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van Bodegraven M, Kröger M, Zamudio Díaz DF, Lohan SB, Moritz RKC, Möller N, Knoblich C, Vogelsang A, Milinic Z, Hallhuber M, Weise JM, Kolbe L, Gallinger J, Graupner C, Klose H, Ulrich C, Meinke MC. Redefine photoprotection: Sun protection beyond sunburn. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15002. [PMID: 38284193 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light leads to acute and chronic UV damage and is the main risk factor for the development of skin cancer. In most countries with western lifestyle, the topical application of sunscreens on UV-exposed skin areas is by far the most frequently used preventive measure against sunburn. Further than preventing sunburns, increasing numbers of consumers are appreciating sunscreens with a medium- to high-level sun protective factor (SPF) as basis for sustainable-skin ageing or skin cancer prevention programs. However, recent investigations indicate that clinically significant DNA damages as well as a lasting impairment of cutaneous immunosurveillance already occur far below the standard of one minimal erythema dose (MED) sunburn level, which contributes to the current discussion of the clinical value of high-protective SPF values. Ex vivo investigations on human skin showed that the application of SPF30 reduces DNA damage for a day long sun exposure (24 MED) drastically by about 53% but is significantly surpassed by SPF100 reducing DNA damage by approx. 73%. Further analysis on different SPF protection levels in UV-exposed cell culture assays focusing on IL-18, cell vitality and cis/trans-urocanic acid support these findings. Whereas SPF30 and SPF50+ sunscreens already offer a solid UVB cover for most indications, our results indicate that SPF100 provides significant additional protection against mutagenic (non-apoptotic-) DNA damage and functional impairment of the cutaneous immunosurveillance and therefore qualifies as an optimized sunscreen for specifically vulnerable patient groups such as immunosuppressed patients, or skin cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius Kröger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela F Zamudio Díaz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rose K C Moritz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Möller
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Zorica Milinic
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia M Weise
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cindy Graupner
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Klose
- artMED Private Practice for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claas Ulrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- CMB Collegium Medicum Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Minh PPT, Minh TT, Thi PH, Ha GQT, Thi TB, Tirant M, Huu DL. New-insight UVB Treatment for Psoriasis Vulgaris in Vietnamese Patients. Indian J Dermatol 2024; 69:32-37. [PMID: 38572050 PMCID: PMC10986872 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_134_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Narrowband UVB (NBUVB) has recently been used in Vietnam for the treatment of psoriasis. However, there are no data on Vietnamese patients to adopt a uniform national protocol. Objectives This study aimed to establish an optimal NBUVB therapy for the treatment of psoriasis in Vietnamese patients. Materials and Methods One hundred and twenty-two patients with psoriasis vulgaris were included. They were randomly allocated to two groups: the percentage dose (group 1, 62 patients) and the fixed dose (group 2, 60 patients). In group 1, the starting dose was 50% of the minimal erythema dose (MED) and the 10% increment dose adjusted in the next sessions. In group 2, the starting dose was based on Fitzpatrick skin types (fixed dose). Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) was used to evaluate efficacy. Results More than 68% of the patients get PASI75 at session 36. Group 2 had significantly fewer sessions (20 ± 5 vs 25 ± 7, P- value = 0.0004) and lower cumulative dose than group 1 (14.1 ± 4.3 J/cm2 vs 18.0 ± 8.0 J/cm2, P- value = 0.0075) to achieve PASI75. Adverse effects were more common in group 2 than group 1, including burning sensation/erythema (43.33% vs 14.52%, P- value = 0.0009) and pruritus (75.00% vs 22.58%, P- value <0.0001). Conclusion NBUVB therapy was safe and effective for Vietnamese psoriasis patients. Fixed doses produced a quicker clinical response with fewer sessions and lower cumulative doses. Adverse effects were mild in both groups and less noted for the MED-based dose. For the recommendation, a fixed dose should be applied for patients who have less concern about side effects, while a MED-based dose can be suitable for patients having conditions related to light sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trang Trinh Minh
- Department of International Cooperation and Scientific Research, UV Clinic, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Giang Quach Thi Ha
- Out-patient Department, Vietnam National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tra Bui Thi
- National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Republic of Korea
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Qu D, Liao F, Liu J, Li X, Ye C, Zheng Y, Xie X, Yi J, Lai W. The dose response of erythemal area and intensity on the unprotected skin fits well to a logistic 3P model in SPF tests of a Chinese population, which has the potential to improve the precision and consistency of minimal erythema dose determination. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2023; 39:633-641. [PMID: 37667596 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current ISO guidelines for minimal erythema dose (MED) determination require assessment of erythema area of UV-irradiated skin sites. However, this parameter has not been adequately quantified in daily practice. The aims of this study were to investigate the dose response on the unprotected skin sites by quantifying the erythema area and intensity and to show the potential for improving the precision and consistency of MEDu determination by developing predictive models. METHODS Standard radiation tests were conducted on the back of 31 healthy Chinese volunteers and the MEDu site of each subject was clinically determined by dermatologists. Images of test sites were captured 24 h after radiation, and the erythema area (%EA) and intensity (∆a*) were measured by image analysis. The data were fitted to a logistic 3P function to obtain dose-response curves, and a set of logit (inverse-logistic) models were then derived. An erythema area threshold of %EA = 52% was established to predict MEDu based on the clinical endpoints defined by ISO 24444:2019. RESULTS Analysis of the clinically determined MEDu sites revealed wide ranges of %EA (62.3 ± 15% SD) and ∆a* (2.96 ± 0.92 SD). The dose response fitted well to a logistic 3P model (mean R2 = 0.965 and 0.975 for %EA and ∆a*, respectively). Applying the area threshold, values of MEDu were determined by the logit model for the test population, which significantly improved the consistency of MEDu determination (52 ± 0% SD and 2.73 ± 0.61 SD for %EA and ∆a*, respectively). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the dose response of UV-induced erythema can be quantified and modeled once the erythema area and intensity are measured. The results of this study show the potential to improve the precision and consistency of MEDu determination in an SPF test. The similar potential in photodermatological, therapeutic, and diagnostic applications was also implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qu
- Amway Innovation & Science, Ada, Michigan, USA
| | - Feng Liao
- Amway (Shanghai) Innovation & Science Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Amway (Shanghai) Innovation & Science Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangzi Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congxiu Ye
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xie
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Yi
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang JW, Fan GB, Tan F, Kong HM, Liu Q, Zou Y, Tan YM. The role and safety of UVA and UVB in UV-induced skin erythema. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1163697. [PMID: 37441686 PMCID: PMC10335810 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1163697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) light cause skin damage through different mechanisms. Minimal erythema dose (MED) is usually used to clinically evaluate skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation by inducing skin erythema using ultraviolet B (UVB) or ultraviolet A (UVA) + UVB. Aims In this study, we detected changes in the blood flow at the MED erythema caused by UVB and UVA + UVB radiation through optical coherence tomography (OCT) to explain the role of different bands of ultraviolet rays in erythema induction. Methods Two MED irradiation areas on the subjects' back were irradiated with UVB alone or UVA + UVB (UVA: UVB = 8:1). The absolute energy of UVB remained the same in UVB and UVA+UVB. At 24 h after the irradiation, the changes in the blood flow in the MED area were detected using OCT. Results Compared with the blank control, the maximum blood flow depth, blood flow peak, and total blood flow of UVB-MED and UVA+UVB-MED were significantly increased. Notably, the maximum blood flow depth and blood flow peak of UVB-MED were higher than UVA+UVB-MED. There was no significant difference in total blood perfusion between UVA+UVB-MED and UVB-MED. Under the same UVB energy, the skin erythema caused by UVA + UVB was weaker than UVB alone. Conclusions The analysis of local blood flow by OCT showed that the peak and maximum depth of local blood flow caused by UVB alone were significantly higher than UVA + UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yang
- Department of Skin and Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Professional Technical Service Platform for Clinical Evaluation of Skin Health Related Products, Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, Shanghai, China
- MPA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Biao Fan
- Department China Regulatory Affairs, LVMH Perfume and Cosmetic (Shanghai) Limited Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Department of Skin and Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Mei Kong
- Department of Skin and Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Professional Technical Service Platform for Clinical Evaluation of Skin Health Related Products, Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, Shanghai, China
- MPA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department China Regulatory Affairs, LVMH Perfume and Cosmetic (Shanghai) Limited Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Skin and Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Professional Technical Service Platform for Clinical Evaluation of Skin Health Related Products, Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, Shanghai, China
- MPA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Mei Tan
- Department of Skin and Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Professional Technical Service Platform for Clinical Evaluation of Skin Health Related Products, Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, Shanghai, China
- MPA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yamseang T, Churee C, Sajjachareonpong P, Pattamadilok B. A predictive model of the requisite minimal erythema dose between 308-nm monochromatic excimer light and 311-nm narrowband Ultraviolet-B light. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2023; 39:213-217. [PMID: 35861037 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data in the relationship between the minimal erythema dose (MED) of 308-nm monochromatic excimer light (MEL) and 311-nm Narrowband UVB (NB-UVB). OBJECTIVE To establish a predictive model of the relationship between MEDs of both wavelengths. METHODS An MED test was performed on the back of 40 healthy Thai volunteers. One side was irradiated with 308-nm MEL, and the opposite side was irradiated with 311-nm NB-UVB. The correlation and a predictive model of the relationships were then analyzed. RESULTS There was a positive correlation in the MED of both wavelengths (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). A predicted MED of 308-nm MEL was based on Y = 62.421 + 0.439X, where Y and X were a predicted MED of 308-nm MEL and an actual 311-nm NB-UVB, respectively. This model could predict an MED of 308-nm MEL by using an actual MED of 311-nm NB-UVB with a root mean square difference of 13.64%, and a mean bias difference of 0.63%. LIMITATION All volunteers were Fitzpatrick's skin phototype type IV. The predictive model might not generalize to other skin phototypes. CONCLUSION We established a predictive model of the relationship between MED of 308-nm MEL and 311-nm NB-UVB with acceptable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tappanya Yamseang
- Institute of Dermatology, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutima Churee
- Institute of Dermatology, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kim MA, Jung YC, Suh BF, Lee HN, Kim EJ. Skin biophysical properties including impaired skin barrier function determine ultraviolet sensitivity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5066-5072. [PMID: 35377541 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of burning susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) radiations are affected by various factors, including Fitzpatrick skin types, skin color, sex, and ethnicity. However, studies on the relationship between skin biophysical properties and erythemal responses to UV radiations are rare. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate biophysical properties of the skin that determined individual skin sensitivity to UV radiation. METHODS As an indicator of skin sensitivity to UV radiation, Korean women were subjected to minimal erythema dose (MED) testing. The skin biophysical properties, such as skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured. MED were also evaluated in further variations in the skin, including barrier disruption. RESULTS A significant negative correlation was observed between TEWL and MED. With an increase in TEWL, that represents reduced skin barrier function, skin UV sensitivity also increased. Artificial alteration of skin conditions also changed erythemal response to UV radiation. When the skin barrier was disrupted, MED significantly decreased, indicating increased skin UV sensitivity. It is hypothesized that the altered penetration of UV radiation into the stratum corneum under the respective skin conditions caused different erythema reactions. CONCLUSION For the first time in a clinical study, the skin biophysical properties, including skin barrier function, were found to have significant effects on skin sensitivity to UV radiation. This finding could help predict individual susceptibility to UV damage. Therefore, skincare products that improve skin conditions associated with UV sensitivity, as well as sunscreen are important for protection against the hazards of UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ah Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Chul Jung
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Fhy Suh
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Lee
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Alex Chen WY, Chang CH. The minimal erythema dose of narrowband ultraviolet B in elderly Taiwanese. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2022; 38:173-175. [PMID: 34467564 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Alex Chen
- Skin Institute, Hualian Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chang
- Skin Institute, Hualian Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Translational Medicine, Tzu Chi University and Academia Sinica, Hualien, Taiwan
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Wang Z, Lu F, Li X, Guo Y, Li J, He L. Chinese women with melasma exhibit a low minimal erythema dose to both UVA and UVB. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2022; 38:38-43. [PMID: 34171129 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common disorder manifested by symmetric hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed skin. Although ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a known risk factor of melasma, whether skin sensitivities to UVA and/or UVB differ between healthy controls and female patients with melasma is unknown. METHODS Minimal erythema dose (MED)-UVA and MED-UVB results were compared between female patients with melasma and healthy controls. Additionally, relationships between MED values and Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores, and skin color were assessed. RESULTS The melasma and control groups included 142 and 137 subjects, respectively. Compared with healthy control group, our melasma group had lower MED-UVA (P < .001) and MED-UVB (P < .05). MASI scores were negatively correlated with MED-UVA and MED-UVB (P < .001). Additionally, Skin a* values in melasma-involved skin were negatively correlated with MED-UVA (P < .05). Skin b* values in melasma-involved skin were negatively correlated with MED-UVB and MED-UVA (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with melasma exhibit a low MED to both UVA and UVB, rendering them have a predisposition to an increased UV sensitivity. Because of the association between melasma and UV sensitivity, sun exposure should be avoided to alleviate or prevent melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fengyan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, China
| | - Yanni Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Li JN, Henning SM, Thames G, Bari O, Tran PT, Tseng CH, Heber D, Kim J, Li Z. Almond consumption increased UVB resistance in healthy Asian women. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2975-2980. [PMID: 33491323 PMCID: PMC8451851 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almonds are a rich source of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that topical application of almond oil and almond skin extract reduces UVB-induced photoaging. Ultraviolet-B (UVB) protection by oral almond consumption has not been previously studied in humans. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether oral almond consumption can increase resistance to UVB radiation and reduce skin aging in healthy Asian women. METHODS Thirty-nine female participants (18-45 years) with Fitzpatrick skin type II-IV were randomly assigned to consume either 1.5 oz of almonds or 1.8 oz of pretzels daily for 12 weeks. Minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined using a standardized protocol, which determined the minimal radiation needed to induce erythema on the inner arm following UVB exposure. Facial skin texture was evaluated by two dermatologists using the Clinician's Erythema Assessment scale and Allergan Roughness scale. Facial melanin index, hydration, sebum, and erythema were determined using a cutometer. RESULTS The MED was increased in the subjects consuming almonds compared to the control group consuming pretzels. There were no differences noted between the groups consuming almonds versus pretzels in Allergan roughness, melanin, hydration, or sebum on facial skin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that daily oral almond consumption may lead to enhanced protection from UV photodamage by increasing the MED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Li
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne M Henning
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gail Thames
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omar Bari
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Tran
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Department of Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Heber
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Cole C. Global data of unprotected skin minimal erythema dose relationship to Individual Typology Angle. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2020; 36:452-459. [PMID: 32654351 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the Minimal Erythema Dose (MEDu ) of unprotected skin is perhaps the most critical aspect of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value and disproportionately influences the SPF. Individual Typology Angle (ITA°), a skin reflectance measure of the skin's pigmentation, has been used by many clinical laboratories to estimate the MEDu values for SPF testing. METHODS Individual Typology Angle and unprotected MEDu data on 9931 individuals were received from 12 laboratories located on 5 continents to determine MEDu values in prospective sunscreen testing studies. RESULTS These data were compiled and normalized by laboratory (to account for differences in number of subjects within each laboratory). A polynomial regression best fits the relationship between ITA° and their MEDu and may be used to accurately predict the MEDu of an unknown test subject. CONCLUSION The regression data have been incorporated into the latest ISO24444 (Cosmetics - Protection test methods - in vivo determination of the sun protection factor (SPF), 2019) in vivo Sunscreen testing method that must be utilized to determine a subject's provisional MEDu for the testing procedure. Use of this common ITA°-MEDu relationship will help to minimize SPF variability between testing laboratories due to use of widely varying MEDu values.
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Welti M, Ramelyte E, Dummer R, Imhof L. Evaluation of the minimal erythema dose for UVB and UVA in context of skin phototype and nature of photodermatosis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2020; 36:200-207. [PMID: 32027041 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phototesting is part of the standard procedure for the evaluation of patients with photosensitivity disorders. The response of patients to targeted UVB or UVA radiation helps to find out more about the nature of photodermatosis. Nevertheless, there are no default values of the minimal erythema dose (MED). METHODS This study evaluated data of 203 patients (131 female, 72 male, mean age 52 years) who were referred for phototesting to the University Hospital Zurich between 2012 and 2017. We retrospectively analyzed the demographic data, medical history, skin phototype, reaction to UVB and UVA radiation, and, if present, the diagnosis of photodermatosis. In patients who did not develop erythema at the highest tested UV doses, the next logical increment was taken for analysis. In case of UVA, the two periphery doses could not be evaluated due to technical issues, so the closest reliable UVA doses were used. RESULTS The MED-UVB correlated with the skin type and increased with a higher phototype. No such correlation could be seen for MED-UVA. However, the MED-UVA was significantly reduced in patients with photodermatosis without significant differences between the subgroups of photodermatosis. More than half of the patients did not show a reduced MED despite a diagnosed photodermatosis. CONCLUSION We showed, how different skin types with and without photodermatosis react to UV radiation. Based on the results, we suggested threshold doses that can be chosen for phototesting, presented which doses can be considered pathologic and showed the probability of a pathologic MED in correlation with a diagnosed photodermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Welti
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Egle Ramelyte
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Imhof
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Li X, Zheng Y, Ye C, Theng AT, Diana, Yin S, Lai W. Minimal erythema dose, minimal persistent pigment dose which model for whitening products evaluation is better? Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:204-210. [PMID: 30357919 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS How to select a suitable method in whitening products evaluation is still under discussion. Here, we compared two different artificial pigmentation models and explored an ideal UV dosage for skin whitening products evaluation model establishment. METHODS Thirty five healthy volunteers with type IV human skin were recruited and the skin minimal erythema dose (MEDs) and minimal persistent pigment dose (MPPDs) were measured. All volunteers were simultaneously exposed to six increasing doses of radiations from different ultraviolet sources on lower back bilateral flattening area: 95% UVA/5% UVB with the radiating doses of 0.75, 0.94, 1.17, 1.46, 1.83, 2.29 MEDs was used on the left side; meanwhile 99% UVA/1% UVB with radiating doses of 6.0, 7.5, 9.4, 11.7, 14.6, 18.3 MPPDs were used on the right side. Observations and pigmentation measurements were carried out before and after UV radiation for 24 weeks. RESULT 1.83 MED and 2.29 MED induced medium depth pigmentation by 95% UVA/5% UVB irradiation. 1.83 MED dose causing minimal photo-damage on skin was selected as the most suitable dose. With 99% UVA/1% UVB irradiation, 9.4 MPPD and 11.7 MPPD induced medium depth pigmentation. 9.4 MPPD dose causing minimal photo-damage on skin was selected. CONCLUSION These findings potentiate advanced understanding of UV model establishment and selection for skin whitening products evaluation as related to dermatopharmacology and dermatotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzi Li
- Department of Dermato-venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermato-venereology, Shenzhen Centre for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Dermato-venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congxiu Ye
- Department of Dermato-venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Angelie Tengguna Theng
- Department of Dermato-venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diana
- Department of Dermato-venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songchao Yin
- Department of Dermato-venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Dermato-venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Wong LC, Jamil A, Md Nor N. The effect of pre-phototest sun exposure on minimal erythema dose and minimal melanogenic dose among skin phototypes III, IV and V. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2018; 34:400-404. [PMID: 29953669 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnicity, skin phototype and colour influenced minimal erythema dose (MED). Sun exposure has been postulated to increase MED. We determined immediate pigment darkening dose to UVA (IPDDA), MED and minimal melanogenic dose (MMD) for UVB and UVA, and investigated factors affecting these doses. METHODS Skin phototype was determined using Fitzpatrick phototype quiz, DSMII ColorMeter measured skin colours, sun exposure quantified using an index (SEI) and phototest performed with MEDlight-Multitester. RESULTS A total of 167 healthy volunteers participated. There were 110 (66%) females and 56 (34%) males; 124 (74.7%) were Malay, 27 (16.3%) Chinese and 14 (8.4%) Indians. One hundred and nine (65.7%) skin phototype IV, 30 (18.1%) phototype III and 27 (16.3%) phototype V. IPDDA ranges from 6 ± 1.5-5.7 ± 1.4 J/cm2 . MED-UVB were 96.9 ± 17.6, 124 ± 29.3 and 118.6 ± 27.4 mJ/cm2 for phototype III, IV and V, respectively. All MED-UVA were outside the tested dose range of 3.6-11 J/cm2 . MMD-UVB were 106 ± 18.2, 134 ± 25.6 and 136 ± 31.1 mJ/cm2 while MMD-UVA were 4.1 ± 4.1, 4.9 ± 3.8 and 5.7 ± 3.7 J/cm2 respectively for phototypes III, IV and V. MED-UVB, MMD-UVB and MMD-UVA did not depend on skin phototype. Facultative skin whiteness (L*), erythema (E) and melanin content (M) correlated significantly with MED-UVB while constitutive skin colours were significant for L*, yellowness (b*), E and M. Sun exposure did not significantly correlate with MED-UVB and MMDs, however, an inverse relationship with MED-UVB was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Minimal erythema doses in our cohort were slightly different from other regional countries. Constitutive and facultative skin whiteness, erythema and melanin content correlated with MED. There was no association between skin phototype and sun exposure with MED or MMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Chin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adawiyah Jamil
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazirah Md Nor
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Egoumenides L, Gauthier A, Barial S, Saby M, Orechenkoff C, Simoneau G, Carillon J. A Specific Melon Concentrate Exhibits Photoprotective Effects from Antioxidant Activity in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:E437. [PMID: 29614719 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest body organ and the first barrier to exogenous threats. This organ is constantly exposed to external factors such as ultraviolet radiation, which induces many adverse effects including sunburn, depigmentation, photo aging, photo immune suppression, and even skin cancer. Antioxidants seem to be good candidates in order to reduce ultraviolet-mediated damages and to prevent the health consequences of ultraviolet exposure. The present investigation aims to further characterize the potential skin photoprotective effects of a food supplementation and a topical administration of a melon concentrate alone or in combination. A clinical study assessing the Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) was first set up to evaluate photoprotection. Afterward, an independent in vitro study was performed on human skin explants from a donor to evaluate the effect of the melon concentrate at different levels including on the sunburn cells formation and on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and its influence on melanin. Clinical study results demonstrate that melon concentrate application and/or supplementation increased MED. It also increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and reduced sunburn cells and melanin level on irradiated skin explants. Therefore, it is suggested that melon concentrate administration (oral and/or topical) could be a useful strategy for photoprotection due to its antioxidant properties.
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15
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Fajuyigbe D, Lwin SM, Diffey BL, Baker R, Tobin DJ, Sarkany RPE, Young AR. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes. FASEB J 2018; 32:3700-3706. [PMID: 29394104 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701472r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal DNA damage, especially to the basal layer, is an established cause of keratinocyte cancers (KCs). Large differences in KC incidence (20- to 60-fold) between white and black populations are largely attributable to epidermal melanin photoprotection in the latter. The cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is the most mutagenic DNA photolesion; however, most studies suggest that melanin photoprotection against CPD is modest and cannot explain the considerable skin color-based differences in KC incidence. Along with melanin quantity, solar-simulated radiation-induced CPD assessed immediately postexposure in the overall epidermis and within 3 epidermal zones was compared in black West Africans and fair Europeans. Melanin in black skin protected against CPD by 8.0-fold in the overall epidermis and by 59.0-, 16.5-, and 5.0-fold in the basal, middle, and upper epidermis, respectively. Protection was related to the distribution of melanin, which was most concentrated in the basal layer of black skin. These results may explain, at least in part, the considerable skin color differences in KC incidence. These data suggest that a DNA protection factor of at least 60 is necessary in sunscreens to reduce white skin KC incidence to a level that is comparable with that of black skin.-Fajuyigbe, D., Lwin, S. M., Diffey, B. L., Baker, R., Tobin, D. J., Sarkany, R. P. E., Young, A. R. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su M Lwin
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian L Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P E Sarkany
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Kohli I, Shafi R, Isedeh P, Griffith JL, Al-Jamal MS, Silpa-Archa N, Jackson B, Athar M, Kollias N, Elmets CA, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH. The impact of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract on ultraviolet B response: A human clinical study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:33-41.e1. [PMID: 28341348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a rationale for adding systemic photoprotective agents to the current photoprotection regimen. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to objectively evaluate the molecular and photobiologic effects of oral administration of Polypodium leucotomos extract (PLE). METHODS In all, 22 subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototype I to III were enrolled. On day 1, subjects were irradiated with visible light, ultraviolet (UV) A1, and UVB (using 308-nm excimer laser). Evaluation was done immediately and 24 hours after irradiation. On days 3 and 4, irradiation and evaluation process was repeated after ingestion of PLE. RESULTS Clinical assessments and colorimetry data showed a decrease in UVB-induced changes in 17 of 22 subjects post-PLE administration; histology findings demonstrated such a decrease in all 22 subjects. LIMITATIONS Only 2 doses of PLE were given. Furthermore, subjects with skin phototypes I to III only were studied. CONCLUSION The results suggest that PLE can potentially be used as an adjunctive agent to lessen the negative photobiologic effects of UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indermeet Kohli
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Rubina Shafi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Prescilia Isedeh
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - James L Griffith
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mohammed S Al-Jamal
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Narumol Silpa-Archa
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bradford Jackson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammed Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Henry W Lim
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Iltefat H Hamzavi
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometer is one of the objective and quantitative devices for measuring the skin colors. There has been some controversy concerning the relationship between the objectively measured skin color and cutaneous responsiveness to ultraviolet radiation, including minimal erythema dose (MED). The aims of this study were to compare the color of Korean brown skin with that of Caucasians by objective measurement with the narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometer, and to determine whether the skin color has any correlation with MED in Koreans, and demonstrate differences in this correlation according to the anatomical sites. METHODS With narrow-band reflectance spectrometer, skin colors were measured at 17 body sites of 20 healthy Korean male volunteers after measuring MED for the same subjects. RESULTS The constitutional skin color, as measured by the melanin index of the nonexposed sites, showed a statistically significant correlation with MED values, whereas the facultative skin color did not. The Korean brown skin showed higher melanin index and lower erythema index compared with that of Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed significant differences in the correlation between MED and melanin indices, depending on the anatomic sites. This suggests that selection from various sites, even among the nonexposed sites, is quite important and deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J I Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cole C, Appa Y, Ou-Yang H. A broad spectrum high-SPF photostable sunscreen with a high UVA-PF can protect against cellular damage at high UV exposure doses. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2014; 30:212-9. [PMID: 24806442 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in sunscreen technologies have yielded broad spectrum sunscreens at high-sun protection factor (SPF) and ultraviolet A protection factor (UVA-PF) levels that are photostable and powerful in protecting skin from erythema. Questions arise whether these sunscreens protect proportionally against cellular skin damage caused by high ultraviolet exposures. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate if high-SPF sunscreen can protect skin at a cellular level under UV exposure doses [>50 minimal erythema dose (MED)] similarly to the SPF value. METHODS Sunburn cells, Langerhans cells, thymine dimers, protein 53 (p53), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 endpoints were evaluated in biopsies from 12 subjects following four treatments: unprotected exposed to 0, 1 and 3 MED and sunscreen (SPF 55) protected exposed to 55 MED of UV radiation. RESULTS All the markers showed significantly more damage for the 3 MED-untreated sites when compared with non-irradiated control, and majority of the markers showed marked damage following unprotected 1 MED exposure. After 55 MEDs, sunscreen-protected sites showed significantly less p53 and MMP-9 (keratinocyte) staining than the 1 MED-exposed unprotected sites, while all the other biomarkers in sunscreen protected sites showed no statistical differences from 1 MED-exposed unprotected sites. CONCLUSIONS A high-SPF photostable sunscreen with high UVA-PF can provide proportionately high protection against multiple cellular damage markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Cole
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA
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Abstract
In addition to the naturally occurring, physical, and systemic photoprotective agents reviewed in part I, topical ultraviolet radiation filters are an important cornerstone of photoprotection. Sunscreen development, efficacy, testing, and controversies are reviewed in part II of this continuing medical education article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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Tulah AS, Birch-Machin MA. Stressed out mitochondria: the role of mitochondria in ageing and cancer focussing on strategies and opportunities in human skin. Mitochondrion 2012. [PMID: 23195682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA damage has been used as a successful and unique biomarker of tissue stress. A valuable example of this is sun damage in human skin which leads to ageing and skin cancer. The skin is constantly exposed to the harmful effects of sunlight, such as ultraviolet radiation, which causes it to age with observable characteristic features as well as clinical precancerous lesions and skin cancer. Formation of free radicals by the sun's harmful rays which contribute to oxidative stress has been linked to the induction of deletions and mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. These markers of mitochondrial DNA damage have been proposed to contribute to the mechanisms of ageing in many tissues including skin and are associated with many diseases including cancer. In this article we highlight the role of this important organelle in ageing and cancer with particular emphasis on experimental strategies in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif S Tulah
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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