1
|
Schulze Westhoff M, Massarou C, Bleich S, Heck J, Jendretzky KF, Glahn A, Schröder S. Drug interactions in a sample of inpatients diagnosed with cannabis use disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2025:10.1007/s00702-025-02884-5. [PMID: 39849214 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-025-02884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2025] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
The majority of patients with cannabis use disorder (CUD) regularly take medication. Cannabinoids influence metabolism of some commonly prescribed drugs. However, little is known about the characteristics and frequency of potential cannabis-drug (CDIs) and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in patients with CUD. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of drug interactions in patients with CUD during inpatient treatment on an addiction-specific ward over a six-year-period. To this aim, medication charts were analyzed and screened for potential CDIs and DDIs. Herein, the drugs.com classification for potential CDIs and UpToDate Lexicomp program for potential DDIs were utilized. The study cohort consisted of 301 patient cases, predominantly male (85.0%), with a median age of 37 years. 89.4% (269/301) of all cases involved were taking at least one drug that could potentially interact with cannabis. Levomethadone, buprenorphine and morphine were the most common drugs involved in potentially serious CDIs. In addition, 196 DDIs were identified, of which 25.5% were classified as 'avoid combination' and 74.5% as 'consider therapy modification'. Hereby, combinations of levomethadone with other psychotropic drugs most frequently accounted for potentially severe and mild DDIs. The results of our study indicate that especially patients diagnosed with CUD also receiving opioid substitution therapy are at risk for potential drug interactions. Therefore, a clinical monitoring of vigilance and respiratory function should be applied during inpatient treatment. Routine use of interaction check tools in patients diagnosed with CUD should also be considered by healthcare providers. In addition, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) should be used to increase medication safety in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulze Westhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Massarou
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Heck
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schröder
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simei JLQ, Souza JDR, Pedrazzi JF, Guimarães FS, Campos AC, Zuardi A, Hallak JEC, Crippa JAS. Research and Clinical Practice Involving the Use of Cannabis Products, with Emphasis on Cannabidiol: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1644. [PMID: 39770486 PMCID: PMC11677192 DOI: 10.3390/ph17121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence supports cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising therapeutic compound for various health conditions, despite its approval as a medication (product for medical purposes) remaining restricted to a limited range of clinical indications. Simultaneously, the regulation of cannabis-derived products for medicinal and recreational use has expanded their global market availability to meet local community demands. This scenario presents a complex challenge for clinicians, researchers, and industry, as the global appeal of therapeutic uses of CBD is growing more rapidly than the scientific evidence supporting its safety and effectiveness. OUTCOMES A narrative review was conducted to discuss the best evidence regarding the pharmacological profile of CBD, its efficacy, and safety within the context of regulation and perspectives on the development of new cannabinoid-based drugs. Key articles addressing the various facets of this issue were selected for comprehensive analysis. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians and researchers may face unique challenges in understanding the pharmacological profile of CBD and the prospects for developing its clinical indications, given the heterogeneity of clinical terminologies and the quality and composition of cannabis-based medical products available on the market. More basic and clinical research that complies with regulatory agencies' testing guidelines, such as good manufacturing practices (GMPs), good laboratory practices (GLPs), and good clinical practices (GCPs), is needed to obtain approval for CBD or any other cannabinoid as a therapeutic for broader clinical indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Luís Q. Simei
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.L.Q.S.); (J.D.R.S.); (J.F.P.); (A.Z.); (J.E.C.H.)
| | - José Diogo R. Souza
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.L.Q.S.); (J.D.R.S.); (J.F.P.); (A.Z.); (J.E.C.H.)
| | - João Francisco Pedrazzi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.L.Q.S.); (J.D.R.S.); (J.F.P.); (A.Z.); (J.E.C.H.)
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- National Institute for Science and Technology-Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Alline Cristina Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Antônio Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.L.Q.S.); (J.D.R.S.); (J.F.P.); (A.Z.); (J.E.C.H.)
- National Institute for Science and Technology-Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Jaime Eduardo C. Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.L.Q.S.); (J.D.R.S.); (J.F.P.); (A.Z.); (J.E.C.H.)
- National Institute for Science and Technology-Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - José Alexandre S. Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.L.Q.S.); (J.D.R.S.); (J.F.P.); (A.Z.); (J.E.C.H.)
- National Institute for Science and Technology-Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haley DF, Stein MD, Bendiks S, Karzhevsky S, Pierce C, Dunn A, Herman DS, Anderson B, Weisberg RB. Associations of discomfort intolerance, discomfort avoidance, and cannabis and alcohol use among persons with chronic pain receiving prescription buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 265:112472. [PMID: 39488941 PMCID: PMC11588539 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain and non-prescribed substance use are associated with lower retention in opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. We examined the associations of perceived capacity to tolerate uncomfortable physical sensations (discomfort intolerance and discomfort avoidance) and cannabis and alcohol use among persons with chronic pain receiving prescription buprenorphine for OUD. METHODS This study utilizes baseline data from 163 persons with chronic pain receiving prescription buprenorphine for OUD enrolled in the Treating Opioid use, Persistent Pain, and Sadness (TOPPS) intervention trial. We used negative-binomial regression models, adjusted for age, education, gender, race/ethnicity, pain interference, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and average cigarettes smoked/day to estimate the associations of discomfort tolerance and discomfort avoidance with frequency of cannabis and alcohol use. RESULTS Participants (n=163) were on average 45 years old (standard deviation=10.6) and predominantly White (86 %, n=141). Forty-one percent (n=66) used cannabis and 24 % (n=30) used alcohol use in the past 30 days. In adjusted models, discomfort intolerance was positively associated with days of cannabis use (IRR = 1.11, p =.016) and days of alcohol use (IRR = 1.14, p =.022). Discomfort avoidance was not associated with cannabis or alcohol use. CONCLUSION Individuals with chronic pain receiving prescribed buprenorphine for treatment of OUD with lower tolerance for physical discomfort may augment pain management with cannabis and alcohol. Given the intersections between substance use and retention in care for OUD, future work should extend this preliminary work by exploring these relationships over time and in experimental settings. Clinical Trial # NCT03698669.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F Haley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael D Stein
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Sally Bendiks
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE), 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Skylar Karzhevsky
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Claire Pierce
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Ana Dunn
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | - Debra S Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | - Bradley Anderson
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | - Risa B Weisberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Family Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA; RealizedCare, 1690 Ring Road #110, Elizabethtown, KY 42701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jackson LK, Poon IO, Garcia MA, Imam S, Braun UK. Buprenorphine Use for Analgesia in Palliative Care. PHARMACY 2024; 12:78. [PMID: 38804470 PMCID: PMC11130940 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic long-acting partial µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist that can be used for chronic pain as a sublingual tablet, transdermal patch (Butrans®), or a buccal film (Belbuca®). Buprenorphine's unique high receptor binding affinity and slow dissociation at the MOR allow for effective analgesia while offering less adverse effects compared to a full agonist opioid, in particular, less concern for respiratory depression and constipation. It is underused in chronic pain and palliative care due to misconceptions and stigma from its use in opioid use disorder (OUD). This case report discusses the unique pharmacology of buprenorphine, including its advantages, disadvantages, available formulations, drug-drug interactions, initiation and conversion strategies, and identifies ideal populations for use, especially within the palliative care patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K. Jackson
- Rehabilitation & Extended Care Line, Section of Palliative Medicine, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.G.); (S.I.); (U.K.B.)
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivy O. Poon
- Pharmacy Practice, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist/Pain & Palliative Care, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary A. Garcia
- Rehabilitation & Extended Care Line, Section of Palliative Medicine, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.G.); (S.I.); (U.K.B.)
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Syed Imam
- Rehabilitation & Extended Care Line, Section of Palliative Medicine, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.G.); (S.I.); (U.K.B.)
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ursula K. Braun
- Rehabilitation & Extended Care Line, Section of Palliative Medicine, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.G.); (S.I.); (U.K.B.)
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Troyer J, Tanco K. Review of the Use of Medicinal Cannabis Products in Palliative Care. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1412. [PMID: 38611090 PMCID: PMC11011126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the potential role of cannabis and cannabinoids in the management of cancer-related symptoms. There is limited evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of cannabis-based products in treating cancer-related pain and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Regarding the role of cannabis-based products in the treatment of insomnia and mood disorders, most studies looked at these symptoms as secondary outcomes with mixed results. Cannabis-based products have adverse effects, ranging from neuropsychiatric to systemic effects to potential drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberson Tanco
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qian L, Beers JL, Jackson KD, Zhou Z. CBD and THC in Special Populations: Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:484. [PMID: 38675145 PMCID: PMC11054161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid use has surged in the past decade, with a growing interest in expanding cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) applications into special populations. Consequently, the increased use of CBD and THC raises the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Nevertheless, DDIs for cannabinoids, especially in special populations, remain inadequately investigated. While some clinical trials have explored DDIs between therapeutic drugs like antiepileptic drugs and CBD/THC, more potential interactions remain to be examined. This review summarizes the published studies on CBD and THC-drug interactions, outlines the mechanisms involved, discusses the physiological considerations in pharmacokinetics (PK) and DDI studies in special populations (including pregnant and lactating women, pediatrics, older adults, patients with hepatic or renal impairments, and others), and presents modeling approaches that can describe the DDIs associated with CBD and THC in special populations. The PK of CBD and THC in special populations remain poorly characterized, with limited studies investigating DDIs involving CBD/THC in these populations. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate potential DDIs between CBD/THC and medications that are commonly used in special populations. Modeling approaches can aid in understanding these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Qian
- Department of Chemistry, York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA;
| | - Jessica L. Beers
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA (K.D.J.)
| | - Klarissa D. Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA (K.D.J.)
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dai Z, Abate MA, Winstanley E, Kraner JC, Lundstrom E, Mock AR, Smith GS. Quantifying a potential protective effect of buprenorphine on fatality risk during acute fentanyl exposures. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 158:209252. [PMID: 38070651 PMCID: PMC10947934 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Buprenorphine is an important therapy for opioid use disorder and may also reduce the risk of fatal overdoses in fentanyl exposures. However, the role of buprenorphine in reducing this risk has not been quantified. This cross-sectional study examined the association between buprenorphine presence, decedent characteristics, and other factors with the predicted fentanyl concentrations in overdose deaths. METHODS The study identified unintentional fentanyl overdose decedents (n = 3036) from the West Virginia Forensic Drug Database, 2011 through mid-2020. The main outcome was fentanyl concentrations in overdose deaths in the presence and absence of buprenorphine. A multiple linear regression model examined the association of fentanyl concentrations with buprenorphine presence based on the concentrations of the parent drug buprenorphine (B) and its metabolite norbuprenorphine (N), adjusting for demographics, toxicological characteristics (presence of multiple opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, marijuana, and alcohol), and comorbidities. We used a B/N concentration ratio < 1 as an indirect indicator of longer-term buprenorphine exposure prior to drug overdose death. RESULTS The median fentanyl concentration was 65 % higher when buprenorphine was present (N = 168) vs. absent (N = 2868) (0.028 vs. 0.017 μg/mL, p < 0.001). In the multivariable model, statistically significant associations occurred between buprenorphine presence and increased fentanyl concentrations (+28.7 %) with a B/N ratio < 1. Obesity, male sex, alcohol presence, and comorbid cardiovascular diseases were statistically significantly associated with lower (-11.3 % to -20.7 %) fentanyl concentrations, whereas marijuana presence and a history of substance use disorder were associated with statistically significant higher fentanyl concentrations (+8.8 % to +31.3 %). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sustained or longer-term buprenorphine intake might exert some protective effect on fatalities resulting from fentanyl exposure as documented by the association of higher fentanyl blood concentrations with buprenorphine presence among fatal drug overdoses. As fentanyl availability and overdose rates increase nationally, buprenorphine is a vital tool for effective opioid use disorder treatment that might also reduce the risk of fatality in an acute fentanyl exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dai
- West Virginia University Health Affairs Institute, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - Marie A Abate
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, 64 Medical Center Dr., WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - Erin Winstanley
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, 64 Medical Center Dr., WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - James C Kraner
- West Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 619 Virginia Street West, Charleston, WV 25302, United States of America
| | - Eric Lundstrom
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, 64 Medical Center Dr., WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - Allen R Mock
- West Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 619 Virginia Street West, Charleston, WV 25302, United States of America.
| | - Gordon S Smith
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, 64 Medical Center Dr., WV 26505, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maldonado C, Peyraube R, Fagiolino P, Oricchio F, Cuñetti L, Vázquez M. Human Data on Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Cannabinoids: A Narrative Review. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:241-254. [PMID: 38288797 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128288510240113170116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Concomitant use of cannabinoids with other drugs may result in pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions, mainly due to the mechanism involving Phase I and Phase II enzymes and/or efflux transporters. Cannabinoids are not only substrates but also inhibitors or inducers of some of these enzymes and/or transporters. This narrative review aims to provide the available information reported in the literature regarding human data on the pharmacokinetic interactions of cannabinoids with other medications. A search on Pubmed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library was performed. Some studies were identified with Google search. Additional articles of interest were obtained through cross-referencing of published literature. All original research papers discussing interactions between cannabinoids, used for medical or recreational/adult-use purposes, and other medications in humans were included. Thirty-two studies with medicinal or recreational/adult-use cannabis were identified (seventeen case reports/series, thirteen clinical trials, and two retrospective analyses). In three of these studies, a bidirectional pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was reported. In the rest of the studies, cannabinoids were the perpetrators, as in most of them, concentrations of cannabinoids were not measured. In light of the widespread use of prescribed and non-prescribed cannabinoids with other medications, pharmacokinetic interactions are likely to occur. Physicians should be aware of these potential interactions and closely monitor drug levels and/or responses. The existing literature regarding pharmacokinetic interactions is limited, and for some drugs, studies have relatively small cohorts or are only case reports. Therefore, there is a need for high-quality pharmacological studies on cannabinoid-drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Maldonado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raquel Peyraube
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable - MEC, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Oricchio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Cuñetti
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology and Urology Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marta Vázquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Herdegen T, Cascorbi I. Drug Interactions of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol in Cannabinoid Drugs. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 120:833-840. [PMID: 37874128 PMCID: PMC10824494 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid drugs containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or its structural analogues, as monotherapeutic agents or as extracts or botanical preparations with or without cannabidiol (CBD) are often prescribed to multimorbid patients who are taking multiple drugs. This raises the question of the risk of drug interactions. METHODS This review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of interactions with cannabinoid drugs and their potential effects is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search. RESULTS As THC and CBD are largely metabolized in the liver, their bioavailability after oral or oral-mucosal administration is low (6-8% and 11-13%, respectively). The plasma concentrations of THC and its active metabolite 11-OH-THC can be increased by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (verapamil, clarithromycin) and decreased by strong CYP3A4 inductors (rifampicin, carbamazepine). The clinical significance of these effects is unclear because of the variable plasma level and therapeutic spectrum of THC. The metabolism of CBD is less dependent on cytochrome P450 enzymes than that of THC. THC and CBD inhibit CYP2C and CYP3A4; the corresponding clinically relevant drug interactions probably are likely to arise only with THC doses above 30 mg/day and CBD doses above 300 mg/day. CONCLUSION Potential drug interactions with THC and CBD are probably of little importance at low or moderate doses. Strong CYP inhibitors or inductors can intensify or weaken their effect. Slowly ramping up the dose of oral cannabinoid drugs can lessen their pharmacodynamic interactions, which can generally be well controlled. Administration by inhalation can worsen the interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herdegen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pande LJ, Arnet RE, Piper BJ. An Examination of the Complex Pharmacological Properties of the Non-Selective Opioid Modulator Buprenorphine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1397. [PMID: 37895868 PMCID: PMC10610465 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to provide a recent examination of the pharmacodynamics as well as pharmacokinetics, misuse potential, toxicology, and prenatal consequences of buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is currently a Schedule III opioid in the US used for opioid-use disorder (OUD) and as an analgesic. Buprenorphine has high affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) and intermediate affinity for the nociceptin (NOR). Buprenorphine's active metabolite, norbuprenorphine, crosses the blood-brain barrier, is a potent metabolite that attenuates the analgesic effects of buprenorphine due to binding to NOR, and is responsible for the respiratory depressant effects. The area under the concentration curves are very similar for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine, which indicates that it is important to consider this metabolite. Crowding sourcing has identified a buprenorphine street value (USD 3.95/mg), indicating some non-medical use. There have also been eleven-thousand reports involving buprenorphine and minors (age < 19) at US poison control centers. Prenatal exposure to clinically relevant dosages in rats produces reductions in myelin and increases in depression-like behavior. In conclusion, the pharmacology of this OUD pharmacotherapy including the consequences of prenatal buprenorphine exposure in humans and experimental animals should continue to be carefully evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leana J. Pande
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA; (L.J.P.); (R.E.A.)
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rhudjerry E. Arnet
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA; (L.J.P.); (R.E.A.)
| | - Brian J. Piper
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA; (L.J.P.); (R.E.A.)
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Danville, PA 17821, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Furo H, Wiegand T, Rani M, Schwartz DG, Sullivan RW, Elkin PL. Association Between Buprenorphine Dose and the Urine "Norbuprenorphine" to "Creatinine" Ratio: Revised. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231153748. [PMID: 36937705 PMCID: PMC10014968 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231153748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Utilizing a 1-year chart review as the data, Furo et al. conducted a research study on an association between buprenorphine dose and the urine "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratio and found significant differences in the ratio among 8-, 12-, and 16-mg/day groups with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. This study expands the data for a 2-year chart review and is intended to delineate an association between buprenorphine dose and the urine "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratio with a higher statistical power. Methods This study performed a 2-year chart review of data for the patients living in a halfway house setting, where their drug administration was closely monitored. The patients were on buprenorphine prescribed at an outpatient clinic for opioid use disorder (OUD), and their buprenorphine prescription and dispensing information were confirmed by the New York Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP). Urine test results in the electronic health record (EHR) were reviewed, focusing on the "buprenorphine," "norbuprenorphine," and "creatinine" levels. The Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to examine an association between buprenorphine dose and the "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratio. Results This study included 371 urine samples from 61 consecutive patients and analyzed the data in a manner similar to that described in the study by Furo et al. This study had similar findings with the following exceptions: (1) a mean buprenorphine dose of 11.0 ± 3.8 mg/day with a range of 2 to 20 mg/day; (2) exclusion of 6 urine samples with "creatinine" level <20 mg/dL; (3) minimum "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratios in the 8-, 12-, and 16-mg/day groups of 0.44 × 10-4 (n = 68), 0.1 × 10-4 (n = 133), and 1.37 × 10-4 (n = 82), respectively; however, after removing the 2 lowest outliers, the minimum "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratio in the 12-mg/day group was 1.6 × 10-4, similar to the findings in the previous study; and (4) a significant association between buprenorphine dose and the urine "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratios from the Kruskal-Wallis test (P < .01). In addition, the median "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratio had a strong association with buprenorphine dose, and this association could be formulated as: [y = 2.266 ln(x) + 0.8211]. In other words, the median ratios in 8-, 12-, and 16-mg/day groups were 5.53 × 10-4, 6.45 × 10-4, and 7.10 × 10-4, respectively. Therefore, any of the following features should alert providers to further investigate patient treatment compliance: (1) inappropriate substance(s) in urine sample; (2) "creatinine" level <20 mg/dL; (3) "buprenorphine" to "norbuprenorphine" ratio >50:1; (4) buprenorphine dose >24 mg/day; or (5) "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratios <0.5 × 10-4 in patients who are on 8 mg/day or <1.5 × 10-4 in patients who are on 12 mg/day or more. Conclusion The results of the present study confirmed those of the previous study regarding an association between buprenorphine dose and the "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratio, using an expanded data set. Additionally, this study delineated a clearer relationship, focusing on the median "norbuprenorphine" to "creatinine" ratios in different buprenorphine dose groups. These results could help providers interpret urine test results more accurately and apply them to outpatient opioid treatment programs for optimal treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Furo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University
of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Wiegand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The
University of Rochester Medical Center and Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, NY,
USA
| | - Meenakshi Rani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Diane G Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics,
State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ross W Sullivan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State
University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Peter L Elkin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics,
State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs in
Western New York, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Faculty of Engineering, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
To J, Davis M, Sbrana A, Alderman B, Hui D, Mukhopadhyay S, Bouleuc C, Case AA, Amano K, Crawford GB, de Feo G, Tanco K, Garsed J. MASCC guideline: cannabis for cancer-related pain and risk of harms and adverse events. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:202. [PMID: 36872397 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 18% of patients with cancer use cannabis at one time as palliation or treatment for their cancer. We performed a systematic review of randomized cannabis cancer trials to establish a guideline for its use in pain and to summarize the risk of harm and adverse events when used for any indication in cancer patients. METHODS A systematic review of randomized trials with or without meta-analysis was carried out from MEDLINE, CCTR, Embase, and PsychINFO. The search involved randomized trials of cannabis in cancer patients. The search ended on November 12, 2021. The Jadad grading system was used for grading quality. Inclusion criteria for articles were randomized trials or systematic reviews of randomized trials of cannabinoids versus either placebo or active comparator explicitly in adult patients with cancer. RESULTS Thirty-four systematic reviews and randomized trials met the eligibility criteria for cancer pain. Seven were randomized trials involving patients with cancer pain. Two trials had positive primary endpoints, which could not be reproduced in similarly designed trials. High-quality systematic reviews with meta-analyses found little evidence that cannabinoids are an effective adjuvant or analgesic to cancer pain. Seven systematic reviews and randomized trials related to harms and adverse events were included. There was inconsistent evidence about the types and levels of harm patients may experience when using cannabinoids. CONCLUSION The MASCC panel recommends against the use of cannabinoids as an adjuvant analgesic for cancer pain and suggests that the potential risk of harm and adverse events be carefully considered for all cancer patients, particularly with treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine To
- Division of Aged Care, Rehabilitation and Palliative Care, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mellar Davis
- Palliative Care Department, Geisinger Medical System, Danville, USA.
| | | | | | - David Hui
- Department of Palliative Care, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Carole Bouleuc
- Department of Supportive and Palliative Care, P.S.L. University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amy A Case
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, USA
| | - Koji Amano
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gregory B Crawford
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Kimberson Tanco
- Department of Palliative Care, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shah S, Schwenk ES, Sondekoppam RV, Clarke H, Zakowski M, Rzasa-Lynn RS, Yeung B, Nicholson K, Schwartz G, Hooten WM, Wallace M, Viscusi ER, Narouze S. ASRA Pain Medicine consensus guidelines on the management of the perioperative patient on cannabis and cannabinoids. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023; 48:97-117. [PMID: 36596580 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2022-104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past two decades have seen an increase in cannabis use due to both regulatory changes and an interest in potential therapeutic effects of the substance, yet many aspects of the substance and their health implications remain controversial or unclear. METHODS In November 2020, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine charged the Cannabis Working Group to develop guidelines for the perioperative use of cannabis. The Perioperative Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids Guidelines Committee was charged with drafting responses to the nine key questions using a modified Delphi method with the overall goal of producing a document focused on the safe management of surgical patients using cannabinoids. A consensus recommendation required ≥75% agreement. RESULTS Nine questions were selected, with 100% consensus achieved on third-round voting. Topics addressed included perioperative screening, postponement of elective surgery, concomitant use of opioid and cannabis perioperatively, implications for parturients, adjustment in anesthetic and analgesics intraoperatively, postoperative monitoring, cannabis use disorder, and postoperative concerns. Surgical patients using cannabinoids are at potential increased risk for negative perioperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Specific clinical recommendations for perioperative management of cannabis and cannabinoids were successfully created.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Shah
- Dept of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, UC Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA
| | - Eric S Schwenk
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hance Clarke
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Univ Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Zakowski
- Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Brent Yeung
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Gary Schwartz
- AABP Integrative Pain Care, Melville, New York, USA.,Anesthesiology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Mark Wallace
- Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eugene R Viscusi
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samer Narouze
- Center for Pain Medicine, Western Reserve Hospital, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lopera V, Rodríguez A, Amariles P. Clinical Relevance of Drug Interactions with Cannabis: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051154. [PMID: 35268245 PMCID: PMC8911401 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant use of cannabis with other drugs may lead to cannabis–drug interactions, mainly due to the pharmacokinetic mechanism involving the family of CYP450 isoenzymes. This narrative systematic review aimed to systematize the available information regarding clinical relevance of cannabis–drug interactions. We utilized the PubMed/Medline database for this systematic review, using the terms drug interactions and cannabis, between June 2011 and June 2021. Articles with cannabis–drug interactions in humans, in English or Spanish, with full-text access were selected. Two researchers evaluated the article’s inclusion. The level of clinical relevance was determined according to the severity and probability of the interaction. Ninety-five articles were identified and twenty-six were included. Overall, 19 pairs of drug interactions with medicinal or recreational cannabis were identified in humans. According to severity and probability, 1, 2, 12, and 4 pairs of cannabis–drug interactions were classified at levels 1 (very high risk), 2 (high risk), 3 (medium risk), and 5 (without risk), respectively. Cannabis–warfarin was classified at level 1, and cannabis–buprenorphine and tacrolimus at level 2. This review provides evidence for both the low probability of the occurrence of clinically relevant drug interactions and the lack of evidence regarding cannabis–drug interactions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Furo H, Schwartz DG, Sullivan RW, Elkin PL. Buprenorphine Dosage and Urine Quantitative Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine, and Creatinine Levels in an Office-Based Opioid Treatment Program. Subst Abuse 2021; 15:11782218211061749. [PMID: 34898987 PMCID: PMC8655441 DOI: 10.1177/11782218211061749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment progress is routinely monitored by urine testing in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) undergoing buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment (MAT). However, interpretation of urine test results could be challenging. This retrospective study aims to examine the results of quantitative buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and creatinine levels in urine testing in relation to sublingual buprenorphine dosage to facilitate an accurate interpretation of urine testing results. METHODS We reviewed the medical charts of 41 consecutive patients, who were residing in halfway houses where their medication intake was closely monitored and who had enrolled in an office-based MAT program at an urban clinic between July 2018 and June 2019. The patients' urine testing results were reviewed, and demographic variables were recorded. We focused on the patients treated with 8-, 12-, or 16-mg/day of buprenorphine, examining their urine buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and creatinine levels. Analysis of variance tested the statistical association between the dosage and urine testing results on the norbuprenorphine-to-creatinine ratio. RESULTS A total of 240 urine samples from 41 patients were included for this study. The 41 patients received a mean buprenorphine dose of 10.5 ± 3.7 mg/day (range, 4-20 mg/day). Then, this study examined the distribution of the 240 urine samples and then focused on 184 urine samples that came from the 33 patients who were treated with 8-, 12-, and 16-mg/day of buprenorphine, the 3 most common dosages. All of the 184 urine samples had a creatinine level of >20 mg/dL and buprenorphine-to-norbuprenorphine ratio <50:1. The average norbuprenorphine-to-creatinine ratio in the 8 mg/day dosage group was 3.85 ± 2.24 × 10-4 (n = 66; range, 0.44-11.12). The respective ratios in the 12- and 16-mg dosage groups were 5.64 ± 3.40 × 10-4 (n = 83; range, 1.55-22.72) and 6.23 ± 4.92 × 10-4 (n = 35; range, 1.37-27.12). The 3 dosage groups differed significantly in the mean ratios (P < .01), except when the 12- and 16-mg dosage groups were compared (P = .58). The results of this study thus suggest that prescribers should pay attention to the following features: (1) unexpected substance(s) in urine testing, (2) creatinine level under 20 mg/dL, (3) buprenorphine-to-creatinine ratio over 50:1, (4) buprenorphine dosage over 24 mg/day, and (5) norbuprenorphine-to-creatinine ratio consistently under 0.5 × 10-4 in patients treated with 8 mg/day or 1.5 × 10-4 in patients treated with 12 mg/day or more. CONCLUSION This study suggested parameters for interpreting quantitative urine test results in relation to buprenorphine intake dose in office-based opioid treatment programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Furo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Diane G Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ross W Sullivan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Peter L Elkin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Braun IM, Abrams DI, Blansky SE, Pergam SA. Cannabis and the Cancer Patient. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2021; 2021:68-77. [PMID: 34850899 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Session 2 of the National Cancer Institute's Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Cancer Research Workshop opened with testimony from a lymphoma survivor who detailed medicinal cannabis-related improvements in nausea, low appetite, insomnia, and mental health and the limited clinical counsel she received regarding cannabis use. Discussion next turned to the evolution of the legal landscape of cannabis in the United States, one in which state and federal laws frequently conflict and the Controlled Substance Act renders cannabis Schedule I. This legal climate creates conundrums for US medicinal cannabis researchers who contend with limited funding opportunities, avenues to source trial drug, and procedural red tape and for oncology clinicians who recommend medicinal cannabis to patients with some frequency while perceiving themselves as ill equipped to make such clinical recommendations. Ultimately, it creates challenges for cancer patients who find themselves turning to nonmedical and anecdotal information sources. The risks of cannabis use by the cancer patient were discussed next. These include infection, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug-botanical interactions, cyclic nausea and vomiting, e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated illness, legal issues, and high cost. The session concluded with a broad survey of the research supporting oncologic cannabinoid use, conclusive evidence for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and suggestive evidence for cancer-related pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana M Braun
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald I Abrams
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stacey E Blansky
- School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Pergam
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bishop-Freeman SC, Friederich LW, Feaster MS, Hudson JS. Buprenorphine-Related Deaths in North Carolina from 2010-2018. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:780-791. [PMID: 34145443 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of opioid-use disorder. As prescriptions increase in North Carolina, buprenorphine is more frequently encountered statewide in routine postmortem casework. Between 2010 and 2018, there were 131 select cases investigated by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner where buprenorphine was detected in peripheral blood and considered a primary cause of death, with no other opioids present and no other non-opioid substances found in the lethal range. The decedents ranged in age from 14 to 64 years, with 67% male. The mean/median peripheral blood concentrations were 4.1/2.1 ng/mL for buprenorphine and 7.8/3.4 ng/mL for the metabolite, norbuprenorphine. These postmortem blood concentrations overlap antemortem therapeutic concentrations in plasma reported in the literature for opioid-dependent subjects receiving sublingual maintenance therapy. The pathologist considered scene findings, prescription history, autopsy findings, toxicological analysis, and decedent behavior prior to death to conclude a drug-related cause of death. Many of the deaths were complicated by the presence of other central nervous system depressants along with contributory underlying cardiovascular and respiratory disease. The three most prevalent additive substances were alprazolam, ethanol, and gabapentin, found in 67, 36, and 32 cases out of 131, respectively. Interpreting buprenorphine involvement in a death is complex, and instances may be under-estimated in epidemiological data because of the lack of a defined toxic or lethal range in postmortem blood along with its good safety profile. As expansion to access of opioid-use disorder treatment becomes a priority, awareness of the challenges of postmortem interpretation is needed as increased use and diversion of buprenorphine are inevitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bishop-Freeman
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Raleigh, NC, USA.,UNC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cannabinoids-based Medicine Pharmacology, Drug Interactions, and Perioperative Management of Surgical Patients. Adv Anesth 2021; 38:167-188. [PMID: 34106833 DOI: 10.1016/j.aan.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|