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Nheu D, Petratos S. How does Nogo-A signalling influence mitochondrial function during multiple sclerosis pathogenesis? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105767. [PMID: 38885889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe neurological disorder that involves inflammation in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve with key disabling neuropathological outcomes being axonal damage and demyelination. When degeneration of the axo-glial union occurs, a consequence of inflammatory damage to central nervous system (CNS) myelin, dystrophy and death can lead to large membranous structures from dead oligodendrocytes and degenerative myelin deposited in the extracellular milieu. For the first time, this review covers mitochondrial mechanisms that may be operative during MS-related neurodegenerative changes directly activated during accumulating extracellular deposits of myelin associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs), that include the potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, Nogo-A. Axonal damage may occur when Nogo-A binds to and signals through its cognate receptor, NgR1, a multimeric complex, to initially stall axonal transport and limit the delivery of important growth-dependent cargo and subcellular organelles such as mitochondria for metabolic efficiency at sites of axo-glial disintegration as a consequence of inflammation. Metabolic efficiency in axons fails during active demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration, preceded by stalled transport of functional mitochondria to fuel axo-glial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Nheu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia.
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2
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Fathallah S, Abdellatif A, Saadeldin MK. Unleashing nature's potential and limitations: Exploring molecular targeted pathways and safe alternatives for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (Review). MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2023; 3:42. [PMID: 37680650 PMCID: PMC10481116 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2023.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the limitations and obstacles of the available approaches and medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) that still cannot treat the disease, but only aid in accelerating the recovery from its attacks, the use of naturally occurring molecules as a potentially safe and effective treatment for MS is being explored in model organisms. MS is a devastating disease involving the brain and spinal cord, and its symptoms vary widely. Multiple molecular pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The present review showcases the recent advancements in harnessing nature's resources to combat MS. By deciphering the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, a wealth of potential therapeutic agents is uncovered that may revolutionize the treatment of MS. Thus, a new hope can be envisioned in the future, aiming at paving the way toward identifying novel safe alternatives to improve the lives of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fathallah
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdellatif
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mona Kamal Saadeldin
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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3
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Azimzadeh M, Mahmoodi M, Kazemi M, Hakemi MG, Jafarinia M, Eslami A, Salehi H, Amirpour N. The immunoregulatory and neuroprotective effects of human adipose derived stem cells overexpressing IL-11 and IL-13 in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106808. [PMID: 32693359 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelination disease in the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by incomplete endogenous remyelination in the chronic phase. A shift of the balance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines is one of the important markers in the pathogenesis of MS. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) overexpressing interleukin 11 and interleukin 13 (IL-11, 13-hADSCs) on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS.12 days after immunization of C57Bl/6 female mice with MOG35-55 and initial clinical symptoms appearance, the IL-11, 13-hADSCs were injected via the tail vein into the EAE mice. Then, the mice were sacrificed at 30 days post-immunization (DPI) and the spinal cords of experimental groups were extracted for histopathological and real-time RT-PCR studies.The results indicated that the clinical scores and mononuclear cells infiltration into the spinal cords of EAE mice were significantly reduced in mice treated with IL-11, 13-hADSCs. Likewise, the remyelination and oligodendrogenesis were significantly enhanced in the mentioned treatment group. Real-time results demonstrated that pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine genes expression was reversed in IL-11, 13-hADSCs treatment group in comparison to the untreated EAE group.Expression of IL-11 as a neurotrophic cytokine and IL-13 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine by hADSCs could increase the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of hADSCs and be a powerful candidate in stem cell therapy for future treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Science, School Of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Jafarinia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asma Eslami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School Of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Noushin Amirpour
- Department of Anatomical Science, School Of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.
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Lotfi A, Soleimani M, Ghasemi N. Astaxanthin Reduces Demyelination and Oligodendrocytes Death in A Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:565-571. [PMID: 32347051 PMCID: PMC7211289 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.6999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Astaxanthin (AST) is a carotenoid with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. It
has also been reported that AST exerts protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases and reduces oxidative
stress-induced the central nervous system (CNS) injury. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective potential of
AST in inhibiting demyelination and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of multiple sclerosis (MS).
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental
groups: control group (with normal feeding), cuprizone (CPZ group) that daily received 0.6% CPZ for 4 weeks,
sham group that daily received 0.6% CPZ plus dimethyl sulfoxid (DMSO) for 4 weeks, and AST group that daily
received 0.6% CPZ and after 12 hours were treated with AST (3 mg/kg), for 4 weeks. Muscle strength was
evaluated by the behavioral basket test at the end of every week for 4 weeks. Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining
was utilized for the identification of myelination and demyelination. Myelin density was evaluated by the ImageJ
software. The expression of A2B5 (oligodendrocyte precursor protein) and myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)
were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), MOG, and
platelet-derived growth factor-alpha (PDGFR-α) genes was examined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) technique.
Results The administration of AST reduced the oligodendrocyte damage and myelin sheath disruption in a rat model
of MS. The basket behavioral test showed the improvement of muscle strength in the AST group compared with CPZ
and sham groups. Besides, the results of real-time PCR and IHC indicated the beneficial effects of AST in declining
demyelination and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of MS.
Conclusion AST reduces damages to the myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Lotfi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mitra Soleimani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazem Ghasemi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Rajizadeh MA, Sheibani V, Bejeshk MA, Mohtashami Borzadaran F, Saghari H, Esmaeilpour K. The effects of high intensity exercise on learning and memory impairments followed by combination of sleep deprivation and demyelination induced by etidium bromide. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:1166-1178. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1640695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hasan Saghari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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An introduction to innate immunity in the central nervous system. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Toader LE, Rosu GC, Catalin B, Tudorica V, Pirici I, Taisescu O, Muresanu DF. Clinical and Histopathological Assessment on an Animal Model with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2018; 44:280-287. [PMID: 30647949 PMCID: PMC6311223 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.44.03.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) which alters over 2 million people, and involves an abnormal autoimmune response directed against the brain, nerves and spinal cord. The antigen or the autoimmune target still remains unknown, a fact for which MS is considered to be an immune mediated disease. The pathology involves mainly the white matter, but the gray matter demyelination plays an important role in its pathogenesis. In 80% of the cases with MS, the disease develops relapses. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most used model to study MS and for assessing potential treatments. In the present study we report on the histopathological characterization of an EAE model in C57BL/6 mice immunized by injection with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, MOG35-55 in complete Freud's adjuvant supplemented with pertussis toxin. On a group of 10 immunized animals and on 5 control animals, we followed the development and grading signs of motor deficiency, and after a survival of 34 days, the study aimed to evaluate the histopathological changes in the telencephalon, brainstem, cervical spinal cord, the optic nerve and retina. We utilized histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and densitometric image analysis methods to assess myelin loss [Luxol fast blue, immunohistochemistry for the presence of microglia (Iba1) and reactive astrocytes (GFAP)]. Moreover, the study includes a first analysis of the detailed histopathological changes of the optic nerve and retina on an EAE model, all of these as the background for testing drugs with potential therapeutic role in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Toader
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - G C Rosu
- Department of Research Methodology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - B Catalin
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - V Tudorica
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - I Pirici
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - O Taisescu
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - D F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" and "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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8
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The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:231-243. [PMID: 28975357 PMCID: PMC5956022 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Helminths use various immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory strategies to evade immune attack by the host. During pathological conditions, these strategies alter the course of disease by reducing immune-mediated pathology. The study examines the therapeutic effect of the nematode L4 stage based on an in vivo model of multiple sclerosis, monophasic encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by sensitization with MOG35-55 peptide in C57BL/6 female mice infected with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. The EAE remission was correlated with altered leukocyte number identified in the central nervous system (CNS), and temporary permeability of the blood-brain barrier at the histotrophic phase of infection. At 6 days post-infection, when the L4 stage had almost completely attenuated the clinical severity and pathological signs of EAE, CD25+ cell numbers expanded significantly, with parallel growth of CD8+ and CD4+, both CD25+Foxp3+ and CD25+Foxp3- subsets and alternatively activated macrophages. The phenotypic changes in distinct subsets of cerebrospinal fluid cells were correlated with an inhibited proliferative response of encephalitogenic T cells and elevated levels of nerve growth factor and TGF-β. These results enhance our understanding of mechanisms involved in the inhibition of immune responses in the CNS during nematode infection.
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9
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Monoclonal Antibodies in Preclinical EAE Models of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091992. [PMID: 28926943 PMCID: PMC5618641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are promising therapeutics in multiple sclerosis and multiple new candidates have been developed, hence increasing the need for some agreement for preclinical mAb studies. We systematically analyzed publications of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) studies showing effects of monoclonal antibodies. A PubMed search retrieved 570 records, out of which 122 studies with 253 experiments were eligible based on experimental design, number of animals and presentation of time courses of EAE scores. Analysis of EAE models, treatment schedules, single and total doses, routes of administration, and onset of treatment from pre-immunization up to 35 days after immunization revealed high heterogeneity. Total doses ranged from 0.1 to 360 mg/kg for observation times of up to 35 days after immunization. About half of experiments (142/253) used total doses of 10-70 mg/kg. Employing this range, we tested anti-Itga4 as a reference mAb at varying schedules and got no, mild or substantial EAE-score reductions, depending on the mouse strain and onset of the treatment. The result agrees with the range of outcomes achieved in 10 reported anti-Itga4 experiments. Studies comparing low and high doses of various mAbs or early vs. late onset of treatment did not reveal dose-effect or timing-effect associations, with a tendency towards better outcomes with preventive treatments starting within the first week after immunization. The systematic comparison allows for extraction of some "common" design characteristics, which may be helpful to further assess the efficacy of mAbs and role of specific targets in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis.
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10
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Milovanovic J, Popovic B, Milovanovic M, Kvestak D, Arsenijevic A, Stojanovic B, Tanaskovic I, Krmpotic A, Arsenijevic N, Jonjic S, Lukic ML. Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Induces Susceptibility to EAE in Resistant BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28289417 PMCID: PMC5326788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice are relatively resistant to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) after challenge with MOG35–55 peptide. Here, we provide the first evidence that infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in adulthood abrogates this resistance. Infected BALB/c mice developed clinical and histological signs similar to those seen in susceptible C57BL/6 mice. In addition to CD4+ cells, large proportion of cells in the infiltrate of diseased BALB/c mice was CD8+, similar with findings in multiple sclerosis. CD8+ cells that responded to ex vivo restimulation with MOG35–55 were not specific for viral epitopes pp89 and m164. MCMV infection favors proinflammatory type of dendritic cells (CD86+CD40+CD11c+) in the peripheral lymph organs, M1 type of microglia in central nervous system, and increases development of Th1/Th17 encephalitogenic cells. This study indicates that MCMV may enhance autoimmune neuropathology and abrogate inherent resistance to EAE in mouse strain by enhancing proinflammatory phenotype of antigen-presenting cells, Th1/Th17, and CD8 response to MOG35–55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Bojana Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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11
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Ito D, Kumanogoh A. The role of Sema4A in angiogenesis, immune responses, carcinogenesis, and retinal systems. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:692-699. [PMID: 27736304 PMCID: PMC5160039 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1215785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins were originally identified as axon guidance cues that regulate the functional activity of axons in the nervous system. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that semaphorins have multiple functions in physiological and pathogenic processes, including vascular development, tumor progression, and immune responses. Sema4A is a semaphorin expressed in immune cells, and is thus termed an “immune semaphorin.” Sema4A has 4 types of receptors: Plexin D family, Plexin B family, Tim-2, and Nrp-1. Recent studies suggest that Sema4A plays critical roles in many processes including cell–cell interactions, immune-cell activation, differentiation, and migration. In other studies, Sema4A is also associated with carcinogenesis and retinal systems. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the biology of Sema4A in relation to angiogenesis, immune responses, colorectal cancer, and the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Osaka , Japan
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Park YS, Gauna AE, Cha S. Mouse Models of Primary Sjogren's Syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:2350-64. [PMID: 25777752 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150316120024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by immune cell infiltration and progressive injury to the salivary and lacrimal glands. As a consequence, patients with SjS develop xerostomia (dry mouth) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes). SjS is the third most common rheumatic autoimmune disorder, affecting 4 million Americans with over 90% of patients being female. Current diagnostic criteria for SjS frequently utilize histological examinations of minor salivary glands for immune cell foci, serology for autoantibodies, and dry eye evaluation by corneal or conjunctival staining. SjS can be classified as primary or secondary SjS, depending on whether it occurs alone or in association with other systemic rheumatic conditions, respectively. Clinical manifestations typically become apparent when the disease is relatively advanced in SjS patients, which poses a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment of SjS. Therefore, SjS mouse models, because of their close resemblance to the human SjS, have been extremely valuable to identify early disease markers and to investigate underlying biological and immunological dysregulations. However, it is important to bear in mind that no single mouse model has duplicated all aspects of SjS pathogenesis and clinical features, mainly due to the multifactorial etiology of SjS that includes numerous susceptibility genes and environmental factors. As such, various mouse models have been developed in the field to try to recapitulate SjS. In this review, we focus on recent mouse models of primary SjS xerostomia and describe them under three categories of spontaneous, genetically engineered, and experimentally induced models. In addition, we discuss future perspectives highlighting pros and cons of utilizing mouse models and current demands for improved models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL32610, USA.
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Gonçalves ED, Souza PS, Lieberknecht V, Fidelis GSP, Barbosa RI, Silveira PCL, de Pinho RA, Dutra RC. Low-level laser therapy ameliorates disease progression in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2015; 49:132-42. [PMID: 26703077 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1124425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent episodes of T cell-mediated immune attack on central nervous system (CNS) myelin, leading to axon damage and progressive disability. The existing therapies for MS are only partially effective and are associated with undesirable side effects. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been clinically used to treat inflammation, and to induce tissue healing and repair processes. However, there are no reports about the effects and mechanisms of LLLT in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established model of MS. Here, we report the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of LLLT (AlGaInP, 660 nm and GaAs, 904 nm) irradiated on the spinal cord during EAE development. EAE was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG35-55 peptide emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Our results showed that LLLT consistently reduced the clinical score of EAE and delayed the disease onset, and also prevented weight loss induced by immunization. Furthermore, these beneficial effects of LLLT seem to be associated with the down-regulation of NO levels in the CNS, although the treatment with LLLT failed to inhibit lipid peroxidation and restore antioxidant defense during EAE. Finally, histological analysis showed that LLLT blocked neuroinflammation through a reduction of inflammatory cells in the CNS, especially lymphocytes, as well as preventing demyelination in the spinal cord after EAE induction. Together, our results suggest the use of LLLT as a therapeutic application during autoimmune neuroinflammatory responses, such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Gonçalves
- a Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology , Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Araranguá , SC , Brazil .,b Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma , SC , Brazil , and
| | - Priscila S Souza
- b Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma , SC , Brazil , and
| | - Vicente Lieberknecht
- a Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology , Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Araranguá , SC , Brazil
| | - Giulia S P Fidelis
- b Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma , SC , Brazil , and
| | - Rafael I Barbosa
- c Laboratory of Assessment and Rehabilitation of Locomotor System , Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Araranguá , SC , Brazil
| | - Paulo C L Silveira
- b Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma , SC , Brazil , and
| | - Ricardo A de Pinho
- b Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma , SC , Brazil , and
| | - Rafael C Dutra
- a Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology , Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Araranguá , SC , Brazil .,b Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma , SC , Brazil , and.,c Laboratory of Assessment and Rehabilitation of Locomotor System , Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Araranguá , SC , Brazil
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Chanaday NL, Roth GA. Microglia and astrocyte activation in the frontal cortex of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2015; 314:160-9. [PMID: 26679600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model for the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating and neurodegenerative pathology of the central nervous system. Both diseases share physiopathological and clinical characteristics, mainly associated with a neuroinflammatory process that leads to a set of motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms. In MS, gray matter atrophy is related to the emergence of cognitive deficits and contributes to clinical progression. In particular, injury and dysfunction in certain areas of the frontal cortex (FrCx) have been related to the development of cognitive impairments with high incidence, like central fatigue and executive dysfunction. In the present work we show the presence of region-specific microglia and astrocyte activation in the FrCx, during the first hours of acute EAE onset. It is accompanied by the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, in the absence of detectable leukocyte infiltration. These findings expand previous studies showing presynaptic neural dysfunction occurring at the FrCx and might contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the genesis and prevalence of common MS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Chanaday
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, CONICET-UNC), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - G A Roth
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, CONICET-UNC), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
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15
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Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Soleimani Rad J, Kafami L, Mohammadnejad D, Habibi Roudkenar M, Khaki AA, Aliyari Z, Mohammadi Roushandeh A. MS14 down-regulates lipocalin2 expression in spinal cord tissue in an animal model of multiple sclerosis in female C57BL/6. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 18:196-202. [PMID: 25326017 PMCID: PMC4225058 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1375.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis, which is a demyelinating and an inflammatory disease of central nervous system. Recent studies have established that some molecules such as Lipocaline2 (LCN2), which expresses during inflammatory conditions, play an important role in EAE pathogenesis and might involve in its treatment process. Recently, it has been proved that MS14, an herbal-marine drug, has anti-inflammatory properties through reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of MS14 on the course of EAE and its relation to LCN2 expression in both protein and gene levels. Methods: EAE was induced in female C57BL/6 mice using Hooke kits. Animals were scored for clinical signs of the disease according to a 10-point EAE scoring system. On 21st and 35th days after immunization, mice (n = 4/group) were deeply anesthetized, and the spinal cords were removed. Inflammatory cell infiltration and LCN2 expression in spinal cord were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immuno-histochemistry, and real-time PCR methods. Results: MS14 significantly ameliorated EAE symptoms and decreased lymphocyte infiltration into the spinal cord (P<0.05). Our data also revealed that LCN2 expression was significantly down-regulated in acute and chronic phases of EAE both at protein and gene levels after MS14 treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that MS14 regulatory effect on EAE is accompanied by LCN2 down-regulation after treatment with the herb; however, more studies are required for clarifying the other involved mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Dept. of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Dept. of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Laya Kafami
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran;
- Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran;
| | - Daryoush Mohammadnejad
- Dept. of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Amir Afshin Khaki
- Dept. of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Zeynab Aliyari
- Dept. of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Corresponding Author; Mobile: (+98-914) 3078216; Fax: (+98-811) 838 0208; E-mail:
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Different MOG35–55 concentrations induce distinguishable inflammation through early regulatory response by IL-10 and TGF-β in mice CNS despite unchanged clinical course. Cell Immunol 2015; 293:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chanaday NL, Vilcaes AA, de Paul AL, Torres AI, Degano AL, Roth GA. Glutamate Release Machinery Is Altered in the Frontal Cortex of Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1353-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Mendez-Huergo SP, Maller SM, Farez MF, Mariño K, Correale J, Rabinovich GA. Integration of lectin–glycan recognition systems and immune cell networks in CNS inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Vishwakarma SK, Bardia A, Tiwari SK, Paspala SA, Khan AA. Current concept in neural regeneration research: NSCs isolation, characterization and transplantation in various neurodegenerative diseases and stroke: A review. J Adv Res 2014; 5:277-94. [PMID: 25685495 PMCID: PMC4294738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since last few years, an impressive amount of data has been generated regarding the basic in vitro and in vivo biology of neural stem cells (NSCs) and there is much far hope for the success in cell replacement therapies for several human neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. The discovery of adult neurogenesis (the endogenous production of new neurons) in the mammalian brain more than 40 years ago has resulted in a wealth of knowledge about stem cells biology in neuroscience research. Various studies have done in search of a suitable source for NSCs which could be used in animal models to understand the basic and transplantation biology before treating to human. The difficulties in isolating pure population of NSCs limit the study of neural stem behavior and factors that regulate them. Several studies on human fetal brain and spinal cord derived NSCs in animal models have shown some interesting results for cell replacement therapies in many neurodegenerative diseases and stroke models. Also the methods and conditions used for in vitro culture of these cells provide an important base for their applicability and specificity in a definite target of the disease. Various important developments and modifications have been made in stem cells research which is needed to be more specified and enrolment in clinical studies using advanced approaches. This review explains about the current perspectives and suitable sources for NSCs isolation, characterization, in vitro proliferation and their use in cell replacement therapies for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Vishwakarma
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
- Paspala Advanced Neural (PAN) Research Foundation, Narayanguda, Hyderabad, 500 029 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Bardia
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh K. Tiwari
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Syed A.B. Paspala
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
- Paspala Advanced Neural (PAN) Research Foundation, Narayanguda, Hyderabad, 500 029 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Aleem A. Khan
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, 500 058 Andhra Pradesh, India
- Paspala Advanced Neural (PAN) Research Foundation, Narayanguda, Hyderabad, 500 029 Andhra Pradesh, India
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20
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Jin JJ, Ko IG, Kim SE, Shin MS, Kim SH, Jee YS. Swimming exercise ameliorates multiple sclerosis-induced impairment of short-term memory by suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:69-74. [PMID: 24877040 PMCID: PMC4025552 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is one of the autoimmune diseases in the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis occurs through multiple mechanisms, and it is also mediated in part by an apoptotic mechanism. Swimming exercise has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects of swimming exercise on short-term memory in relation with apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following induction of multiple sclerosis. For this study, step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 were performed. The animal model of multiple sclerosis was made by bilateral intracerebral ventricle injection of ethidium bromide. The rats in the swimming exercise groups were forced to swim for 30 min once daily for 14 consecutive days, starting 3 days after induction of multiple sclerosis. In the present results, short-term memory was deteriorated in the multiple sclerosis-induced rats. The number of TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was increased in the multiple sclerosis-induced rats. Swimming exercise alleviated multiple sclerosis-induced short-term memory impairment by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. These effects of swimming exercise may aid symptom relief in the incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Exercise Physiology & Prescription, Graduate School of Health Promotion, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mal-Soon Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School of Education, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Jee
- Department of Exercise Physiology & Prescription, Graduate School of Health Promotion, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea
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21
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Fontes LBA, Dos Santos Dias D, de Carvalho LSA, Mesquita HL, da Silva Reis L, Dias AT, Da Silva Filho AA, do Amaral Corrêa JO. Immunomodulatory effects of licochalcone A on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:886-94. [PMID: 24447171 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a murine autoimmune disease used to study multiple sclerosis. Herein, we have investigated the immunomodulatory effect of licochalcone A (LicoA) on NO, H2 O2 , tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-17 production in cultured cells from EAE mice. METHODS EAE was induced in C57Bl/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55 ). LicoA was isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata. Splenocytes were obtained from EAE mice and incubated with LicoA (4, 20 and 40 μm). Peritoneal cells were obtained from EAE mice treated with LicoA (15 and 30 mg/kg/day. p.o.). H2 O2 , NO, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 production was determined in the presence or absence of concanavalin (ConA) or MOG35-55 stimulation. KEY FINDINGS LicoA (40 μm) inhibited H2 O2 , NO, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 production in splenocytes spontaneously or after both ConA and MOG35-55 stimulation. LicoA (30 mg/kg/day) reduced clinical score and severity of EAE mice, and inhibited TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 production in peritoneal cells. CONCLUSIONS LicoA possesses immunomodulatory effects on H2 O2 , NO, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 production in cells from EAE mice. It is suggested that LicoA acts on the mechanism of development of EAE by IFN-γ, IL-17 and TNF-α inhibition, modulating the immune response on both Th1 and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Beatriz Almeida Fontes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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22
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Teixeira AL, Quevedo J. Animal models in psychiatry. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 35 Suppl 2:S73-4. [PMID: 24271227 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Teixeira
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados Transdisciplinares, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo HorizonteMG, Brazil
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23
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Soellner IA, Rabe J, Mauri V, Kaufmann J, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Differential aspects of immune cell infiltration and neurodegeneration in acute and relapse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:519-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Fischer HJ, Schweingruber N, Lühder F, Reichardt HM. The potential role of T cell migration and chemotaxis as targets of glucocorticoids in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:99-107. [PMID: 23578583 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of acute disease bouts in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. While T lymphocytes were shown to be essential targets of GC therapy, at least in animal models of MS, the mechanisms by which GCs modulate T cell function are less clear. Until now, apoptosis induction and repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in T cells have been considered the most critical mechanisms in ameliorating disease symptoms. However, this notion is being challenged by increasing evidence that the control of T cell migration and chemotaxis by GCs might be even more important for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. In this review we aim to provide an overview of how GCs impact the morphological alterations that T cells undergo during activation and migration as well as the influences that GCs have on the directed movement of T cells under the influence of chemokines. A deeper understanding of these processes should not only help to advance our understanding of how GCs exert their beneficial effects in MS therapy but may reveal future strategies to intervene in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike J Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Deshmukh VA, Tardif V, Lyssiotis CA, Green CC, Kerman B, Kim HJ, Padmanabhan K, Swoboda JG, Ahmad I, Kondo T, Gage FH, Theofilopoulos AN, Lawson BR, Schultz PG, Lairson LL. A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nature 2013; 502:327-332. [PMID: 24107995 DOI: 10.1038/nature12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progressive phases of multiple sclerosis are associated with inhibited differentiation of the progenitor cell population that generates the mature oligodendrocytes required for remyelination and disease remission. To identify selective inducers of oligodendrocyte differentiation, we performed an image-based screen for myelin basic protein (MBP) expression using primary rat optic-nerve-derived progenitor cells. Here we show that among the most effective compounds identifed was benztropine, which significantly decreases clinical severity in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis when administered alone or in combination with approved immunosuppressive treatments for multiple sclerosis. Evidence from a cuprizone-induced model of demyelination, in vitro and in vivo T-cell assays and EAE adoptive transfer experiments indicated that the observed efficacy of this drug results directly from an enhancement of remyelination rather than immune suppression. Pharmacological studies indicate that benztropine functions by a mechanism that involves direct antagonism of M1 and/or M3 muscarinic receptors. These studies should facilitate the development of effective new therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis that complement established immunosuppressive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal A Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea C Green
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bilal Kerman
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan G Swoboda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Insha Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi- 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Argyrios N Theofilopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Recks MS, Stormanns ER, Bader J, Arnhold S, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Early axonal damage and progressive myelin pathology define the kinetics of CNS histopathology in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Palumbo S, Bosetti F. Alterations of brain eicosanoid synthetic pathway in multiple sclerosis and in animal models of demyelination: role of cyclooxygenase-2. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:273-8. [PMID: 24095587 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli and, together with demyelination and immune system activation, is one of the key features of multiple sclerosis (MS). Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) enzymes leads to the production of proinflammatory eicosanoids, and stimulates cytokine production and activation of microglia and astrocytes, thereby contributing to MS pathology. Current therapies target the immune system but do not specifically target AA-related inflammatory pathway. Corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently associated with immunomodulatory therapies to treat flu-like adverse effects. Few clinical and mounting preclinical data in MS show that AA metabolism contributes to immune system activation, demyelination and motor disabilities, and administration of NSAIDs reduces these symptoms. The beneficial effect of NSAIDs seems to be a prerogative of COX-2 selective inhibitors and suggests that NSAIDs selective for COX-2 may be more effective than mixed COX-1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palumbo
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Elevated expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications in multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:480702. [PMID: 24175290 PMCID: PMC3794538 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) disease resulting from a targeted autoimmune-mediated attack on myelin proteins in the CNS. The release of Th1 inflammatory mediators in the CNS activates macrophages, antibodies, and microglia resulting in myelin damage and the induction of neuropathic pain (NPP). Molecular signaling through fractalkine (CX3CL1), a nociceptive chemokine, via its receptor (CX3CR1) is thought to be associated with MS-induced NPP. An experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS was utilized to assess time dependent gene and protein expression changes of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. Results revealed significant increases in mRNA and the protein expression of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord (SC) 12 days after EAE induction compared to controls. This increased expression correlated with behavioural thermal sensory abnormalities consistent with NPP. Furthermore, this increased expression correlated with the peak neurological disability caused by EAE induction. This is the first study to identify CX3CL1 signaling through CX3CR1 via the DRG/SC anatomical connection that represents a critical pathway involved in NPP induction in an EAE model of MS.
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29
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Das Sarma J. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is an amplifier of virus-induced neuropathology. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:122-36. [PMID: 23979705 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the major resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are considered as the key cellular mediators of neuroinflammatory processes. In the past few years, microglial research has become a main focus in cellular neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation. Chronic/remitting neurological disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered an inflammatory autoimmune disease with the infiltration of peripheral myelin-specific T cells into the CNS. With the rapid advancement in the field of microglia and astrocytic neurobiology, the term neuroinflammation progressively started to denote chronic CNS cell-specific inflammation in MS. The direct glial responses in MS are different from conventional peripheral immune responses. This review attempts to summarize current findings of neuroinflammatory responses within the CNS by direct infection of neural cells by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and the mechanisms by which glial cell responses ultimately contribute to the neuropathology on demyelination. Microglia can be persistently infected by MHV. Microglial activation and phagocytosis are recognized to be critically important in the pathogenesis of demyelination. Emerging evidence for the pathogenic role of microglia and the activation of inflammatory pathways in these cells in MHV infection supports the concept that microglia induced neuroinflammation is an amplifier of virus-induced neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India,
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30
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Yousefi F, Ebtekar M, Soleimani M, Soudi S, Hashemi SM. Comparison of in vivo immunomodulatory effects of intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of adipose-tissue mesenchymal stem cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:608-16. [PMID: 23973288 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory competence, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered as a suitable candidate for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Earlier studies have shown that treatment with bone marrow-derived MSCs may modulate immune responses and reduce disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Here we compare the immune regulatory properties of adipose tissue MSCs (AT-MSCs) in two independent routes of injection; namely intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intravenous (i.v.). We investigated the splenic CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cell population known as regulatory T cells, by flow cytometry and their brain cell infiltration by hematoxylin-eosin staining in both i.p. and i.v. routes of AT-MSC administration. We also evaluated the inflammatory cytokine profile including IFN-γ and IL-17 and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 by ELISA technique in both routes of cell administration. We show that the i.p. route has a more pronounced effect in maintaining the splenic CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cell population and increase of IL-4 secretion. We also showed that i.p. injection of cells resulted in lower IFN-γ secretion and reduced cell infiltration in brain more effectively as compared to the i.v. route. The effects of AT-MSCs on down-regulation of splenocyte proliferation, IL-17 secretion and alleviating the severity of clinical scores were similar in i.p. and i.v. routes. Our data show that, due to their immunomodulative and neuroprotective effects, AT-MSCs may be a proper candidate for stem cell based MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Neuropathic pain in animal models of nervous system autoimmune diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:298326. [PMID: 23737643 PMCID: PMC3662183 DOI: 10.1155/2013/298326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a frequent chronic presentation in autoimmune diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), causing significant individual disablement and suffering. Animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) mimic many aspects of MS and GBS, respectively, and are well suited to study the pathophysiology of these autoimmune diseases. However, while much attention has been devoted to curative options, research into neuropathic pain mechanisms and relief has been somewhat lacking. Recent studies have demonstrated a variety of sensory abnormalities in different EAE and EAN models, which enable investigations of behavioural changes, underlying mechanisms, and potential pharmacotherapies for neuropathic pain associated with these diseases. This review examines the symptoms, mechanisms, and clinical therapeutic options in these conditions and highlights the value of EAE and EAN animal models for the study of neuropathic pain in MS and GBS.
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Mähler A, Mandel S, Lorenz M, Ruegg U, Wanker EE, Boschmann M, Paul F. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a useful, effective and safe clinical approach for targeted prevention and individualised treatment of neurological diseases? EPMA J 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23418936 PMCID: PMC3585739 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders show an increasing prevalence in a number of highly developed countries. Often, these diseases require life-long treatment mostly with drugs which are costly and mostly accompanied by more or less serious side-effects. Their heterogeneous manifestation, severity and outcome pose the need for individualised treatment options. There is an intensive search for new strategies not only for treating but also for preventing these diseases. Green tea and green tea extracts seem to be such a promising and safe alternative. However, data regarding the beneficial effects and possible underlying mechanism, specifically in clinical trials, are rare and rather controversial or non-conclusive. This review outlines the existing evidence from preclinical studies (cell and tissue cultures and animal models) and clinical trials regarding preventive and therapeutic effects of epigallcatechin-3-gallate in neurodegenerative diseases and considers antioxidative vs. pro-oxidative properties of the tea catechin important for dosage recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mähler
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité University Medicine Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, D-13125, Germany.
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Farias AS, Martins-de-Souza D, Guimarães L, Pradella F, Moraes AS, Facchini G, Novello JC, Santos LMB. Proteome analysis of spinal cord during the clinical course of monophasic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proteomics 2013; 12:2656-62. [PMID: 22740327 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats results in a period of exacerbation followed by complete recovery. Therefore, this model is widely used for studying the evolution of multiple sclerosis. In the present investigation, differentially expressed proteins in the spinal cord of Lewis rats during the evolution of EAE were assessed using the combination of 2DE and MALDI-TOF MS. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins were identified during the acute phase of EAE, in relation to naïve control animals. On the other hand, recovered rats presented a similar protein expression pattern in comparison with the naïve ones. This observation can be explained, at least in part, by the intense catabolism existent in acute phase due to nervous tissue damage. In recovered rats, we have described the upregulation of proteins that are apparently involved in the recovery of damaged tissue, such as light and medium neurofilaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tubulins subunits, and quaking protein. These proteins are involved mainly in cell growth, myelination, and remyelination as well as in astrocyte and oligodendrocyte maturation. The present study has demonstrated that the inflammatory response, characterized by an increase of the proliferative response and infiltration of autoreactive T lymphocytes in the central nervous system, occurs simultaneously with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro S Farias
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Creeke PI, Farrell RA. Clinical testing for neutralizing antibodies to interferon-β in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2013; 6:3-17. [PMID: 23277789 PMCID: PMC3526949 DOI: 10.1177/1756285612469264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are drugs which are based on naturally occurring proteins (antibodies, receptors, cytokines, enzymes, toxins), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) or attenuated microorganisms. Immunogenicity of these agents has been commonly described and refers to a specific antidrug antibody response. Such immunogenicity represents a major factor impairing the efficacy of biopharmaceuticals due to biopharmaceutical neutralization. Indeed, clinical experience has shown that induction of antidrug antibodies is associated with a loss of response to biopharmaceuticals and also with hypersensitivity reactions. The first disease-specific agent licensed to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) was interferon-β (IFNβ). In its various preparations, it remains the most commonly used first-line agent. The occurrence of antidrug antibodies has been extensively researched in MS, particularly in relation to IFNβ. However, much controversy remains regarding the significance of these antibodies and incorporation of testing into clinical practice. Between 2% and 45% of people treated with IFNβ will develop neutralizing antibodies, and this is dependent on the specific drug and dosing regimen. The aim of this review is to discuss the use of IFNβ in MS, the biological and clinical relevance of anti-IFNβ antibodies (binding and neutralizing antibodies), the incorporation of testing in clinical practice and ongoing research in the field.
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Shriver LP, Plummer EM, Thomas DM, Ho S, Manchester M. Localization of gadolinium-loaded CPMV to sites of inflammation during central nervous system autoimmunity. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5256-5263. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhu W, Frost EE, Begum F, Vora P, Au K, Gong Y, MacNeil B, Pillai P, Namaka M. The role of dorsal root ganglia activation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in multiple sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1856-65. [PMID: 22050733 PMCID: PMC3822697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by focal destruction of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. The exact mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the disease are unknown. Many studies have shown that MS is predominantly an autoimmune disease with an inflammatory phase followed by a demyelinating phase. Recent studies alongside current treatment strategies, including glatiramer acetate, have revealed a potential role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in MS. However, the exact role of BDNF is not fully understood. We used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS in adolescent female Lewis rats to identify the role of BDNF in disease progression. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords were harvested for protein and gene expression analysis every 3 days post-disease induction (pdi) up to 15 days. We show significant increases in BDNF protein and gene expression in the DRG of EAE animals at 12 dpi, which correlates with peak neurological disability. BDNF protein expression in the spinal cord was significantly increased at 12 dpi, and maintained at 15 dpi. However, there was no significant change in mRNA levels. We show evidence for the anterograde transport of BDNF protein from the DRG to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord via the dorsal roots. Increased levels of BDNF within the DRG and spinal cord in EAE may facilitate myelin repair and neuroprotection in the CNS. The anterograde transport of DRG-derived BDNF to the spinal cord may have potential implications in facilitating central myelin repair and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Methadone diminishes neuroinflammation and disease severity in EAE through modulating T cell function. J Neuroimmunol 2012. [PMID: 23177720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methadone is known to exert modulatory effects on the immune system. We investigated the potential effects of methadone on infiltration of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord, as well as the proliferative and cytokine responses of T cells in MOG(35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Methadone significantly suppressed clinical signs of the disease and level of inflammatory cytokines (p<0.05) produced by T cells. Moreover, invasion of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord was significantly decreased by methadone (p<0.05). Our data point to therapeutic effects of methadone and highlight the beneficial role of opioid receptor signaling in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Kim KY, Yang WJ, Shin TK, Jeong HJ, Kim HM. Impact of acupuncture by using life-energy (qi) oriental needle on the paralysis of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:769-78. [PMID: 22809030 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In acupuncture, adaptation to energy flows in body cycles is the key to health and therapy. From the evolution of our thinking about acupuncture, we developed the Life-Energy (Qi) oriental needle (Qi needle). It contains a rotating electromagnetic wave and has a strong affinity for the meridians. We report for the first time on the effect of acupuncture by using a Qi needle (Qi acupuncture) on rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of human demyelinating multiple sclerosis. Both Qi acupuncture (QA) and general acupuncture (GA) were used on the limbs, at the shaoshang (LU11) and zhongchong (PC9) acupoints, of rats from one day post-immunization (dpi) to 12 dpi. The therapy in the QA groups significantly blocked the onset of EAE paralysis (3/13, 77%, p < 0.05) while all rats in the control EAE groups (12/15) and GA groups (11/13) showed EAE paralysis. In addition, the duration of paralysis was shortened in QA groups (1.5 ± 0.5 days) compared with those of the vehicle (5.5 ± 0.2 days) and GA groups (3.6 ± 1.1 days). The numbers of inflammatory cells and CD4(+) T cells in the QA treated EAE group were significantly reduced compared with those of the EAE control and EAE with GA (p < 0.05). Collectively, the present findings suggest that QA ameliorates the paralysis in rats in an EAE model. The precise mechanism of the amelioration and human studies, however, needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Yeob Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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D’Agostino PM, Gottfried-Blackmore A, Anandasabapathy N, Bulloch K. Brain dendritic cells: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:599-614. [PMID: 22825593 PMCID: PMC3700359 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. In their quiescent and mature form, the presentation of self-antigens by DC leads to tolerance; whereas, antigen presentation by mature DC, after stimulation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leads to the onset of antigen-specific immunity. DC have been found in many of the major organs in mammals (e.g. skin, heart, lungs, intestines and spleen); while the brain has long been considered devoid of DC in the absence of neuroinflammation. Consequently, microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, have been charged with many functional attributes commonly ascribed to DC. Recent evidence has challenged the notion that DC are either absent or minimal players in brain immune surveillance. This review will discuss the recent literature examining DC involvement within both the young and aged steady-state brain. We will also examine DC contributions during various forms of neuroinflammation resulting from neurodegenerative autoimmune disease, injury, and CNS infections. This review also touches upon DC trafficking between the central nervous system and peripheral immune compartments during viral infections, the new molecular technologies that could be employed to enhance our current understanding of brain DC ontogeny, and some potential therapeutic uses of DC within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. D’Agostino
- The Laboratories of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- The Laboratories of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Karen Bulloch
- The Laboratories of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. The Laboratories of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. The Laboratories of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. Neuroimmunology and Inflammation Program, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 165, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Rieder F, Kessler S, Sans M, Fiocchi C. Animal models of intestinal fibrosis: new tools for the understanding of pathogenesis and therapy of human disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G786-801. [PMID: 22878121 PMCID: PMC4073977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00059.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a serious condition complicating chronic inflammatory processes affecting the intestinal tract. Advances in this field that rely on human studies have been slow and seriously restricted by practical and logistic reasons. As a consequence, well-characterized animal models of intestinal fibrosis have emerged as logical and essential systems to better define and understand the pathophysiology of fibrosis. In point of fact, animal models allow the execution of mechanistic studies as well as the implementation of clinical trials with novel, pathophysiology-based therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of the currently available animal models of intestinal fibrosis, taking into consideration the methods of induction, key characteristics of each model, and underlying mechanisms. Currently available models will be classified into seven categories: spontaneous, gene-targeted, chemical-, immune-, bacteria-, and radiation-induced as well as postoperative fibrosis. Each model will be discussed in regard to its potential to create research opportunities to gain insights into the mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis and stricture formation and assist in the development of effective and specific antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- 1Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ,2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Sean Kessler
- 1Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio;
| | - Miquel Sans
- 3Service of Gastroenterology, Centro Medico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- 1Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ,2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
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Gammaherpesvirus latency accentuates EAE pathogenesis: relevance to Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002715. [PMID: 22615572 PMCID: PMC3355105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been identified as a putative environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet EBV's role in MS remains elusive. We utilized murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV-68), the murine homolog to EBV, to examine how infection by a virus like EBV could enhance CNS autoimmunity. Mice latently infected with γHV-68 developed more severe EAE including heightened paralysis and mortality. Similar to MS, γHV-68EAE mice developed lesions composed of CD4 and CD8 T cells, macrophages and loss of myelin in the brain and spinal cord. Further, T cells from the CNS of γHV-68 EAE mice were primarily Th1, producing heightened levels of IFN-γ and T-bet accompanied by IL-17 suppression, whereas a Th17 response was observed in uninfected EAE mice. Clearly, γHV-68 latency polarizes the adaptive immune response, directs a heightened CNS pathology following EAE induction reminiscent of human MS and portrays a novel mechanism by which EBV likely influences MS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Ransohoff RM, Brown MA. Innate immunity in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1164-71. [PMID: 22466658 DOI: 10.1172/jci58644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in the CNS are common, despite its perception as a site of immune privilege. These responses can be mediated by resident microglia and astrocytes, which are innate immune cells without direct counterparts in the periphery. Furthermore, CNS immune reactions often take place in virtual isolation from the innate/adaptive immune interplay that characterizes peripheral immunity. However, microglia and astrocytes also engage in significant cross-talk with CNS-infiltrating T cells and other components of the innate immune system. Here we review the cellular and molecular basis of innate immunity in the CNS and discuss what is known about how outcomes of these interactions can lead to resolution of infection, neurodegeneration, or neural repair depending on the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Gupta AA, Ding D, Lee RK, Levy RB, Bhattacharya SK. Spontaneous ocular and neurologic deficits in transgenic mouse models of multiple sclerosis and noninvasive investigative modalities: a review. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:712-24. [PMID: 22331505 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, predominantly involving myelinated neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. Optic neuritis is frequently associated with MS and often precedes other neurologic deficits associated with MS. A large number of patients experience visual defects and have abnormalities concomitant with neurologic abnormalities. Transgenic mice manifesting spontaneous neurologic and ocular disease are unique models that have revolutionized the study of MS. Spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (sEAE) presents with spontaneous onset of demyelination, without the need of an injectable immunogen. This review highlights the various models of sEAE, their disease characteristics, and applicability for future research. The study of optic neuropathy and neurologic manifestations of demyelination in sEAE will expand our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MS. Early and precise diagnosis of MS with different noninvasive methods has opened new avenues in managing symptoms, reducing morbidity, and limiting disease burden. This review discusses the spectrum of available noninvasive techniques, such as electrophysiological and behavioral assessment, optical coherence tomography, scanning laser polarimetry, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, pupillometry, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, gait, and cardiovascular monitoring, and their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana A Gupta
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Chanaday NL, de Bem AF, Roth GA. Effect of diphenyl diselenide on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Delaleu N, Nguyen CQ, Peck AB, Jonsson R. Sjögren's syndrome: studying the disease in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:217. [PMID: 21672284 PMCID: PMC3218871 DOI: 10.1186/ar3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS), a systemic autoimmune disease, is characterized by inflammation of exocrine tissues accompanied by a significant loss of their secretory function. Clinical symptoms develop late and there are no diagnostic tests enabling early diagnosis of SS. Thus, particularly to study these covert stages, researchers turn to studying animal models where mice provide great freedom for genetic manipulation and testing the effect of experimental intervention. The present review summarizes current literature pertaining to both spontaneous and extrinsic-factor induced SS-like diseases in mouse models, discussing advantages and disadvantages related to the use of murine models in SS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delaleu
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, New Laboratory Building, 5th floor, #5305, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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46
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Ding D, Chou TH, Wang J, Padgett KR, Porciatti V, Bhattacharya SK. Evaluation of a transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis with noninvasive methods. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2405-11. [PMID: 21228378 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the ND4 transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis using noninvasive methods. METHODS Assessment of neurologic/behavioral abnormalities was made using pattern electroretinogram (PERG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optic coherence tomography (OCT), and end point histologic analysis. RESULTS Electrophysiologic (PERG) recordings demonstrated functional deficits in vision commensurate with neurologic/behavioral abnormalities. In ND4 mice, the authors found PERG abnormalities preceded neurologic/gait abnormalities. MRI demonstrated subtle structural changes that progressed over time in correlation with behavioral abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS The ND4 mouse model has been evaluated using well-defined parameters of noninvasive methods (PERG, MRI, and OCT), enabling objective identification of functional and structural deficits and their correlation with neurologic/gait abnormality.
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Kuerten S, Gruppe TL, Laurentius LM, Kirch C, Tary-Lehmann M, Lehmann PV, Addicks K. Differential patterns of spinal cord pathology induced by MP4, MOG peptide 35-55, and PLP peptide 178-191 in C57BL/6 mice. APMIS 2011; 119:336-46. [PMID: 21569091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the MBP-PLP fusion protein MP4, MOG peptide 35-55, or PLP peptide 178-191 in C57BL/6 mice, respectively, displays distinct features of CNS pathology. Major differences between the three models resided in (i) the region-/tract-specificity and disseminated nature of spinal cord degeneration, (ii) the extent and kinetics of demyelination, and (iii) the involvement of motoneurons in the disease. In contrast, axonal damage was present in all models and to a similar extent, proposing this feature as a possible morphological correlate for the comparable chronic clinical course of the disease induced by the three antigens. The data suggest that the antigen targeted in autoimmune encephalomyelitis is crucial to the induction of differential histopathological disease manifestations. The use of MP4-, MOG:35-55-, and PLP:178-191-induced EAE on the C57BL/6 background can be a valuable tool when it comes to reproducing and studying the structural-morphological diversity of multiple sclerosis.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION MS is a heterogeneous disorder that requires the development of better diagnostics to identify disease subtypes enabling appropriate therapeutic intervention at an early stage of the disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS by reducing the apoptotic elimination of autoreactive immune cells. AREAS COVERED The authors describe improved animal modeling strategies to identify compounds that have immunomodulatory, neurorestorative and neuroprotective properties. In addition, the authors propose new approaches to better model cognitive dysfunction in MS, which will aid the development of novel therapeutics for this complex disorder. The paper provides the reader with an appreciation for the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of apoptosis-related proteins for MS. EXPERT OPINION Recent evidence suggests that increased resistance of autoreactive immune cells to apoptotic elimination is a contributing factor to both disease susceptibility and progression in MS. This occurs, at least in part, because of elevated levels of the IAP family of anti-apoptotic genes that display distinct expression profiles associated with different subtypes of MS. The authors believe that the detection and targeting of members of the IAP family can provide better drugs for MS. Particularly, the authors feel that the overexpression of IAPs in animal models can provide novel insights into MS for both its pathogenesis and the discovery of new lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Warford
- Dalhousie University , Department of Pharmacology , Halifax, NS B3H 1X5 , Canada
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Okuno T, Nakatsuji Y, Kumanogoh A. The role of immune semaphorins in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3829-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Farrell RA, Giovannoni G. Current and future role of interferon beta in the therapy of multiple sclerosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 30:715-26. [PMID: 20874249 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon beta was the first specific disease-modifying therapy licensed for multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its many forms remains the most commonly prescribed agent worldwide. It, however, has a modest effect in reducing relapse rates, magnetic resonance imaging activity, and disability, and many patients are unable to tolerate it because of the associated side effects or mode of administration. With the licensing of glatiramer acetate, natalizumab and mitoxantrone as disease-modifying therapies for MS alternative options are available to people with MS. Many exciting new therapies are also in the pipeline, namely, the monoclonal antibodies alemtuzumab, rituximab, and daclizumab and the promising oral agents BG00012, cladribine, fingolimod, laquinimod, and teriflunomide. In this article we review the immunopathology of MS and the proposed mechanisms of action of currently available and anticipated treatments. We also review the efficacy of each drug, use of combination therapy strategies, and the potential role of the interferon beta preparations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Farrell
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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