Histochemical distribution of sialic acids and antimicrobial substances in porcine carpal glands

Insulin granule morphology and crinosome formation in mice lacking the pancreatic β cell-specific phogrin (PTPRN2) gene

We recently reported that phogrin, also known as IA-2β or PTPRN2, forms a complex with the insulin receptor in pancreatic β cells upon glucose stimulation and stabilizes insulin receptor substrate 2. In β cells of systemic phogrin gene knockout (IA-2β-/-) mice, impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion, decreased insulin granule density, and an increase in the number and size of lysosomes have been reported. Since phogrin is expressed not only in β cells but also in various neuroendocrine cells, the precise impact of phogrin expressed in β cells on these cells remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of morphological changes in RIP-Cre+/-Phogrinflox/flox (βKO) mice with β cell-specific phogrin gene knockout. Compared to control RIP-Cre+/- Phogrin+/+ (Ctrl) mice, aged βKO mice exhibited a decreased density of insulin granules, which can be categorized into three subtypes. While no differences were observed in the density and size of lysosomes and crinosomes, organelles involved in insulin granule reduction, significant alterations in the regions of lysosomes responding positively to carbohydrate labeling were evident in young βKO mice. These alterations differed from those in Ctrl mice and continued to change with age. These electron microscopic findings suggest that phogrin expression in pancreatic β cells plays a role in insulin granule homeostasis and crinophagy during aging, potentially through insulin autocrine signaling and other mechanisms.

Immunohistochemical evidence of leptin and its receptor in the carpal glands of domestic pigs and wild boar

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the protein hormone leptin has been the subject of numerous studies designed to clarify and interpret its functional significance; it has been speculated that this goes well beyond the control of appetite and energy metabolism. In particular, the presence of leptin and its receptor has been observed in various glands anatomically and functionally related to the reproductive apparatus. This has led to the hypothesis that leptin may act directly in the functional control of these glands and, in general, the control of reproductive function.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES

The presence and distribution of leptin and its receptor in the carpal glands of domestic pigs and wild boar are examined, using immunohistochemical techniques.

ANIMALS

Tissue samples were collected from five domestic pigs and five wild boar, following slaughter.

RESULTS

The presence of leptin and its receptor was demonstrated in the glands, localized in the dark cells of the glandular secretory epithelium. In addition, no difference was observed between wild boar and domestic pigs.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

We hypothesize that leptin may be produced by the carpal gland and may act on the gland's secretory epithelial cells with an autocrine/paracrine mechanism, thus affecting the secretory activity of the gland itself.

Nem tudo que parece ser, é lesão: aspectos anatômicos, não lesões, artefatos, lesões sem significado clínico e alterações post mortem encontrados na necropsia de suínos domésticos e selvagens (Sus scrofa)

A interpretação das alterações encontradas na necropsia é uma etapa importante para o sucesso do diagnóstico final. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever e ilustrar os aspectos anatômicos, não lesões, artefatos, lesões sem significado clínico e alterações post mortem encontradas em suínos domésticos e selvagens. Além disso, também se recomenda técnicas de colheita de tecidos para o diagnóstico de doenças que acometem essa espécie. Os principais aspectos anatômicos e não lesões descritos são fímbrias linguais, quadrilátero esofágico, toro pilórico e demarcação do padrão lobular do fígado (sistema gastrintestinal); tonsilas do palato mole, tecido linfoide associado ao estômago, placas de Peyer do intestino delgado e dobras da margem do baço (sistema hematopoiético); mediastino proeminente do testículo e aréolas da placenta (sistema reprodutor); atelectasia pulmonar e apêndice decidual (feto); e glândulas carpais (sistema tegumentar). Os artefatos de eutanásia abordados são petéquias na superfície do pulmão e rim, falsa anemia por sangria, hemorragia subdural por concussão cerebral, pseudo-infartos do baço e aspecto cerebriforme do intestino delgado. As lesões de pouco significado clínico descritas são cistos renais, linfonodos com pigmento de ferro, papilomas e hemangiomas no escroto, ossos no mesentério e hiperemia da mucosa gástrica. As alterações post mortem comumente encontradas são livor mortis, músculos pálidos, pseudomelanose e líquido serosanguinolento nas cavidades torácica e abdominal em fetos.