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Nudmamud-Thanoi S, Iamjan SA, Kerdsan-Phusan W, Thanoi S. Pharmacogenetics of drug dependence: Polymorphisms of genes involved in glutamate neurotransmission. Neurosci Lett 2020; 726:134128. [PMID: 30836121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies provide evidence to support dysfunction of glutamate neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of drug dependence. Pharmacogenetic investigation of glutamate-related genes has provided further support for the involvement of this neurotransmitter in the risk of, and consequences of, drug abuse and dependence. This paper aims to provide a brief review of these association studies. Findings involving single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in glutamate receptor genes (GRIN, GRIA) and glutamate transporter genes (SLC1A, SLC17A) are reviewed as potential risk factors. As yet a clear perspective of the functional consequences and interactions of the various reported findings is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
| | - Sri-Arun Iamjan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Walailuk Kerdsan-Phusan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Samur Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Dutta N, Helton SG, Schwandt M, Zhu X, Momenan R, Lohoff FW. Genetic Variation in the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1 (VMAT1/SLC18A1) Gene and Alcohol Withdrawal Severity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:474-81. [PMID: 26876819 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol withdrawal (AW) can be a serious consequence of alcohol dependence and consists of various neurochemical adaptations in the brain. One such neuroadaptation occurs in the monoamine neurotransmitter system. Recently, a functional variant in the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter gene (VMAT1/SLC18A1-Thr136Ile-rs1390938) was found to significantly increase transport of monoamines into synaptic vesicles in vitro. We hypothesize that the alteration of magnitude of monoamine release contributes to severity of AW symptoms. METHODS Alcohol-dependent individuals (n = 609; European American n = 340; African American n = 216; other n = 53) were administered the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-Ar) questionnaire at the time of inpatient admission. Patients were subsequently genotyped for 12 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in VMAT1. Association analyses were conducted on the combined sample and separated by ethnicity. RESULTS Single marker association tests revealed a significant association between 3 VMAT1 markers and CIWA-Ar scores in the EA sample. The minor alleles of rs1390938 (A) and rs952859 (C) were significantly associated with lower CIWA-Ar scores (p = 0.0006; p = 0.0007), whereas the minor allele of rs3779672 (G) was significantly associated with higher scores (p = 0.006). Additionally, these 3 SNPs were found in a haplotype block that was significantly associated with lower CIWA-Ar scores after haplotype analyses were run (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that genetic variants in VMAT1, including the functional SNP rs1390938, contribute to the severity of AW in patients of European descent. Our data show for the first time a role of presynaptic neurotransmitter release in AW severity. This finding could contribute to identifying patients at risk for severe AW and shed light into the pathophysiology of AW and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Dutta
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah G Helton
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xi Zhu
- Section on Brain and Electrophysiology and Imaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Reza Momenan
- Section on Brain and Electrophysiology and Imaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Paul P, Dahale A, Kishore B, Chand P, Benegal V, Jain S, Murthy P, Purushottam M. Association of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor 2B Subunit (GRIN2B) polymorphism with earlier age at onset of withdrawal symptoms in Indian alcohol dependent subjects. J Addict Dis 2016; 36:48-52. [PMID: 26771436 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2016.1140434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The associations of GRIN2B polymorphism (rs1806201) with alcohol withdrawal and related clinical parameters in alcohol dependent subjects were investigated. Cases were assessed using a semi-structured clinical pro forma for alcohol abuse and a questionnaire for family history of alcohol dependence and psychiatric disorders after obtaining informed consent. The study included alcohol dependent male cases (n = 220, age at onset of alcohol withdrawal symptoms = 32.4 ± 8.8 y) recruited at the Center for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. The controls comprised of healthy unrelated males (n = 183) who were ethnically matched and selected randomly. The polymorphism rs1806201 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The presence of T allele at this locus was significantly associated with lower age at onset of alcohol withdrawal symptoms (p = .005) among the cases. Mean age at onset of alcohol withdrawal symptoms in subjects who were T carriers was 31.4 ± 8.5 y (n = 160) and non-T carriers was 35.2 ± 9.0 y (n = 60). The SNP rs1806201 in GRIN2B may play an important role in genetic susceptibility to earlier age of withdrawal in alcohol dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Paul
- a Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
| | - Ajit Dahale
- b Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
| | - Brij Kishore
- c Mid-West Area Mental Health Service , North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health , Victoria , Australia
| | - Prabhat Chand
- d Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- d Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- a Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- d Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- a Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
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Goodson CM, Clark BJ, Douglas IS. Predictors of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2664-77. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M. Goodson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Denver Colorado
- Denver Health Medical Center, Department of Medicine; Denver Colorado
| | | | - Ivor S. Douglas
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Denver Colorado
- Denver Health Medical Center, Department of Medicine; Denver Colorado
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Xu K, Lipsky RH. Repeated ketamine administration alters N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit gene expression: implication of genetic vulnerability for ketamine abuse and ketamine psychosis in humans. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:145-55. [PMID: 25245072 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214549531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 40 years following its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an anesthetic, ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been used as a tool of psychiatric research. As a psychedelic drug, ketamine induces psychotic symptoms, cognitive impairment, and mood elevation, which resemble some symptoms of schizophrenia. Recreational use of ketamine has been increasing in recent years. However, little is known of the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for ketamine-associated psychosis. Recent animal studies have shown that repeated ketamine administration significantly increases NMDA receptor subunit gene expression, in particular subunit 1 (NR1 or GluN1) levels. This results in neurodegeneration, supporting a potential mechanism where up-regulation of NMDA receptors could produce cognitive deficits in chronic ketamine abuse patients. In other studies, NMDA receptor gene variants are associated with addictive behavior. Here, we focus on the roles of NMDA receptor gene subunits in ketamine abuse and ketamine psychosis and propose that full sequencing of NMDA receptor genes may help explain individual vulnerability to ketamine abuse and ketamine-associated psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Robert H Lipsky
- Inova Neuroscience Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA Department of Molecular Neuroscience, the Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Huang MC, Schwandt ML, Chester JA, Kirchhoff AM, Kao CF, Liang T, Tapocik JD, Ramchandani VA, George DT, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Heilig M. FKBP5 moderates alcohol withdrawal severity: human genetic association and functional validation in knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2029-38. [PMID: 24603855 PMCID: PMC4059914 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. The FKBP5 gene codes for a co-chaperone, FK506-binding protein 5, that exerts negative feedback on HPA axis function. This study aimed to examine the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FKBP5 gene in humans and the effect of Fkbp5 gene deletion in mice on alcohol withdrawal severity. We genotyped six FKBP5 SNPs (rs3800373, rs9296158, rs3777747, rs9380524, rs1360780, and rs9470080) in 399 alcohol-dependent inpatients with alcohol consumption 48 h before admission and recorded scores from the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment-Alcohol revised (CIWA-Ar). Fkbp5 gene knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were assessed for alcohol withdrawal using handling-induced convulsions (HICs) following both acute and chronic alcohol exposure. We found the minor alleles of rs3800373 (G), rs9296158 (A), rs1360780 (T), and rs9470080 (T) were significantly associated with lower CIWA-Ar scores whereas the minor alleles of rs3777747 (G) and rs9380524 (A) were associated with higher scores. The haplotype-based analyses also showed an association with alcohol withdrawal severity. Fkbp5 KO mice showed significantly greater HICs during withdrawal from chronic alcohol exposure compared with WT controls. This study is the first to show a genetic effect of FKBP5 on the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In mice, the absence of the Fkbp5 gene enhances sensitivity to alcohol withdrawal. We suggest that FKBP5 variants may trigger different adaptive changes in HPA axis regulation during alcohol withdrawal with concomitant effects on withdrawal severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Melanie L Schwandt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia A Chester
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aaron M Kirchhoff
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jenica D Tapocik
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David T George
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin A Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 768 7326, Fax: +1 301 451 7498, E-mail:
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Kim KT, Kim J, Han YJ, Kim JH, Lee JS, Chung JH. Assessment of NMDA receptor genes (GRIN2A, GRIN2B and GRIN2C) as candidate genes in the development of degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:977-981. [PMID: 23408766 PMCID: PMC3570245 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) progresses with aging after 50–60 years. The genetic association of DLS remains largely unclear. In this study, the genetic association between glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA, GRIN) receptor genes and DLS was investigated. A total of 9 coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) in NMDA receptor genes [GRIN2A (rs8049651, Leu425Leu; rs9806806, Tyr730Tyr); GRIN2B (rs7301328, Pro122Pro; rs35025065, Asp447Asp; rs1805522, Ile602Ile; rs1806201, Thr888Thr; rs1805247, His1399His); and GRIN2C (rs689730, Ala33Ala; rs3744215, Arg1209Ser)] were selected and genotyped using direct sequencing in 70 patients with DLS and 141 healthy controls. Multiple logistic models (codominant, dominant and recessive) were calculated for the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and corresponding P-values. The SNPStats, SNPAnalyzer and HelixTree programs were used for the evaluation of the genetic data. Among the SNPs examined, no significant associations were observed between the NMDA receptor genes and DLS. When the patients were divided into two groups according to clinical characteristics based on Cobb’s angle (<20° or ≥20°) and lateral listhesis (<6 mm or ≥6 mm), associations were observed between rs689730 of GRIN2C and Cobb’s angle (codominant, P=0.038; dominant, P=0.022) and between rs7301328 of GRIN2B and lateral listhesis (codominant, P=0.003; dominant, P=0.015; recessive, P=0.015). These results indicate that the GRIN2A, GRIN2B and GRIN2C genes do not affect the development of DLS. However, the GRIN2C gene may be associated with Cobb’s angle, while the GRIN2B gene may be associated with lateral listhesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tack Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727
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Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Anton RF, Arias AJ, Herman A, Zhao H, Burian L, Covault J. Association of markers in the 3' region of the GluR5 kainate receptor subunit gene to alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 33:925-30. [PMID: 19320626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate neurotransmission plays an important role in a variety of alcohol-related phenomena, including alcohol self-administration by both animals and humans. Because the risk for alcohol dependence (AD) is genetically influenced, genes encoding glutamate receptors are candidates to contribute to the risk for AD. We examined the role of variation in the 3' region of GRIK1, the gene that encodes the GluR5 receptor subunit of the kainic acid glutamate receptor, on risk for AD. We focused specifically on this gene because topiramate, a glutamate modulator that binds to the GluR5 subunit, has shown robust efficacy in the treatment of AD. METHODS We genotyped 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3'-half of GRIK1, which includes 3 differentially spliced exons, in a sample of EA control subjects (n = 507) and subjects with AD (n = 1,057). RESULTS We found nominally significant evidence of association to AD for 3 SNPs (rs2832407 in intron 9, rs2186305 in intron 17, and rs2832387 in the 3'UTR). Empirical p-value estimation revealed that only rs2832407 was significantly associated to phenotype (p = 0.043). DISCUSSION These findings provide support for the hypothesis that variation in the 3' portion of the gene encoding the GluR5 kainate receptor subunit contributes to the risk for AD. Further research is needed to ascertain whether this SNP is itself functional or whether the association reflects linkage disequilibrium with functional variation elsewhere in the gene and whether this SNP moderates topiramate's effects in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Kranzler
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, University Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-2103, USA.
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Hughes JR. Alcohol withdrawal seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 15:92-7. [PMID: 19249388 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The topic of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), including delirium tremens and especially seizures, is reviewed. From mice and rat studies, it is known that both N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are involved in AWS. During alcohol intoxication chronic adaptations of NMDA and GABA receptors occur, and during alcohol withdrawal a hyperexcitable state develops. In studies on humans, during intoxication the NMDA receptors are activated and mediate tonic inhibition. In withdrawal, a rebound activation of these receptors occurs. Both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, especially the alpha2 subunit of GABA-A receptors, are also likely involved. Homocysteine increases with active drinking, and in withdrawal, excitotoxicity likely is induced by a further increase in homocysteine, viewed as a risk factor for AWS and also as a screening tool. The dopamine transporter gene is also associated with AWS. Characteristics involves changes in the ECG, especially an increase in QT interval, and EEG changes, including abnormal quantified EEG, at times periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges, and especially seizures, usually occurring 6-48h after the cessation of drinking. Therapy has emphasized benzodiazepines, mainly diazepam and lorazepam, but more standard antiepileptic drugs, like carbamazepine and topiramate, are also effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Hughes
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois Medical Center, M/C 796, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Delirium not induced by alcohol or other psychoactive substance and alcohol withdrawal delirium (or delirium tremens) are both cerebral syndromes with similar presentations and are associated with various adverse outcomes. Recently, interest in identifying genetic predisposing factors that influence the occurrence or the outcome of delirium has become a prominent point of delirium research. We systematically searched published articles concerning genetic associations and the occurrence and outcome of delirium. Of 33 identified articles, six investigated non-alcohol withdrawal delirium, and from those six, five evaluated an association with apolipoprotein E (APOE). One association of APOE genotype with the emergence of delirium and two associations of APOE genotype with the duration of delirium were reported. The remaining 27 identified articles investigated genetic associations with alcohol withdrawal delirium and were mainly related to dopamine. Two studies reported a significant association of alcohol withdrawal delirium with the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) and the dopamine receptor 3 (DRD3). Results are inconclusive, and no hard evidence exists due primarily to insufficiently powered studies and other methodological issues. Prospective studies incorporating systematic and rigorous diagnostic criteria and involving long term follow up are needed to advance understanding of this field.
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Li MD, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Lou XY, Zhang D, Dupont RT, Elston RC. Genome-wide linkage scan for nicotine dependence in European Americans and its converging results with African Americans in the Mid-South Tobacco Family sample. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:407-16. [PMID: 17579606 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a genome-wide scan for nicotine dependence (ND) in the African American (AA) sample of the Mid-South Tobacco Family (MSTF) cohort. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide scan in 629 individuals representing 200 nuclear families of European American (EA) origin of the MSTF cohort with the goals of identifying vulnerability loci for ND in the EAs and determining converging regions across the ethnic groups. We examined 385 autosomal microsatellite markers for ND, which was assessed by smoking quantity (SQ), the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and the Fagerström test for ND (FTND). After performing linkage analyses using various methods implemented in the GENEHUNTER and SAGE programs, we found eight regions on chromosomes 2, 4, 9-12, 17 and 18 that met the criteria for suggestive linkage to at least one ND measure in the EA sample. Of these, the region on chromosome 4 at 43 cM showed suggestive linkage to indexed SQ, the HSI and the FTND, and the region on chromosome 9 at 24 cM showed suggestive linkage to the HSI and the FTND. To increase detection power, we analyzed a combined AA and EA sample using age, gender and ethnicity as covariates and found that the region on chromosome 12 near marker D12S372 showed significant linkage to SQ. Additionally, we found six regions on chromosomes 9-11, 13 and 18 that showed suggestive linkage to at least one ND measure in the combined sample. When we compared the linkage peaks detected for ND among the two samples and a combined sample, we found that four regions on chromosomes 9 (two regions), 11 and 18 overlapped. On the other hand, we identified five regions on chromosomes 2, 4, 10, 12 and 17 that showed linkage to ND only in the EA sample, and two regions on chromosomes 10 and 13 that showed linkage to ND only in the AA sample. For those linkages identified in only one sample, we found that the combined analysis of AA plus EA samples actually decreased the linkage signal. This indicates that some chromosomal regions may be more homogenous than others across the ethnic samples. All regions except for the one on chromosome 12 have been detected at nominally significant levels in other studies, providing independent replication of ND loci in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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12
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van Munster BC, Korevaar JC, de Rooij SE, Levi M, Zwinderman AH. Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Delirium Tremens: A Systematic Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:177-84. [PMID: 17250608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium tremens (DT) is one of the more severe complications of alcohol withdrawal (AW), with a 5 to 10% lifetime risk for alcohol-dependent patients. The 2 most important neurosystems involved in AW are gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate. It is unknown whether these neurosystems are involved in the pathophysiology of DT as well. The candidate gene approach in DT could contribute to this knowledge and demonstrate a possible genetic predisposition for DT. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of all studied genetic polymorphisms in the diverse candidate genes related to DT and to summarize what these studies contribute to insights into the pathophysiology of DT. METHODS The inclusion criteria for this literature study were articles in English analyzing the association between a genetic polymorphism and DT without other AW syndromes. Studies were identified until February 2006 in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. RESULTS We found 25 studies dealing with 30 polymorphisms, located in 19 different genes. Positive associations were found in 3 different candidate genes involved in the dopamine transmission, 1 gene involved in the glutamate pathway, 1 neuropeptide gene, and 1 cannabinoid gene. Two candidate genes involved in the dopamine transmission, dopamine receptor D3, and solute carrier family 6, were each associated with DT in 2 different study populations. The other 4 positive associations were not replicated in other studies. CONCLUSIONS A total of 8 positive associations out of 30 polymorphisms makes a genetic base for DT plausible. Understanding the pathophysiological process of the development of DT has, indeed, been augmented by the reviewed genetic association studies. These studies suggest that the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C van Munster
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kim JH, Park M, Yang SY, Jeong BS, Yoo HJ, Kim JW, Chung JH, Kim SA. Association study of polymorphisms in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B subunits (GRIN2B) gene with Korean alcoholism. Neurosci Res 2006; 56:220-3. [PMID: 16911840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B gene (GRIN2B) was studied as a candidate gene of alcoholism. This study aimed to investigate the association between each of the three GRIN2B polymorphisms (rs1806201, rs1805247, and rs1805502) and alcoholism. This study included 206 alcoholic patients and 189 unrelated control subjects of Korean origin. Associations between genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of the polymorphisms and alcoholism were investigated. The genotype frequencies of rs1806201 and the haplotype analysis of SNPs in this study show significantly differences between the case and controls. These findings suggest new candidate SNPs in GRIN2B for studying the genetic susceptibility to alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, 143-5 Yongdu Dong, Jung Gu, Daejeon 301-832, Republic of Korea
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Bottlender M, Preuss UW, Soyka M. Association of personality disorders with Type A and Type B alcoholics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256:55-61. [PMID: 16041558 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-005-0601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Personality disorders frequently occur as comorbid disorder in alcohol-dependent subjects. Antisocial personality was described as an important characteristic in Cloninger's Type 2 and Babor's Type B subjects. The impact of other personality disorders on these alcoholism typologies, their pathogenesis and prognosis is, however, still unclear. The present study investigated the prevalence of personality disorders in 237 (194 males) detoxified alcohol-dependent patients after subtyping this sample according to Babor's Type A/B following the criteria suggested by Schuckit et al. (1995). Personality disorders were assessed with the SCID-II (DSM-IV). In all, 160 patients (68 %) could be classified as Type A, and 77 (32 %) as Type B. Type B subjects were younger, had an earlier onset,more alcohol intake and a more severe course of alcohol dependence. Type B patients had significantly more often any cluster A and B personality disorder, and significantly specifically more often a borderline, antisocial and avoidant personality disorder. There were no statistical differences concerning the other personality disorders. In summary, the Type A/B dichotomy using the criteria of Schuckit et al. (1995) was replicated successfully. Differences concerning cluster B personality disorder prevalence of Type B subjects demonstrated that these subjects are significantly more often affected from borderline and antisocial personality disorder. The impact of other personality disorders does not play a substantial role in subtyping alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bottlender
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Muenchen, Germany.
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