)), and molecules involved in collagen folding (FKBP22), defects have recently been identified in other constituents of the extracellular matrix (e.g. Tenascin-X, collagen type XII), enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis (β4GalT7 and β3GalT6), dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST1), dermatan sulfate epimerase (DSE)), (putative) transcription factors (ZNF469, PRDM5), components of the complement pathway (C1r, C1s) and an intracellular Zinc transporter (ZIP13). Easy bruising is, to a variable degree, present in all subtypes of EDS. A variable bleeding tendency, manifesting e.g. as gum bleeding, menometrorraghia, postnatal or peri-operative hemorrhage is observed in many EDS-patients of varying EDS subtypes. Life-threatening arterial aneurysms, dissections and ruptures of medium-sized and large arteries are a hallmark of the vascular subtype of EDS, caused by a molecular defect in collagen type III, an important constituent of blood vessel walls and hollow organs. They may however also occur in other EDS subtypes, especially in classical EDS, caused by defects in type V collagen or, rarely, type I collagen, and in kyphoscoliotic EDS, caused by defects in LH1 or FKBP22. These manifestations of vascular fragility and bleeding are usually attributed to fragility of the blood vessel walls and the perivascular connective tissues, but the molecular pathomechanisms underlying these complications are poorly studied. This review summarizes current knowledge on manifestations of vascular fragility in the different EDS subtypes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hashimoto K, Kajitani N, Miyamoto Y, Matsumoto KI. Wound healing-related properties detected in an experimental model with a collagen gel contraction assay are affected in the absence of tenascin-X. Exp Cell Res 2017; 363:102-113. [PMID: 29291401 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with tenascin-X (TNX)-deficient type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) do not exhibit delayed wound healing, unlike classic type EDS patients, who exhibit mutations in collagen genes. Similarly, in TNX-knockout (KO) mice, wound closure of the skin is normal even though these mice exhibit a reduced breaking strength. Therefore, we speculated that the wound healing process may be affected in the absence of TNX. In this study, to investigate the effects of TNX absence on wound healing-related properties, we performed collagen gel contraction assays with wild-type (WT) and TNX-KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Collagen gels with embedded TNX-KO MEFs showed significantly greater contraction than those containing WT MEFs. Subsequently, we assessed collagen gel contraction-related properties, such as the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and the protein and mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the collagen gels. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and the expression level of TGF-β1 were elevated in the absence of TNX. Furthermore, filopodia-like protrusion formation, cell proliferation, migration, and collagen expression in MEFs were promoted in the absence of TNX. These results indicate that these wound healing-related properties are affected in a TNX-deficient extracellular environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sakai H, Yokota S, Kajitani N, Yoneyama T, Kawakami K, Yasui Y, Matsumoto KI. A potential contribution of tenascin-X to blood vessel formation in peripheral nerves. Neurosci Res 2017; 124:1-7. [PMID: 28668501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX), an extracellular matrix protein, is abundantly expressed in peripheral nerves. However, the physiological role of TNX in peripheral nerves remains unknown. In this study, we found that actin levels in sciatic nerves of TNX-deficient mice were markedly decreased. Since actin was highly expressed in endothelial cells in wild-type sciatic nerves, we assessed morphological alterations of blood vessels in TNX-null sciatic nerves. The density of blood vessels was significantly decreased and the size of blood vessels was larger than those in wild-type sciatic nerves. Immunofluorescence showed that TNX was expressed by Schwann cells and fibroblasts in sciatic nerves. The results suggest that TNX secreted from Schwann cells and/or fibroblasts is involved in blood vessel formation in peripheral nerves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan.
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Department of Anatomy and Morphological Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan; Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Tsunao Yoneyama
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Yasui
- Department of Anatomy and Morphological Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tokhmafshan F, Brophy PD, Gbadegesin RA, Gupta IR. Vesicoureteral reflux and the extracellular matrix connection. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:565-576. [PMID: 27139901 PMCID: PMC5376290 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common pediatric condition due to a developmental defect in the ureterovesical junction. The prevalence of VUR among individuals with connective tissue disorders, as well as the importance of the ureter and bladder wall musculature for the anti-reflux mechanism, suggest that defects in the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the ureterovesical junction may result in VUR. This review will discuss the function of the smooth muscle and its supporting ECM microenvironment with respect to VUR, and explore the association of VUR with mutations in ECM-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick D. Brophy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rasheed A. Gbadegesin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Demarchi B, Hall S, Roncal-Herrero T, Freeman CL, Woolley J, Crisp MK, Wilson J, Fotakis A, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Rakownikow Jersie-Christensen R, Olsen JV, Haile J, Thomas J, Marean CW, Parkington J, Presslee S, Lee-Thorp J, Ditchfield P, Hamilton JF, Ward MW, Wang CM, Shaw MD, Harrison T, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, MacPhee RDE, Kwekason A, Ecker M, Kolska Horwitz L, Chazan M, Kröger R, Thomas-Oates J, Harding JH, Cappellini E, Penkman K, Collins MJ. Protein sequences bound to mineral surfaces persist into deep time. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27668515 PMCID: PMC5039028 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins persist longer in the fossil record than DNA, but the longevity, survival mechanisms and substrates remain contested. Here, we demonstrate the role of mineral binding in preserving the protein sequence in ostrich (Struthionidae) eggshell, including from the palaeontological sites of Laetoli (3.8 Ma) and Olduvai Gorge (1.3 Ma) in Tanzania. By tracking protein diagenesis back in time we find consistent patterns of preservation, demonstrating authenticity of the surviving sequences. Molecular dynamics simulations of struthiocalcin-1 and -2, the dominant proteins within the eggshell, reveal that distinct domains bind to the mineral surface. It is the domain with the strongest calculated binding energy to the calcite surface that is selectively preserved. Thermal age calculations demonstrate that the Laetoli and Olduvai peptides are 50 times older than any previously authenticated sequence (equivalent to ~16 Ma at a constant 10°C). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17092.001 The pattern of chemical reactions that break down the molecules that make our bodies is still fairly mysterious. Archaeologists and geologists hope that dead organisms (or artefacts made from them) might not decay entirely, leaving behind clues to their lives. We know that some molecules are more resistant than others; for example, fats are tough and survive for a long time while DNA is degraded very rapidly. Proteins, which are made of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids, are usually sturdier than DNA. Since the amino acid sequence of a protein reflects the DNA sequence that encodes it, proteins in fossils can help researchers to reconstruct how extinct organisms are related in cases where DNA cannot be retrieved. Time, temperature, burial environment and the chemistry of the fossil all influence how quickly a protein decays. However, it is not clear what mechanisms slow down decay so that full protein sequences can be preserved and identified after millions of years. As a result, it is difficult to know where to look for these ancient sequences. In the womb of ostriches, several proteins are responsible for assembling the minerals that make up the ostrich eggshell. These proteins become trapped tightly within the mineral crystals themselves. In this situation, proteins can potentially be preserved over geological time. Demarchi et al. have now studied 3.8 million-year-old eggshells found close to the equator and, despite the extent to which the samples have degraded, discovered fully preserved protein sequences. Using a computer simulation method called molecular dynamics, Demarchi et al. calculated that the protein sequences that are able to survive the longest are stabilized by strong binding to the surface of the mineral crystals. The authenticity of these sequences was tested thoroughly using a combination of several approaches that Demarchi et al. recommend using as a standard for ancient protein studies. Overall, it appears that biominerals are an excellent source of ancient protein sequences because mineral binding ensures survival. A systematic survey of fossil biominerals from different environments is now needed to assess whether these biomolecules have the potential to act as barcodes for interpreting the evolution of organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17092.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Demarchi
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Hall
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin L Freeman
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Woolley
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Molly K Crisp
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Department of Mathematics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fotakis
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roman Fischer
- Advanced Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Advanced Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jesper V Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Haile
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Thomas
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Curtis W Marean
- Institute of Human Origins, SHESC, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States.,Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - John Parkington
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha Presslee
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Lee-Thorp
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ditchfield
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline F Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn W Ward
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Chunting Michelle Wang
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Marvin D Shaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Harrison
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, United States
| | | | - Ross DE MacPhee
- Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
| | | | - Michaela Ecker
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liora Kolska Horwitz
- National Natural History Collections, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Chazan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Roland Kröger
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, University of York, New York, United States
| | - John H Harding
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Cappellini
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsty Penkman
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Collins
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yamada K, Watanabe A, Takeshita H, Matsumoto KI. A method for quantification of serum tenascin-X by nano-LC/MS/MS. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 459:94-100. [PMID: 27236034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete deficiency of an extracellular matrix tenascin-X (TNX) leads to a classical type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). TNX haploinsufficiency is a cause of hypermobility type of EDS. Human TNX is also present in a serum form (sTNX) with a molecular size of 140kDa. In this study, we established a method for quantification of sTNX using nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with selected/multiple reaction monitoring. METHODS Twelve abundant protein-depleted sera were reduced, alkylated, and digested with Lys-C and trypsin. Subsequently, the digests were fractionated by strong cation exchange chromatography. Optimal and validated transitions of precursor and product ions of the peptides from sTNX were developed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS Serum concentrations of sTNX of healthy individuals were quantified as an average of 144ng/ml. However, sTNX was not detected by this method in serum from a patient with a classical type of EDS in whom sTNX was not found by Western blot analysis. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of sTNX by nano-LC/MS/MS method was 2.8pg whereas the detection sensitivity of sTNX by Western blot analysis was 19pg. The nano-LC/MS/MS method is more sensitive than Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS The quantification method will be useful for diagnosis and risk stratification of EDS caused by TNX deficiency and haploinsufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamada
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Valcourt U, Alcaraz LB, Exposito JY, Lethias C, Bartholin L. Tenascin-X: beyond the architectural function. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:154-65. [PMID: 25793578 PMCID: PMC4422802 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.994893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-X is the largest member of the tenascin (TN) family of evolutionary conserved extracellular matrix glycoproteins, which also comprises TN-C, TN-R and TN-W. Among this family, TN-X is the only member described so far to exert a crucial architectural function as evidenced by a connective tissue disorder (a recessive form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) resulting from a loss-of-function of this glycoprotein in humans and mice. However, TN-X is more than an architectural protein, as it displays features of a matricellular protein by modulating cell adhesion. However, the cellular functions associated with the anti-adhesive properties of TN-X have not yet been revealed. Recent findings indicate that TN-X is also an extracellular regulator of signaling pathways. Indeed, TN-X has been shown to regulate the bioavailability of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β and to modulate epithelial cell plasticity. The next challenges will be to unravel whether the signaling functions of TN-X are functionally linked to its matricellular properties.
Collapse
Key Words
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FBG, fibrinogen-like domain
- FNIII, fibronectin type III module
- LAP, latency associated peptide
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- SLC, small latent complex
- TGF-β
- TGF-β activation
- TN, tenascin
- TSP-1, thrombospondin-1
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cell signaling
- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- integrin α11β1
- matricellular protein
- tenascin-X
- transforming growth factor-β
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Valcourt
- a Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , Lyon , France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of extracellular matrix molecules that are mainly expressed in embryonic development and down-regulated in adulthood. A re-expression in the adult occurs under pathological conditions such as inflammation, regeneration or neoplasia. As the most prominent member of the tenascin family, TN-C, is highly expressed in glioma tissue and rising evidence suggests that TN-C plays a crucial role in cell migration or invasion - the most fatal characteristics of glioma - also the other members of this protein family have been investigated with regard to their impact on glioma biology. For all tenascins correlations between the expression levels of the different family members and the degree of malignancy and invasiveness of glial tumors could be detected. Overall, the former and recent results in the research on glioma and tenascins point at distinct roles of each of the molecules in glioma biology and the devastating properties of these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brösicke
- a Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology ; Ruhr-University Bochum ; Bochum , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Randall DR, Park PS, Chau JK. Identification of altered protein abundances in cholesteatoma matrix via mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 44:50. [PMID: 26608071 PMCID: PMC4660678 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-015-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesteatoma are cyst-like structures lined with a matrix of differentiated squamous epithelium overlying connective tissue. Although epithelium normally exhibits self-limited growth, cholesteatoma matrix erodes mucosa and bone suggesting changes in matrix protein constituents that permit destructive behaviour. Differential proteomic studies can measure and compare the cholesteatoma proteome to normal tissues, revealing protein alterations that may propagate the destructive process. Methods Human cholesteatoma matrix, cholesteatoma-involved ossicles, and normal middle ear mucosa, post-auricular skin, and non-involved ossicles were harvested. These tissues were subjected to multiplex peptide labeling followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Relative protein abundances were compared and evaluated for ontologic function and putative involvement in cholesteatoma. Results Our methodology detected 10 764 peptides constituting 1662 unique proteins at 95 % confidence or greater. Twenty-nine candidate proteins were identified in soft tissue analysis, with 29 additional proteins showing altered abundances in bone samples. Ontologic functions and known relevance to cholesteatoma are discussed, with several candidates highlighted for their roles in epithelial integrity, evasion of apoptosis, and immunologic function. Conclusion This study produced an extensive cholesteatoma proteome and identified 58 proteins with altered abundances contributing to disease pathopathysiology. As well, potential biomarkers of residual disease were highlighted. Further investigation into these proteins may provide useful options for novel therapeutics or monitoring disease status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R Randall
- Section of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Phillip S Park
- Section of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Justin K Chau
- Section of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zuliani-Alvarez L, Midwood KS. Fibrinogen-Related Proteins in Tissue Repair: How a Unique Domain with a Common Structure Controls Diverse Aspects of Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:273-285. [PMID: 26005593 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Fibrinogen-related proteins (FRePs) comprise an intriguing collection of extracellular molecules, each containing a conserved fibrinogen-like globe (FBG). This group includes the eponymous fibrinogen as well as the tenascin, angiopoietin, and ficolin families. Many of these proteins are upregulated during tissue repair and exhibit diverse roles during wound healing. Recent Advances: An increasing body of evidence highlights the specific expression of a number of FRePs following tissue injury and infection. Upon induction, each FReP uses its FBG domain to mediate quite distinct effects that contribute to different stages of tissue repair, such as driving coagulation, pathogen detection, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Critical Issues: Despite a high degree of homology among FRePs, each contains unique sequences that enable their diversification of function. Comparative analysis of the structure and function of FRePs and precise mapping of regions that interact with a variety of ligands has started to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms by which these proteins play very different roles using their common domain. Future Directions: Fibrinogen has long been used in the clinic as a synthetic matrix serving as a scaffold or a delivery system to aid tissue repair. Novel therapeutic strategies are now emerging that harness the use of other FRePs to improve wound healing outcomes. As we learn more about the underlying mechanisms by which each FReP contributes to the repair response, specific blockade, or indeed potentiation, of their function offers real potential to enable regulation of distinct processes during pathological wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Van Damme T, Syx D, Coucke P, Symoens S, De Paepe A, Malfait F. Genetics of the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: more than collagen disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1022528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
23
|
McDowell IC, Nikapitiya C, Aguiar D, Lane CE, Istrail S, Gomez-Chiarri M. Transcriptome of American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, in response to bacterial challenge: insights into potential mechanisms of disease resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105097. [PMID: 25122115 PMCID: PMC4133350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The American oyster Crassostrea virginica, an ecologically and economically important estuarine organism, can suffer high mortalities in areas in the Northeast United States due to Roseovarius Oyster Disease (ROD), caused by the gram-negative bacterial pathogen Roseovarius crassostreae. The goals of this research were to provide insights into: 1) the responses of American oysters to R. crassostreae, and 2) potential mechanisms of resistance or susceptibility to ROD. The responses of oysters to bacterial challenge were characterized by exposing oysters from ROD-resistant and susceptible families to R. crassostreae, followed by high-throughput sequencing of cDNA samples from various timepoints after disease challenge. Sequence data was assembled into a reference transcriptome and analyzed through differential gene expression and functional enrichment to uncover genes and processes potentially involved in responses to ROD in the American oyster. While susceptible oysters experienced constant levels of mortality when challenged with R. crassostreae, resistant oysters showed levels of mortality similar to non-challenged oysters. Oysters exposed to R. crassostreae showed differential expression of transcripts involved in immune recognition, signaling, protease inhibition, detoxification, and apoptosis. Transcripts involved in metabolism were enriched in susceptible oysters, suggesting that bacterial infection places a large metabolic demand on these oysters. Transcripts differentially expressed in resistant oysters in response to infection included the immune modulators IL-17 and arginase, as well as several genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. The identification of potential genes and processes responsible for defense against R. crassostreae in the American oyster provides insights into potential mechanisms of disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. McDowell
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Derek Aguiar
- Department of Computer Science and Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Lane
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Sorin Istrail
- Department of Computer Science and Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Marta Gomez-Chiarri
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alcaraz LB, Exposito JY, Chuvin N, Pommier RM, Cluzel C, Martel S, Sentis S, Bartholin L, Lethias C, Valcourt U. Tenascin-X promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating latent TGF-β. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:409-28. [PMID: 24821840 PMCID: PMC4018787 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201308031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) isoforms are secreted as inactive complexes formed through noncovalent interactions between the bioactive TGF-β entity and its N-terminal latency-associated peptide prodomain. Extracellular activation of the latent TGF-β complex is a crucial step in the regulation of TGF-β function for tissue homeostasis. We show that the fibrinogen-like (FBG) domain of the matrix glycoprotein tenascin-X (TNX) interacts physically with the small latent TGF-β complex in vitro and in vivo, thus regulating the bioavailability of mature TGF-β to cells by activating the latent cytokine into an active molecule. Activation by the FBG domain most likely occurs through a conformational change in the latent complex and involves a novel cell adhesion-dependent mechanism. We identify α11β1 integrin as a cell surface receptor for TNX and show that this integrin is crucial to elicit FBG-mediated activation of latent TGF-β and subsequent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Alcaraz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jami MS, Hou J, Liu M, Varney ML, Hassan H, Dong J, Geng L, Wang J, Yu F, Huang X, Peng H, Fu K, Li Y, Singh RK, Ding SJ. Functional proteomic analysis reveals the involvement of KIAA1199 in breast cancer growth, motility and invasiveness. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:194. [PMID: 24628760 PMCID: PMC4007601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background KIAA1199 is a recently identified novel gene that is up-regulated in human cancer with poor survival. Our proteomic study on signaling polarity in chemotactic cells revealed KIAA1199 as a novel protein target that may be involved in cellular chemotaxis and motility. In the present study, we examined the functional significance of KIAA1199 expression in breast cancer growth, motility and invasiveness. Methods We validated the previous microarray observation by tissue microarray immunohistochemistry using a TMA slide containing 12 breast tumor tissue cores and 12 corresponding normal tissues. We performed the shRNA-mediated knockdown of KIAA1199 in MDA-MB-231 and HS578T cells to study the role of this protein in cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis in vitro. We studied the effects of KIAA1199 knockdown in vivo in two groups of mice (n = 5). We carried out the SILAC LC-MS/MS based proteomic studies on the involvement of KIAA1199 in breast cancer. Results KIAA1199 mRNA and protein was significantly overexpressed in breast tumor specimens and cell lines as compared with non-neoplastic breast tissues from large-scale microarray and studies of breast cancer cell lines and tumors. To gain deeper insights into the novel role of KIAA1199 in breast cancer, we modulated KIAA1199 expression using shRNA-mediated knockdown in two breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and HS578T), expressing higher levels of KIAA1199. The KIAA1199 knockdown cells showed reduced motility and cell proliferation in vitro. Moreover, when the knockdown cells were injected into the mammary fat pads of female athymic nude mice, there was a significant decrease in tumor incidence and growth. In addition, quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that knockdown of KIAA1199 in breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells affected a broad range of cellular functions including apoptosis, metabolism and cell motility. Conclusions Our findings indicate that KIAA1199 may play an important role in breast tumor growth and invasiveness, and that it may represent a novel target for biomarker development and a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Defects in tendon, ligament, and enthesis in response to genetic alterations in key proteoglycans and glycoproteins: a review. ARTHRITIS 2013; 2013:154812. [PMID: 24324885 PMCID: PMC3842050 DOI: 10.1155/2013/154812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the genetic alterations and knockdown approaches published in the literature to assess the role of key proteoglycans and glycoproteins in the structural development, function, and repair of tendon, ligament, and enthesis. The information was collected from (i) genetically altered mice, (ii) in vitro knockdown studies, (iii) genetic variants predisposition to injury, and (iv) human genetic diseases. The genes reviewed are for small leucine-rich proteoglycans (lumican, fibromodulin, biglycan, decorin, and asporin); dermatan sulfate epimerase (Dse) that alters structure of glycosaminoglycan and hence the function of small leucine-rich proteoglycans by converting glucuronic to iduronic acid; matricellular proteins (thrombospondin 2, secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc), periostin, and tenascin X) including human tenascin C variants; and others, such as tenomodulin, leukocyte cell derived chemotaxin 1 (chondromodulin-I, ChM-I), CD44 antigen (Cd44), lubricin (Prg4), and aggrecan degrading gene, a disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5 (Adamts5). Understanding these genes represents drug targets for disrupting pathological mechanisms that lead to tendinopathy, ligamentopathy, enthesopathy, enthesitis and tendon/ligament injury, that is, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pénisson-Besnier I, Allamand V, Beurrier P, Martin L, Schalkwijk J, van Vlijmen-Willems I, Gartioux C, Malfait F, Syx D, Macchi L, Marcorelles P, Arbeille B, Croué A, De Paepe A, Dubas F. Compound heterozygous mutations of the TNXB gene cause primary myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 23:664-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
28
|
Petersen JW, Douglas JY. Tenascin-X, collagen, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: tenascin-X gene defects can protect against adverse cardiovascular events. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:443-7. [PMID: 23830591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Long thought to be two separate syndromes, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (EDS-HT) and benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS) appear on close examination to represent the same syndrome, with virtually identical clinical manifestations. While both EDS-HT and BJHS were long thought to lack the genetic loci of other connective tissue disorders, including all other types of EDS, researchers have discovered a genetic locus that accounts for manifestations of both EDS-HT and BJHS in a small population of patients. However, given the modest sample size of these studies and the strong correlation between serum levels of tenascin-X with clinical symptoms of both EDS-HT and BJHS, strong evidence exists for the origins of both types of hypermobility originating in haploinsufficiency or deficiency of the gene TNXB, responsible for tenascin-X. Tenascin-X regulates both the structure and stability of elastic fibers and organizes collagen fibrils in the extra-cellular matrix (ECM), impacting the rigidity or elasticity of virtually every cell in the body. While the impacts of tenascin-X insufficiency or deficiency on the skin and joints have received some attention, its potential cardiovascular impacts remain relatively unexplored. Here we set forth two novel hypotheses. First, TNXB haploinsufficiency or deficiency causes the range of clinical manifestations long identified with both EDS-HT and BJHS. And, second, that haploinsufficiency or deficiency of TNXB may provide some benefits against adverse cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke, by lowering levels of arterial stiffness associated with aging, as well as by enhancing accommodation of accrued atherosclerotic plaques. This two-fold hypothesis provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the syndromes previous identified with joint hypermobility, at the same time the hypothesis also sheds light on the role of the composition of the extracellular matrix and its impacts on endothelial sheer stress in adverse cardiovascular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Petersen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mikesh LM, Aramadhaka LR, Moskaluk C, Zigrino P, Mauch C, Fox JW. Proteomic anatomy of human skin. J Proteomics 2013; 84:190-200. [PMID: 23563204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The extracellular matrix is composed of a variety of proteins which are essential for growth, wound healing, and fibrosis. It provides both structural support as well as contributing to the regulation of the local microenvironment. To further characterize the molecular composition of human skin we have undertaken a proteomic approach to identify proteins in three skin regions from two locations. Using laser microdissection, extracellular matrix was obtained from three distinct regions (basement membrane, papillary dermis, and reticular dermis) of formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue from normal human leg and breast skin. The proteome of these regions was determined by mass spectrometric analysis. This study provides a relative quantitative assessment, including protein composition and relative abundance, of the proteins found in different skin regions giving rise to a "proteomic anatomy" of skin. Our findings indicate that there was little difference detected in the subproteomes of the dermal and papillary regions and little difference between the proteomes of leg skin compared to breast skin. One finding of interest is the identification of tenascin-X only in the breast dermis and serum amyloid P-component in the leg dermis. The results of this proteomic analysis corroborate much of the information on the protein composition identified by other methodologies found in the literature but provide additional insight as to localization of skin proteins in the various regions of skin. One potential outcome of this study is that identification of a more global proteomic composition in normal skin may serve as the basis for characterizing and comparing the skin proteomes from a variety of disease states, which may lead to a more complete understanding of the pathology of the disease as well as new therapeutic treatments. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This investigation underscores the power of proteomics to bring semiquantitative, non-presumptive molecular characterization to the field of histological anatomy. Traditionally, anatomy relied on visual or histochemical structural characterization which generally involved some level of understanding of the area of interest. With the advent of laser microdissection or laser capture microscopy localization of anatomical structures of interest can be correlated to molecular composition by virtue of mass spectrometric determination of the proteome of that structure. One potential outcome of this study is that identification of a more global proteomic composition in normal skin may serve as the basis for characterizing and comparing the skin proteomes from a variety of disease states, which may lead to a more complete understanding of the pathology of the disease as well as new therapeutic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leann M Mikesh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Matsumoto KI, Satoh K, Maniwa T, Araki A, Maruyama R, Oda T. Noticeable decreased expression of tenascin-X in calcific aortic valves. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:460-8. [PMID: 22827484 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.702818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcification of aortic valves results in valvular aortic stenosis and is becoming a common valvular condition in elderly populations. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this valve lesion is important for revealing potential biomarkers associated with the development and progression of this disease. In order to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in calcific aortic valves (CAVs) compared with those in adjacent normal valvular tissues, comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the tissues was done by a quantitative proteomic approach with isobaric tag for absolute and relative quantitation labeling followed by nanoliquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The proteomic analysis revealed 105 proteins differentially expressed in CAVs in contrast to adjacent normal valvular tissues with high confidence. Significantly increased expression (≥1.3-fold) was found in 34 proteins, whereas decreased expression (<0.77-fold) was found in 39 proteins in CAVs. Among them, α-2-HS-glycoprotein showed the greatest increase in expression (6.54-fold) and tenascin-X showed the greatest decrease in expression (0.37-fold). Numerous extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens were identified as proteins with significantly decreased expression. Panther pathway analysis showed that some of the identified proteins were linked to blood coagulation and integrin signaling pathways. Cluster analysis of the 105 proteins differentially expressed in CAVs based on the expression pattern revealed that tenascin-X was clustered with proteins controlling collagen structure and function, especially collagen fibrillogenesis, such as decorin and fibromodulin. We confirmed decreased levels of these proteins in CAVs by Western blot analyses. These results indicated that massive destruction of the extracellular matrix occurs in CAVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Voermans NC, Verrijp K, Eshuis L, Balemans MCM, Egging D, Sterrenburg E, van Rooij IALM, van der Laak JAWM, Schalkwijk J, van der Maarel SM, Lammens M, van Engelen BG. Mild muscular features in tenascin-X knockout mice, a model of Ehlers-danlos syndrome. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:422-32. [PMID: 21405982 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.551616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tenascin-X (TNX) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, the absence of which in humans leads to a recessive form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), a group of inherited connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility. A mouse model of TNX-deficient type EDS has been used to characterize the dermatological, orthopedic, and obstetrical features. The growing insight in the clinical overlap between myopathies and inherited connective tissue disorders asks for a study of the muscular characteristics of inherited connective tissue diseases. Therefore, this study aims to define the muscular phenotype of TNX knockout (KO) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a comprehensive study on the muscular phenotype of these TNX KO mice, consisting of standardized clinical assessment, muscle histology, and gene expression profiling of muscle tissue. Furthermore, peripheral nerve composition was studied by histology and electron microscopy. RESULTS The main findings are the presence of mild muscle weakness, mild myopathic features on histology, and functional upregulation of genes encoding proteins involved in ECM degradation and synthesis. Additionally, sciatic nerve samples showed mildly reduced collagen fibril density of endoneurium. DISCUSSION The muscular phenotype of TNX KO mice consists of mild muscle weakness with histological signs of myopathy and of increased turnover of the ECM in muscle. Furthermore, mildly reduced diameter of myelinated fibers and reduction of collagen fibril density of endoneurium may correspond with polyneuropathy in TNX-deficient EDS patients. This comprehensive assessment can serve as a starting point for further investigations on neuromuscular function in TNX KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kawakami K, Matsumoto KI. Behavioral Alterations in Mice Lacking the Gene for Tenascin-X. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:590-3. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Animals, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhuang S, Linhananta A, Li H. Phenotypic effects of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-associated mutation on the FnIII domain of tenascin-X. Protein Sci 2010; 19:2231-9. [PMID: 20853426 DOI: 10.1002/pro.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and interacts with a wide variety of molecules in the ECM as well as on the membrane. Deficiency of TNX causes a recessive form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) characterized by hyperelastic and fragile skin, easy bruising, and hypermobile joints. Three point mutations in TNX gene were found to be associated with hypermobility type EDS and one of such mutations is the V1195M mutation at the 7th fibronectin Type III domain (TNXfn7). To help elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism connecting this mutation to EDS, here we combined homology modeling, chemical denaturation, single molecule atomic force microscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques to investigate the phenotypic effects of V1195M on TNXfn7. We found that the V1195M mutation does not alter the three-dimensional structure of TNXfn7 and had only mild destabilization effects on the thermodynamic and mechanical stability of TNXfn7. However, MD simulations revealed that the mutation V1195M significantly alters the flexibility of the C'E loop of TNXfn7. As loops play important roles in protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, we hypothesize that the decreased loop flexibility by V1195M mutation may affect the binding of TNX to ECM molecules and thus adversely affect collagen deposition and fibrillogenesis. Our results may provide new insights in understanding the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of V1195M-resulted EDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fujie S, Maita H, Ariga H, Matsumoto KI. Tenascin-X induces cell detachment through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1795-9. [PMID: 19801846 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-X (TNX) is the largest member of the tenascin family. In this study, we investigated the adhesive properties of TNX and the signaling pathway to be induced to mouse fibroblast L cells on TNX substrate. Approximately 45% of evaluable cells used in the cell adhesion assay were attached to purified TNX but did not spread and were rounded on TNX. The remaining 55% of cells were detached from the TNX substrate and were floating in the conditioned medium. In rounded cells on TNX, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was diminished compared with that in cells on control phosphate buffered saline (PBS). To better understand the pathways that lead to the detachment of cells on the TNX substrate, we examined phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase was observed in the rounded cells on TNX in a dose-dependent manner, and the maximum effect was observed at 30 min on TNX. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase alpha expression by RNA interference partially suppressed the TNX-induced cell detachment. These results suggest that the p38 MAP kinase is a major mediator of TNX-induced cell detachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Fujie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Satoh K, Tsukamoto M, Shindoh M, Totsuka Y, Oda T, Matsumoto KI. Increased Expression of Tenascin-X in Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Tissues. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1898-902. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Satoh
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University
| | - Marie Tsukamoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University
| | - Masanobu Shindoh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yasunori Totsuka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Teiji Oda
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brellier F, Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. Tenascins and their implications in diseases and tissue mechanics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00916.x doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Ishitsuka T, Ikuta T, Ariga H, Matsumoto KI. Serum tenascin-X strongly binds to vascular endothelial growth factor. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1004-11. [PMID: 19483306 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial extracellular matrix tenascin-X (iTNX) with about 450 kDa is prominently present in various tissues. Previously, we identified the serum form of TNX (sTNX) with 200 kDa in the mouse. In the present study, in order to investigate distinctive features and functions of sTNX, a plasmid encoding the recombinant mouse sTNX was constructed. As a control, we also constructed a plasmid encoding mouse 450-kDa iTNX and a plasmid encoding 250-kDa iTNX, which lacks the region of 200-kDa sTNX from 450-kDa iTNX. In cells stably expressing each recombinant TNX, a more than 7-fold larger amount of 200-kDa sTNX was released into conditioned medium than the amounts of 250-kDa iTNX and 450-kDa iTNX released into the medium. We previously reported that a splice isoform of iTNX (340-kDa iTNX) binds to vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) as well as to VEGF-A. Therefore, the ability of VEGF-A and VEGF-B to bind to 200-kDa sTNX was examined by a co-immunoprecipitation assay in comparison with the binding abilities to 250-kDa iTNX and 450-kDa iTNX. It was found that sTNX strongly bound to VEGF-A and VEGF-B, compared with the binding abilities of other iTNX proteins. Based on the results of assays of incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), we found that purified recombinant 200-kDa sTNX both alone and in combination with VEGF-A or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can weakly promote DNA synthesis in proliferating vascular endothelial cells (UVfemale symbol2 cells). These results suggest that sTNX possesses weak activity for proliferation of endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brellier F, Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. Tenascins and their implications in diseases and tissue mechanics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19:511-9. [PMID: 19422658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tenascins are glycoproteins found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of many tissues. Their role is not only to support the tissue structurally but also to regulate the fate of the different cell types populating the ECM. For instance, tenascins are required when active tissue modeling during embryogenesis or re-modeling after injury occurs. Interestingly, the four members of the tenascin family, tenascin-C, -X, -R and -W, show different and often mutually exclusive expression patterns. As a consequence, these structurally related proteins display distinct functions and are associated with distinct pathologies. The present review aims at presenting the four members of the tenascin family with respect to their structure, expression patterns and implications in diseases and tissue mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Brellier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hansen KC, Kiemele L, Maller O, O'Brien J, Shankar A, Fornetti J, Schedin P. An in-solution ultrasonication-assisted digestion method for improved extracellular matrix proteome coverage. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1648-57. [PMID: 19351662 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900039-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell behavior is coordinated by the composition of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM); thus ECM protein identification is critical for understanding normal biology and disease states. Proteomic analyses of ECM proteins have been hindered by the insoluble and digestion-resistant nature of ECM. Here we explore the utility of combining rapid ultrasonication- and surfactant-assisted digestion for the detailed proteomics analysis of ECM samples. When compared with traditional overnight digestion, this optimized method dramatically improved the sequence coverage for collagen I, revealed the presence of hundreds of previously unidentified proteins in Matrigel, and identified a protein profile for ECM isolated from rat mammary glands that was substantially different from that found in Matrigel. In a three-dimensional culture assay to investigate epithelial cell-ECM interactions, mammary epithelial cells were found to undergo extensive branching morphogenesis when plated with mammary gland-derived matrix in comparison with Matrigel. Cumulatively these data highlight the tissue-specific nature of ECM composition and function and underscore the need for optimized techniques, such as those described here, for the proteomics characterization of ECM samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk C Hansen
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nanomechanical properties of tenascin-X revealed by single-molecule force spectroscopy. J Mol Biol 2008; 385:1277-86. [PMID: 19071135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-X is an extracellular matrix protein and binds a variety of molecules in extracellular matrix and on cell membrane. Tenascin-X plays important roles in regulating the structure and mechanical properties of connective tissues. Using single-molecule atomic force microscopy, we have investigated the mechanical properties of bovine tenascin-X in detail. Our results indicated that tenascin-X is an elastic protein and the fibronectin type III (FnIII) domains can unfold under a stretching force and refold to regain their mechanical stability upon the removal of the stretching force. All the 30 FnIII domains of tenascin-X show similar mechanical stability, mechanical unfolding kinetics, and contour length increment upon domain unfolding, despite their large sequence diversity. In contrast to the homogeneity in their mechanical unfolding behaviors, FnIII domains fold at different rates. Using the 10th FnIII domain of tenascin-X (TNXfn10) as a model system, we constructed a polyprotein chimera composed of alternating TNXfn10 and GB1 domains and used atomic force microscopy to confirm that the mechanical properties of TNXfn10 are consistent with those of the FnIII domains of tenascin-X. These results lay the foundation to further study the mechanical properties of individual FnIII domains and establish the relationship between point mutations and mechanical phenotypic effect on tenascin-X. Moreover, our results provided the opportunity to compare the mechanical properties and design of different forms of tenascins. The comparison between tenascin-X and tenascin-C revealed interesting common as well as distinguishing features for mechanical unfolding and folding of tenascin-C and tenascin-X and will open up new avenues to investigate the mechanical functions and architectural design of different forms of tenascins.
Collapse
|
41
|
Endo T, Ariga H, Matsumoto KI. Truncated form of tenascin-X, XB-S, interacts with mitotic motor kinesin Eg5. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 320:53-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Kadler KE, Hill A, Canty-Laird EG. Collagen fibrillogenesis: fibronectin, integrins, and minor collagens as organizers and nucleators. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:495-501. [PMID: 18640274 PMCID: PMC2577133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Collagens are triple helical proteins that occur in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and at the cell–ECM interface. There are more than 30 collagens and collagen-related proteins but the most abundant are collagens I and II that exist as D-periodic (where D = 67 nm) fibrils. The fibrils are of broad biomedical importance and have central roles in embryogenesis, arthritis, tissue repair, fibrosis, tumor invasion, and cardiovascular disease. Collagens I and II spontaneously form fibrils in vitro, which shows that collagen fibrillogenesis is a selfassembly process. However, the situation in vivo is not that simple; collagen I-containing fibrils do not form in the absence of fibronectin, fibronectin-binding and collagen-binding integrins, and collagen V. Likewise, the thin collagen II-containing fibrils in cartilage do not form in the absence of collagen XI. Thus, in vivo, cellular mechanisms are in place to control what is otherwise a protein self-assembly process. This review puts forward a working hypothesis for how fibronectin and integrins (the organizers) determine the site of fibril assembly, and collagens V and XI (the nucleators) initiate collagen fibrillogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Analysis of obstetric complications and uterine connective tissue in tenascin-X-deficient humans and mice. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 332:523-32. [PMID: 18335242 PMCID: PMC2386751 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX) is a large, multi-domain, extracellular matrix glycoprotein. Complete deficiency of TNX in humans leads to a recessive form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), and TNX haploinsufficiency is a cause of hypermobility type EDS. EDS patients appear to have a higher risk of several complications during pregnancy, such as pelvic instability, premature rupture of membranes, and postpartum hemorrhage. Here, we present a study of genitourinary and obstetric complications in TNX-deficient women of reproductive age. We have found complications, such as uterus prolapses, that are in agreement with previous findings in other EDS types. In TNX knockout (KO) mice, we have observed mild pregnancy-related abnormalities. Morphological and immunohistological analysis of uterine tissues has not revealed obvious quantitative or spatial differences between TNX KO and wildtype mice with respect to collagen types I, III, V, and XII or elastic fibers. We conclude that TNX-deficient women are at risk of obstetric complications, but that TNX KO mice show only a mild phenotype. Furthermore, we show that TNX is involved in the stability of elastic fibers rather than in their initial deposition.
Collapse
|
44
|
Egging DF, Peeters ACTM, Grebenchtchikov N, Geurts-Moespot A, Sweep CGJ, den Heijer M, Schalkwijk J. Identification and characterization of multiple species of tenascin-X in human serum. FEBS J 2007; 274:1280-9. [PMID: 17263730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the diversity of tenascin-X (TNX) species in serum and studied parameters that could affect determination of TNX levels in serum. Using western blot analysis we identified at least seven distinct TNX species, ranging from 75 kDa to the presumably full-length 450 kDa form. Purification of serum TNX followed by sequence analysis positively identified two major TNX species of 75 and 140 kDa. We found that serum TNX binds to tropoelastin but not to fibrillar collagens. We conclude that serum TNX is composed of distinct molecular species that retain functional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Egging
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|