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Souto EP, Dobrolecki LE, Villanueva H, Sikora AG, Lewis MT. In Vivo Modeling of Human Breast Cancer Using Cell Line and Patient-Derived Xenografts. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:211-230. [PMID: 35697909 PMCID: PMC9433358 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, human breast cancer has been modeled largely in vitro using long-established cell lines primarily in two-dimensional culture, but also in three-dimensional cultures of varying cellular and molecular complexities. A subset of cell line models has also been used in vivo as cell line-derived xenografts (CDX). While outstanding for conducting detailed molecular analysis of regulatory mechanisms that may function in vivo, results of drug response studies using long-established cell lines have largely failed to translate clinically. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, many laboratories have succeeded in developing clinically annotated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of human cancers, including breast, in a variety of host systems. While immunocompromised mice are the predominant host, the immunocompromised rat and pig, zebrafish, as well as the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) have also emerged as potential host platforms to help address perceived shortcomings of immunocompromised mice. With any modeling platform, the two main issues to be resolved are criteria for "credentialing" the models as valid models to represent human cancer, and utility with respect to the ability to generate clinically relevant translational research data. Such data are beginning to emerge, particularly with the activities of PDX consortia such as the NCI PDXNet Program, EuroPDX, and the International Breast Cancer Consortium, as well as a host of pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (CRO). This review focuses primarily on these important aspects of PDX-related research, with a focus on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Souto
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lacey E Dobrolecki
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hugo Villanueva
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM-600; Room N1210, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Cristóbal L, Asúnsolo Á, Sánchez J, Ortega MA, Álvarez-Mon M, García-Honduvilla N, Buján J, Maldonado AA. Mouse Models for Human Skin Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:250-259. [PMID: 34521089 DOI: 10.1159/000516154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mouse models with human skin xenografts have been developed in the past decades to study different conditions of the skin. Features such as follow-up period and size of the graft are of different relevance depending on the purpose of an investigation. The aim of this study is to analyze the different mouse models grafted with human skin. A systematic review of the literature was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using MEDLINE/PubMed databases from January 1970 to June 2020. Articles describing human skin grafted onto mice were included. Animal models other than mice, skin substitutes, bioengineered skin, postmortem or fetal skin, and duplicated studies were excluded. The mouse strain, origin of human skin, graft dimensions, follow-up of the skin graft, and goals of the study were analyzed. Ninety-one models were included in the final review. Five different applications were found: physiology of the skin (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.43 cm2 and follow-up 72.92 days), immunology and graft rejection (17 models, mean human skin graft size 1.34 cm2 and follow-up 86 days), carcinogenesis (9 models, mean human skin graft size 1.98 cm2 and follow-up 253 days), skin diseases (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.55 cm2 and follow-up 86.48 days), and would healing/scars (15 models, mean human skin graft size 2.54 cm2 and follow-up 129 days). The follow-up period was longer in carcinogenesis models (253 ± 233.73 days), and the skin graft size was bigger in wound healing applications (2.54 ± 3.08 cm2). Depending on the research application, different models are suggested. Careful consideration regarding graft size, follow-up, immunosuppression, and costs should be analyzed and compared before choosing any of these mouse models. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of mouse models with human skin transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cristóbal
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine, CIBEREHD, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés A Maldonado
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department for Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Frankfurt am Main, Academic Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Shimada Y, Naito T, Hayashi T, Saito T, Suehara Y, Kakinuma C, Nozaki Y, Takagi H, Yao T. Establishment of a patient-derived xenograft mouse model of pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 34:89-93. [PMID: 33627948 PMCID: PMC7890165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are difficult to treat using chemotherapy owing to a current deficiency in candidate drugs for specific targets. Screening candidate compounds and analyzing therapeutic targets in sarcomas is insufficient, given the lack of an appropriate human sarcoma animal model to accurately evaluate their efficacy, as well as the lack of an adequate technical protocol for efficient transplantation and engraftment of sarcoma specimens in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Accordingly, in this study, we sought to identify the optimal type of sarcoma and develop a protocol for generating a PDX model. We characterized a PDX mouse model using histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses to determine whether it would show pathological characteristics similar to those of human sarcomas. We achieved engraftment of one of the 10 transplanted sarcoma specimens, the xenografted tumor of which exhibited massive proliferation. Histologically, the engrafted sarcoma foci resembled a primary tumor of pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma and maintained their histological structure in all passages. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of specific markers of differentiation to smooth muscle, which is consistent with the features of leiomyosarcoma. We thus demonstrated that our pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma PDX mouse model mimics at least one aspect of human sarcomas, and we believe that this model will facilitate the development of novel therapies for sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimada
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1-19 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Naito
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1-19 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1-19 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1-19 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1-19 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chihaya Kakinuma
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1-19 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Nozaki
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1 Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8114, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Takagi
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1 Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8114, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1-19 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Safinia N, Becker PD, Vaikunthanathan T, Xiao F, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Humanized Mice as Preclinical Models in Transplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1371:177-196. [PMID: 26530801 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have been instrumental in our understanding of the mechanisms of rejection and the testing of novel treatment options in the context of transplantation. We have now entered an exciting era with research on humanized mice driving advances in translational studies and in our understanding of the function of human cells in response to pathogens and cancer as well as the recognition of human allogeneic tissues in vivo. In this chapter we provide a historical overview of humanized mouse models of transplantation to date, outlining the distinct strains and share our experiences in the study of human transplantation immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - P D Becker
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - T Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - F Xiao
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - G Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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5
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To M, Kamata Y, Saruta J, Shimizu T, Sato T, Kondo Y, Hayashi T, Hamada N, Tsukinoki K. Induction of β-Defensin Expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis-Infected Human Gingival Graft Transplanted in nu/nu Mouse Subdermis. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2013; 46:25-34. [PMID: 23554537 PMCID: PMC3596604 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the onset of periodontal disease in terms of bacterial infection and host factors. Host-bacteria interactions can be elicited in human cultured cells and animal models, but these models provide only limited biological information about human host reactions against bacterial attacks. Development of an in vivo model using human gingival tissue is needed. We established an in vivo model using nu/nu mice and evaluated host defense following bacterial infection in human gingiva. Human gingival samples were collected from periodontitis patients and transplanted in nu/nu mouse subdermis. After 2 weeks, human characteristics were confirmed by positive immunohistochemical reactions for human-specific markers. We used this model to investigate human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2), an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to initial defense against bacterial invasion. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, we investigated whether hBD-2 expression was induced in human gingiva as a response to Porphyromonas gingivalis as a periodontal pathogen. Two hours after infection with bacteria, we detected increased expression of hBD-2 mRNA, which was localized in the epithelium of human gingiva. Using our in vivo model, we concluded that increased hBD-2 may play an important role in early defense from bacterial infection in human gingival epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro To
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Takenori Sato
- Department of Infection Control, Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Infection Control, Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
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6
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Colmont CS, Harding KG, Piguet V, Patel GK. Human skin cancer stem cells: a tale of mice and men. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:576-80. [PMID: 22775992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas, cancers of epithelial tissues, are the commonest malignancies and cause the greatest cancer mortality worldwide. Among these, the incidence of keratinocyte-derived non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), by far the greatest, is increasing rapidly. Yet despite access to tumor tissue, acceptance of human NMSC as a model carcinoma has been hindered by the lack of a reliable xenograft model. Instead, we have relied on the murine two-step carcinogenesis protocol as a reproducible squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) model, but this differs from their human counterpart in cause, site, genetic basis and biological behaviour. By xeno-engraftment of primary human SCC, we were recently successful in demonstrating the presence of primary human SCC cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells. These findings once more align the study human SCC as the archetypal carcinoma model. In this review, we describe the evidence for the existence of tumor-initiating cells, with emphasis on skin cancer, limiting our discussions to primary human cancer studies where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal S Colmont
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, School of Medicine Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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7
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de Oliveira VL, Keijsers RRMC, van de Kerkhof PCM, Seyger MMB, Fasse E, Svensson L, Latta M, Norsgaard H, Labuda T, Hupkens P, van Erp PEJ, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM. Humanized mouse model of skin inflammation is characterized by disturbed keratinocyte differentiation and influx of IL-17A producing T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45509. [PMID: 23094018 PMCID: PMC3477148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models offer a challenging possibility to study human cell function in vivo. In the huPBL-SCID-huSkin allograft model human skin is transplanted onto immunodeficient mice and allowed to heal. Thereafter allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are infused intra peritoneally to induce T cell mediated inflammation and microvessel destruction of the human skin. This model has great potential for in vivo study of human immune cells in (skin) inflammatory processes and for preclinical screening of systemically administered immunomodulating agents. Here we studied the inflammatory skin response of human keratinocytes and human T cells and the concomitant systemic human T cell response. As new findings in the inflamed human skin of the huPBL-SCID-huSkin model we here identified: 1. Parameters of dermal pathology that enable precise quantification of the local skin inflammatory response exemplified by acanthosis, increased expression of human β-defensin-2, Elafin, K16, Ki67 and reduced expression of K10 by microscopy and immunohistochemistry. 2. Induction of human cytokines and chemokines using quantitative real-time PCR. 3. Influx of inflammation associated IL-17A-producing human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as immunoregulatory CD4+Foxp3+ cells using immunohistochemistry and -fluorescence, suggesting that active immune regulation is taking place locally in the inflamed skin. 4. Systemic responses that revealed activated and proliferating human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that acquired homing marker expression of CD62L and CLA. Finally, we demonstrated the value of the newly identified parameters by showing significant changes upon systemic treatment with the T cell inhibitory agents cyclosporine-A and rapamycin. In summary, here we equipped the huPBL-SCID-huSkin humanized mouse model with relevant tools not only to quantify the inflammatory dermal response, but also to monitor the peripheral immune status. This combined approach will gain our understanding of the dermal immunopathology in humans and benefit the development of novel therapeutics for controlling inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian L. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romy R. M. C. Keijsers
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dermatology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marieke M. B. Seyger
- Dermatology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Fasse
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Svensson
- Department of Disease Pharmacology, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Markus Latta
- Department of Disease Pharmacology, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Hanne Norsgaard
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Tord Labuda
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Pieter Hupkens
- Department of Plastic Surgery Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E. J. van Erp
- Dermatology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. P. M. Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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8
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Glick A. A new xenotransplantation model reveals tumor-initiating cells in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:261-2. [PMID: 22241440 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two articles by Patel et al. in this issue demonstrate reproducible, high-frequency xenografting of both primary human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue and single-cell suspensions, as well as the existence of a small population of CD133(+) tumor-initiating cells that are capable of regenerating the hierarchical organization and histology of the original tumor through multiple xenograft passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Glick
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA.
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9
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Patel GK, Yee CL, Yuspa SH, Vogel JC. A humanized stromal bed is required for engraftment of isolated human primary squamous cell carcinoma cells in immunocompromised mice. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:284-90. [PMID: 21975825 PMCID: PMC3253324 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cancers are the most common malignancies and the greatest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The incidence of keratinocyte-derived (non-melanoma) skin cancers (NMSCa) is increasing rapidly. Despite access to abundant tumor tissue and ease of observation, acceptance of NMSCa as model carcinomas has been hindered by the lack of a reliable xenograft model. Herein we describe conditions that allow routine xenoengraftment of primary human squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) cells. Tumor development required creation of an appropriate stromal bed prior to xenografting tumor tissue onto the backs of athymic nude mice. We also demonstrate that the stromal bed must be “humanized” if primary human SCCa is to be propagated from cell suspensions. SCCa xenografts recapitulated the histological grade and phenotype of the original tumors with considerable fidelity, even after serial passage, irrespective of the histological grade of the primary human SCCa. To our knowledge this previously unreported model can be used for drug testing, as well as for studies that are relevant to the biology of primary human SCCa and other epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish K Patel
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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10
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Tsukinoki K, Miyoshi Y, Aoki T, Karakida K, Ohta Y, Kaneko A, Ueyama Y, Watanabe Y. In vivo experimental model of human gingival mucosa using immunodeficient mice. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:294-9. [PMID: 17559624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To establish an in vivo experimental model for examining human periodontal tissue, the present study examined several transplant techniques that maintain the structure and characteristics of human gingival mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human oral mucosal tissue samples were collected from the gingiva (n = 11), palate (n = 1), and tongue (n = 3). These mucosal grafts were transplanted onto BALB/c nu/scid mice with double-mutant immunodeficiency. Murine skin, twice the size of the graft, was cut open in an ' square superset'-shape. Next, the connective tissue side of the graft was placed onto the murine connective tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis was also performed, using polyclonal rabbit antibody to involucrin, monoclonal antibody to vimentin, monoclonal antibody to CD34, and monoclonal antibody to Ki-67, to determine whether the characteristics of human oral mucosa were maintained. RESULTS When the connective tissue side of the graft was placed on the murine fascial membrane, the histological structure of the graft was maintained for 60 d. These grafts were examined for human characteristics using human-specific antibodies. Immunohistochemically, the expression patterns of involucrin, vimentin, and Ki-67 indicated that transplanted mucosa revealed normal human characteristics, including differentiation and proliferation up to 80 d. CD34 was not detected in the graft endothelial cells. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that the novel technique of transplantation of human gingival mucosa in nu/scid mice may serve as an in vivo experimental model of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsukinoki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Science, Kanagawa Dental College, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease believed to be of autoimmune nature that can be triggered or worsened by streptococcal throat infections. In addition to conventional chronic inflammatory changes, psoriasis is characterized by complex and striking alterations in epidermal growth and differentiation. Psoriasis is generally not observed in animals other than man, and this lack of a suitable animal model has greatly hindered research into the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Multiple transgenic, knockout, and reconstituted models of psoriasis have been developed over the past two decades. Despite their limitations, these models have demonstrated that keratinocyte hyperplasia, vascular hyperplasia, and cell-mediated immunity in the skin are closely interrelated. Xenograft models, in which involved and uninvolved psoriatic skin are transplanted onto immunodeficient mice, are the only models that come close to incorporating the complete genetic, immunologic, and phenotypic changes of the disease. They have shown conclusively that psoriasis is a T-cell-mediated disease, and have been used to elucidate novel pathogenic pathways. In this review, we describe various animal models, detail the immunologic and intracellular pathways that mediate these phenotypes and assess the utility of these models to better understand this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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12
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Kappes U, Schliemann-Willers S, Bankova L, Heinemann C, Fischer TW, Ziemer M, Schubert H, Norgauer J, Fluhr JW, Elsner P. The quality of human skin xenografts on SCID mice: a noninvasive bioengineering approach. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:971-6. [PMID: 15541074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models are important tools for studies in skin physiology and pathophysiology. Due to substantial differences in skin characteristics such as thickness and number of adnexa, the results of animal studies cannot always be directly transferred to the human situation. Therefore, transplantation of human skin on to SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice might offer a promising tool to perform studies in viable human skin without the direct need for human volunteers. OBJECTIVES To characterize the physiological and anatomical changes of a human skin transplant on a SCID animal host. METHODS In this study human skin was transplanted on to 32 SCID mice and followed for 6 months. Barrier function was assessed by transepidermal water loss (TEWL; tewametry) and moisture content of the stratum corneum was studied by measurement of electrical capacitance (corneometry). RESULTS The results showed considerable deviations of TEWL values and skin hydration between the grafts and human skin in vivo. The human skin showed epidermal hyperkeratosis and moderate sclerosis of the corium 4 and 6 months after transplantation on to SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that human skin does not completely preserve its physiological and morphological properties after transplantation on to SCID mice. Therefore, results from experiments using this model system need to be discussed cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kappes
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erfurter Strasse 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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