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Role of Omega-Hydroxy Ceramides in Epidermis: Biosynthesis, Barrier Integrity and Analyzing Method. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055035. [PMID: 36902463 PMCID: PMC10003399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attached to the outer surface of the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE), omega-hydroxy ceramides (ω-OH-Cer) link to involucrin and function as lipid components of the stratum corneum (SC). The integrity of the skin barrier is highly dependent on the lipid components of SC, especially on ω-OH-Cer. Synthetic ω-OH-Cer supplementation has been utilized in clinical practice for epidermal barrier injury and related surgeries. However, the mechanism discussion and analyzing methods are not keeping pace with its clinical application. Though mass spectrometry (MS) is the primary choice for biomolecular analysis, method modifications for ω-OH-Cer identification are lacking in progress. Therefore, finding conclusions on ω-OH-Cer biological function, as well as on its identification, means it is vital to remind further researchers of how the following work should be done. This review summarizes the important role of ω-OH-Cer in epidermal barrier functions and the forming mechanism of ω-OH-Cer. Recent identification methods for ω-OH-Cer are also discussed, which could provide new inspirations for study on both ω-OH-Cer and skin care development.
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Kim J, Kim BE, Goleva E, Berdyshev E, Bae J, Kim S, Kim HY, Lee UH, Kim MS, Jung M, Kim H, Lee J, Leung DYM, Ahn K. Alterations of Epidermal Lipid Profiles and Skin Microbiome in Children With Atopic Dermatitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 15:186-200. [PMID: 37021505 PMCID: PMC10079518 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2023.15.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate epidermal lipid profiles and their association with skin microbiome compositions in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS Specimens were obtained by skin tape stripping from 27 children with AD and 18 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. Proteins and lipids of stratum corneum samples from nonlesional and lesional skin of AD patients and normal subjects were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Skin microbiome profiles were analyzed using bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Ceramides with nonhydroxy fatty acids (FAs) and C18 sphingosine as their sphingoid base (C18-NS-CERs) N-acylated with C16, C18 and C22 FAs, sphingomyelin (SM) N-acylated with C18 FAs, and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) with C16 FAs were increased in AD lesional skin compared to those in AD nonlesional skin and that of control subjects (all P < 0.01). SMs N-acylated with C16 FAs were increased in AD lesional skin compared to control subjects (P < 0.05). The ratio of NS-CERs with long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (C24-32:C14-22), the ratio of LPC with LCFAs to SCFAs (C24-30:C16-22) as well as the ratio of total esterified omega-hydroxy ceramides to total NS-CERs were negatively correlated with transepidermal water loss (rho coefficients = -0.738, -0.528, and -0.489, respectively; all P < 0.001). The proportions of Firmicutes and Staphylococcus were positively correlated to SCFAs including NS ceramides (C14-22), SMs (C17-18), and LPCs (C16), while the proportions of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Corynebacterium, Enhydrobacteria, and Micrococcus were negatively correlated to these SCFAs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that pediatric AD skin shows aberrant lipid profiles, and these alterations are associated with skin microbial dysbiosis and cutaneous barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Eui Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Elena Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jaewoong Bae
- R&D Institute, BioEleven Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokjin Kim
- R&D Institute, BioEleven Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Un Ha Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Shin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Seoul, Korea.
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Das P, Mounika P, Yellurkar ML, Prasanna VS, Sarkar S, Velayutham R, Arumugam S. Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101683. [PMID: 35626720 PMCID: PMC9139464 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by rashes, itching, and pruritus, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lesion. It usually commences in early childhood and coexists with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, etc. With a prevalence rate of 1–20% in adults and children worldwide, AD is gradually becoming a major health concern. Immunological aspects have been frequently focused on in the pathogenesis of AD, including the role of the epidermal barrier and the consequent abnormal cytokine expressions. Disrupted epidermal barriers, as well as allergic triggers (food allergy), contact allergens, irritants, microbes, aggravating factors, and ultraviolet light directly initiate the inflammatory response by inducing epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in the abnormal release of various pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines from keratinocytes. In addition, abnormal proteinases, gene mutations, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) affecting the function of the epidermal barrier can also contribute towards disease pathophysiology. Apart from this, imbalances in cholinergic or adrenergic responses in the epidermis or the role played by immune cells in the epidermis such as Langerhans cells or antigen-presenting cells can also aggravate pathophysiology. The dearth of specific biomarkers for proper diagnosis and the lack of a permanent cure for AD necessitate investigation in this area. In this context, the widespread role played by keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of AD will be reviewed in this article to facilitate the opening up of new avenues of treatment for AD.
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Ahn Y, Kim MG, Jo K, Hong KB, Suh HJ. Effects of Sphingomyelin-Containing Milk Phospholipids on Skin Hydration in UVB-Exposed Hairless Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082545. [PMID: 35458740 PMCID: PMC9032803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by ultraviolet (UV) exposure cause skin barrier dysfunction, which leads to dry skin. In this study, the skin moisturizing effect of sphingomyelin-containing milk phospholipids in UV-induced hairless mice was evaluated. Hairless mice were irradiated with UVB for eight weeks, and milk phospholipids (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) were administered daily. Milk phospholipids suppressed UV-induced increase in erythema and skin thickness, decreased transepidermal water loss, and increased skin moisture. Milk phospholipids increased the expression of filaggrin, involucrin, and aquaporin3 (AQP3), which are skin moisture-related factors. Additionally, hyaluronic acid (HA) content in the skin tissue was maintained by regulating the expression of HA synthesis- and degradation-related enzymes. Milk phospholipids alleviated UV-induced decrease in the expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxidase dismutase1 and 2, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase1. Moreover, ROS levels were reduced by regulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an ROS regulator, through milk phospholipid-mediated activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Collectively, sphingomyelin-containing milk phospholipids contributed to moisturizing the skin by maintaining HA content and reducing ROS levels in UVB-irradiated hairless mice, thereby, minimizing damage to the skin barrier caused by photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Ahn
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.A.); (M.G.K.); (K.J.)
| | - Min Guk Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.A.); (M.G.K.); (K.J.)
| | - Kyungae Jo
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.A.); (M.G.K.); (K.J.)
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-B.H.); (H.J.S.); Tel.: +82-23-290-5639 (H.J.S.)
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.A.); (M.G.K.); (K.J.)
- BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-B.H.); (H.J.S.); Tel.: +82-23-290-5639 (H.J.S.)
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Kim MA, Jung YC, Suh BF, Lee HN, Kim EJ. Skin biophysical properties including impaired skin barrier function determine ultraviolet sensitivity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5066-5072. [PMID: 35377541 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of burning susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) radiations are affected by various factors, including Fitzpatrick skin types, skin color, sex, and ethnicity. However, studies on the relationship between skin biophysical properties and erythemal responses to UV radiations are rare. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate biophysical properties of the skin that determined individual skin sensitivity to UV radiation. METHODS As an indicator of skin sensitivity to UV radiation, Korean women were subjected to minimal erythema dose (MED) testing. The skin biophysical properties, such as skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured. MED were also evaluated in further variations in the skin, including barrier disruption. RESULTS A significant negative correlation was observed between TEWL and MED. With an increase in TEWL, that represents reduced skin barrier function, skin UV sensitivity also increased. Artificial alteration of skin conditions also changed erythemal response to UV radiation. When the skin barrier was disrupted, MED significantly decreased, indicating increased skin UV sensitivity. It is hypothesized that the altered penetration of UV radiation into the stratum corneum under the respective skin conditions caused different erythema reactions. CONCLUSION For the first time in a clinical study, the skin biophysical properties, including skin barrier function, were found to have significant effects on skin sensitivity to UV radiation. This finding could help predict individual susceptibility to UV damage. Therefore, skincare products that improve skin conditions associated with UV sensitivity, as well as sunscreen are important for protection against the hazards of UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ah Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Chul Jung
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Fhy Suh
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Lee
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Choi HK, Kim HJ, Liu KH, Park CS. Phytosphingosine Increases Biosynthesis of Phytoceramide by Uniquely Stimulating the Expression of Dihydroceramide C4-desaturase (DES2) in Cultured Human Keratinocytes. Lipids 2019; 53:909-918. [PMID: 30460697 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide NP is known to be the most abundant class of 12 ceramide (CER) families that form a permeability barrier in the human skin barrier. However, not many studies have been reported on the regulation of the biosynthesis of ceramide NP. Recently, it has been reported that phytosphingosine (PHS) treatment in the cultured keratinocytes (KC) notably increased the content of ceramide NP. However, the mechanism behind the PHS-induced enhancement of ceramide NP has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of PHS on the expression of several essential genes for the biosynthesis of CER. Also, we determined the molecular mechanism behind the unique enhancement of ceramide NP upon treatment of PHS in the cultured KC. The expressions of all of the three genes (SPT, ceramide synthase 3 [CERS3], and ELOVL4) and their respective proteins were markedly increased in PHS-treated KC. In addition, the expression of the dihydroceramide C4-desaturase (DES2) responsible for conversion of dihydroceramide into ceramide NP was uniquely enhanced only by PHS treatment. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that more than 20-fold increase of ceramide NP by PHS was observed while no significant enhancement of ceramide NS and NDS was observed. This study demonstrates that PHS plays a fundamental role in strengthening the epidermal permeability barrier by stimulating the overall processes of biosynthesis of all classes of CER in epidermis. The dramatic increase of ceramide NP upon PHS treatment seemed to be the outcome of transformation of dihydroceramide and/or ceramide NS by C4-hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 3-26, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- BK21 Plus Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seo Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 3-26, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Kim BE, Leung DYM. Significance of Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:207-215. [PMID: 29676067 PMCID: PMC5911439 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis contains epithelial cells, immune cells, and microbes which provides a physical and functional barrier to the protection of human skin. It plays critical roles in preventing environmental allergen penetration into the human body and responsing to microbial pathogens. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common, complex chronic inflammatory skin disease. Skin barrier dysfunction is the initial step in the development of AD. Multiple factors, including immune dysregulation, filaggrin mutations, deficiency of antimicrobial peptides, and skin dysbiosis contribute to skin barrier defects. In the initial phase of AD, treatment with moisturizers improves skin barrier function and prevents the development of AD. With the progression of AD, effective topical and systemic therapies are needed to reduce immune pathway activation and general inflammation. Targeted microbiome therapy is also being developed to correct skin dysbiosis associated with AD. Improved identification and characterization of AD phenotypes and endotypes are required to optimize the precision medicine approach to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Eui Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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Boiten WA, Berkers T, Absalah S, van Smeden J, Lavrijsen APM, Bouwstra JA. Applying a vernix caseosa based formulation accelerates skin barrier repair by modulating lipid biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:250-260. [PMID: 29217624 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoring the lipid homeostasis of the stratum corneum (SC) is a common strategy to enhance skin barrier function. Here, we used a ceramide containing vernix caseosa (VC)-based formulation and were able to accelerate barrier recovery in healthy volunteers. The recovery was examined over 16 days by monitoring trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) after barrier disruption by tape-stripping. Four skin sites were used to examine the effects of both treatment and barrier recovery. After 16 days, samples were harvested at these sites to examine the SC ceramide composition and lipid organization. Changes in ceramide profiles were identified using principal component analysis. After barrier recovery, the untreated sites showed increased levels of ceramide subclass AS and ceramides with a 34 total carbon-atom chain length, while the mean ceramide chain length was reduced. These changes were diminished by treatment with the studied formulation, which concurrently increased the formulated ceramides. Correlations were observed between SC lipid composition, lipid organization, and TEWL, and changes in the ceramide subclass composition suggest changes in the ceramide biosynthesis. These results suggest that VC-based formulations enhance skin barrier recovery and are attractive candidates to treat skin disorders with impaired barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Boiten
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Berkers
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samira Absalah
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana P M Lavrijsen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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