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Mruczyk K, Molska M, Wójciak RW, Śliwicka E, Cisek-Woźniak A. Associated between cognition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and macronutrients in normal and overweight postmenopausal women. Exp Gerontol 2024; 192:112449. [PMID: 38704127 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BDNF is a protein associated with cognitive dysfunction. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between BDNF and cognitive functions and the intake of macronutrients in postmenopausal women. For this purpose, 72 postmenopausal women were recruited to the study and divided into two subgroups: overweight/obese and normal weight. Using a 3-day food record, nutrition was assessed. The markers studied were the level of BDNF, which was determined from the venous blood serum collected from women, and selected cognitive functions. We observed that in the normal BMI group macronutrient intake was correlated with BDNF levels, and only total fat and carbohydrate intake were inversely correlated with BDNF levels. There were inverse correlations observed among selected parameters of cognitive functioning. In the Ov/Ob group, macronutrient intake correlated with the BDNF level for several variables, e.g. vice versa with total protein, fat and carbohydrate intake, as well as dietary cholesterol. It has also been noted that there are links between the BDNF factor and excessive body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Mruczyk
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp., Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
| | - Marta Molska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp., Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
| | - Rafał W Wójciak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Angelika Cisek-Woźniak
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp., Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
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Concepción-Zavaleta MJ, Quiroz-Aldave JE, Durand-Vásquez MDC, Gamarra-Osorio ER, Valencia de la Cruz JDC, Barrueto-Callirgos CM, Puelles-León SL, Alvarado-León EDJ, Leiva-Cabrera F, Zavaleta-Gutiérrez FE, Concepción-Urteaga LA, Paz-Ibarra J. A comprehensive review of genetic causes of obesity. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:26-39. [PMID: 37725322 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease with a high, increasing worldwide prevalence. Genetic causes account for 7% of the cases in children with extreme obesity. DATA SOURCES This narrative review was conducted by searching for papers published in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and SciELO databases and included 161 articles. The search used the following search terms: "obesity", "obesity and genetics", "leptin", "Prader-Willi syndrome", and "melanocortins". The types of studies included were systematic reviews, clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, cross-sectional and prospective studies, narrative reviews, and case reports. RESULTS The leptin-melanocortin pathway is primarily responsible for the regulation of appetite and body weight. However, several important aspects of the pathophysiology of obesity remain unknown. Genetic causes of obesity can be grouped into syndromic, monogenic, and polygenic causes and should be assessed in children with extreme obesity before the age of 5 years, hyperphagia, or a family history of extreme obesity. A microarray study, an analysis of the melanocortin type 4 receptor gene mutations and leptin levels should be performed for this purpose. There are three therapeutic levels: lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatment, and bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS Genetic study technologies are in constant development; however, we are still far from having a personalized approach to genetic causes of obesity. A significant proportion of the affected individuals are associated with genetic causes; however, there are still barriers to its approach, as it continues to be underdiagnosed. Video Abstract (MP4 1041807 KB).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Paz-Ibarra
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Pelczyńska M, Miller-Kasprzak E, Piątkowski M, Mazurek R, Klause M, Suchecka A, Bucoń M, Bogdański P. The Role of Adipokines and Myokines in the Pathogenesis of Different Obesity Phenotypes-New Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2046. [PMID: 38136166 PMCID: PMC10740719 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a characteristic disease of the twenty-first century that is affecting an increasing percentage of society. Obesity expresses itself in different phenotypes: normal-weight obesity (NWO), metabolically obese normal-weight (MONW), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). A range of pathophysiological mechanisms underlie the occurrence of obesity, including inflammation, oxidative stress, adipokine secretion, and other processes related to the pathophysiology of adipose tissue (AT). Body mass index (BMI) is the key indicator in the diagnosis of obesity; however, in the case of the NWO and MONW phenotypes, the metabolic disturbances are present despite BMI being within the normal range. On the other hand, MHO subjects with elevated BMI values do not present metabolic abnormalities. The MUO phenotype involves both a high BMI value and an abnormal metabolic profile. In this regard, attention has been focused on the variety of molecules produced by AT and their role in the development of obesity. Nesfatin-1, neuregulin 4, myonectin, irisin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) all seem to have protective effects against obesity. The primary mechanism underlying the action of nesfatin-1 involves an increase in insulin sensitivity and reduced food intake. Neuregulin 4 sup-presses lipogenesis, decreases lipid accumulation, and reduces chronic low-grade inflammation. Myonectin lowers the amount of fatty acids in the bloodstream by increasing their absorption in the liver and AT. Irisin stimulates the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and consequently in-creases energy expenditure, additionally regulating glucose metabolism. Another molecule, BDNF, has anorexigenic effects. Decorin protects against the development of hyperglycemia, but may also contribute to proinflammatory processes. Similar effects are shown in the case of visfatin and chemerin, which may predispose to obesity. Visfatin increases adipogenesis, causes cholesterol accumulation in macrophages, and contributes to the development of glucose intolerance. Chemerin induces angiogenesis, which promotes the expansion of AT. This review aims to discuss the role of adipokines and myokines in the pathogenesis of the different obesity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelczyńska
- Chair and Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland; (E.M.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Ewa Miller-Kasprzak
- Chair and Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland; (E.M.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Marcin Piątkowski
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Roksana Mazurek
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Klause
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Suchecka
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bucoń
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Chair and Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland; (E.M.-K.); (P.B.)
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Khiroya K, Sekyere E, McEwen B, Bayes J. Nutritional considerations in major depressive disorder: current evidence and functional testing for clinical practice. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37964733 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a multifaceted condition with diverse underlying causes. Several contributing and inter-related factors such as genetic, nutritional, neurological, physiological, gut-brain-axis, metabolic and psychological stress factors play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. This review aims to highlight the role that nutritional factors play in the aetiology of depression. Secondly, we discuss the biomedical and functional pathology tests which measure these factors, and the current evidence supporting their use. Lastly, we make recommendations on how practitioners can incorporate the latest evidence-based research findings into clinical practice. This review highlights that diet and nutrition greatly affect the pathophysiology of depression. Nutrients influence gene expression, with folate and vitamin B12 playing vital roles in methylation reactions and homocysteine regulation. Nutrients are also involved in the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Additionally, diet influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response and the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, both of which have been implicated in depression. A comprehensive dietary assessment, combined with appropriate evaluation of biochemistry and blood pathology, may help uncover contributing factors to depressive symptoms. By employing such an approach, a more targeted and personalised treatment strategy can be devised, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Khiroya
- Endeavour College of Natural Health, Haymarket, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric Sekyere
- Endeavour College of Natural Health, Haymarket, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley McEwen
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Bayes
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, Australia
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de Castro JM, de Freitas JS, Stein DJ, de Macedo IC, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Promotes state-dependent Effects on Neuroinflammatory and Behavioral Parameters in rats Chronically Exposed to Stress and a Hyper-Palatable Diet. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3042-3054. [PMID: 37326900 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a common condition affecting health, often associated with unhealthy eating habits. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed to address these issues. Thus, this research investigated the effects of tDCS on biometric, behavioral, and neurochemical parameters in chronically stressed rats fed a hyper-palatable cafeteria diet (CAFD). The study lasted 8 weeks, with CAFD exposure and/or chronic restraint stress model (CRS - 1 h/day, 5 days/week, for 7 weeks) started concurrently. tDCS or sham sessions were applied between days 42 and 49 (0.5 mA, 20 min/day). CAFD increased body weight, caloric consumption, adiposity, and liver weight. It also altered central parameters, reducing anxiety and cortical levels of IL-10 and BDNF. In turn, the CRS resulted in increased adrenals in rats with standard diet (SD), and anxiety-like and anhedonic behaviors in rats with CAFD. tDCS provided neurochemical shifts in CAFD-fed stressed rats increasing central levels of TNF-α and IL-10, while in stressed rats SD-fed induced a decrease in the adrenals weight, relative visceral adiposity, and serum NPY levels. These data demonstrated the anxiolytic effect of CAFD and anxiogenic effect of stress in CAFD-fed animals. In addition, tDCS promoted state-dependent effects on neuroinflammatory and behavioral parameters in rats chronically exposed to stress and a hyper-palatable diet. These findings provide primary evidence for additional mechanistic and preclinical studies of the tDCS technique for stress-related eating disorders, envisioning clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josimar Macedo de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation, Preclinical Investigations - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Nucleus of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation - HCPA, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Research and Postgraduate Group - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joice Soares de Freitas
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation, Preclinical Investigations - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirson João Stein
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation, Preclinical Investigations - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Nucleus of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation - HCPA, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Research and Postgraduate Group - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina de Macedo
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation, Preclinical Investigations - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Nucleus of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation - HCPA, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Nucleus of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation - HCPA, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation, Preclinical Investigations - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Nucleus of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation - HCPA, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Research and Postgraduate Group - HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, n. 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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The Association between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Protein Level and Body Mass Index. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 59:medicina59010099. [PMID: 36676721 PMCID: PMC9865735 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Obesity is a major health concern worldwide. Many studies emphasize the important role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in regulating appetite and body weight. We aimed to investigate the association between BDNF protein serum levels and body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 108 healthy adult participants divided into six categories depending on their body mass index (BMI). The ages of the participants ranged between 21 to 45 years. The BDNF serum level was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: A Kruskal−Wallis test showed a significant difference in BDNF between the different BMI categories, χ2(2) = 24.201, p < 0.001. Our data also showed that BDNF levels were significantly lower in people with obesity classes II and III than those of normal weight (p < 0.05). The Spearman rank correlation test was statistically significant with negative correlations between the BMI and BDNF (r) = −0.478, (p < 0.01). Moreover, we observed a negative dose-dependent relationship pattern between BMI categories and the levels of circulating BDNF protein. Conclusions: In this study, our data support the hypothesis that low serum levels of BDNF are associated with high BMI and obesity in Saudi adults.
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The brain bases of regulation of eating behaviors: the role of reward, executive control, and valuation processes, and new paths to propel the field forward. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Podyma B, Parekh K, Güler AD, Deppmann CD. Metabolic homeostasis via BDNF and its receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:488-499. [PMID: 33958275 PMCID: PMC8192464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders result from dysregulation of central nervous system and peripheral metabolic energy homeostatic pathways. To maintain normal energy balance, neural circuits must integrate feedforward and feedback signals from the internal metabolic environment to orchestrate proper food intake and energy expenditure. These signals include conserved meal and adipocyte cues such as glucose and leptin, respectively, in addition to more novel players including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In particular, BDNF's two receptors, tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), are increasingly appreciated to be involved in whole body energy homeostasis. At times, these two receptors even seem to functionally oppose one another's actions, providing the framework for a potential neurotrophin mediated energy regulatory axis, which we explore further here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Podyma
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0738, USA.
| | - Kavya Parekh
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ali D Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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