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Kaštelan S, Nikuševa-Martić T, Pašalić D, Antunica AG, Zimak DM. Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers Linking Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7271. [PMID: 39000382 PMCID: PMC11242094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a prominent neurodegenerative disorder (NDD), accounting for the majority of dementia cases worldwide. In addition to memory deficits, individuals with AD also experience alterations in the visual system. As the retina is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS), the loss in retinal ganglion cells manifests clinically as decreased visual acuity, narrowed visual field, and reduced contrast sensitivity. Among the extensively studied retinal disorders, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) shares numerous aging processes and risk factors with NDDs such as cognitive impairment that occurs in AD. Histopathological investigations have revealed similarities in pathological deposits found in the retina and brain of patients with AD and AMD. Cellular aging processes demonstrate similar associations with organelles and signaling pathways in retinal and brain tissues. Despite these similarities, there are distinct genetic backgrounds underlying these diseases. This review comprehensively explores the genetic similarities and differences between AMD and AD. The purpose of this review is to discuss the parallels and differences between AMD and AD in terms of pathophysiology, genetics, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Kaštelan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Nikuševa-Martić
- Department of Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Daria Pašalić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Espargaró A, Álvarez-Berbel I, Busquets MA, Sabate R. In Vivo Assays for Amyloid-Related Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:433-458. [PMID: 38598824 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-023326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are devastating conditions caused by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates known as amyloid fibrils. While assays involving animal models are essential for understanding the pathogenesis and developing therapies, a wide array of standard analytical techniques exists to enhance our understanding of these disorders. These techniques provide valuable information on the formation and propagation of amyloid fibrils, as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of candidate drugs. Despite ethical concerns surrounding animal use, animal models remain vital tools in the search for treatments. Regardless of the specific animal model chosen, the analytical methods used are usually standardized. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to categorize and outline the primary analytical methods used in in vivo assays for amyloid-related diseases, highlighting their critical role in furthering our understanding of these disorders and developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Espargaró
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
- 2Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Álvarez-Berbel
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
- 2Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabate
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
- 2Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Jabbehdari S, Oganov AC, Rezagholi F, Mohammadi S, Harandi H, Yazdanpanah G, Arevalo JF. Age-related macular degeneration and neurodegenerative disorders: Shared pathways in complex interactions. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:303-310. [PMID: 38000700 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease are debilitating conditions that affect millions worldwide. Despite the different clinical manifestations of these diseases, growing evidence suggests that they share common pathways in their pathogenesis including inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy. In this review, we explore the complex interactions between AMD and neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on their shared mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. We also discuss the current opportunities and challenges for developing effective treatments that can target these pathways to prevent or slow down disease progression in AMD. Some of the promising strategies that we explore include modulating the immune response, reducing oxidative stress, enhancing autophagy and lysosomal function, and targeting specific protein aggregates or pathways. Ultimately, a better understanding of the shared pathways between AMD and neurodegenerative disorders may pave the way for novel and more efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayena Jabbehdari
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Anthony C Oganov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Fateme Rezagholi
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Soheil Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Harandi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Fernando Arevalo
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kelly L, Brown C, Michalik D, Hawkes CA, Aldea R, Agarwal N, Salib R, Alzetani A, Ethell DW, Counts SE, de Leon M, Fossati S, Koronyo‐Hamaoui M, Piazza F, Rich SA, Wolters FJ, Snyder H, Ismail O, Elahi F, Proulx ST, Verma A, Wunderlich H, Haack M, Dodart JC, Mazer N, Carare RO. Clearance of interstitial fluid (ISF) and CSF (CLIC) group-part of Vascular Professional Interest Area (PIA), updates in 2022-2023. Cerebrovascular disease and the failure of elimination of Amyloid-β from the brain and retina with age and Alzheimer's disease: Opportunities for therapy. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:1421-1435. [PMID: 37897797 PMCID: PMC10917045 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
This editorial summarizes advances from the Clearance of Interstitial Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CLIC) group, within the Vascular Professional Interest Area (PIA) of the Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (ISTAART). The overarching objectives of the CLIC group are to: (1) understand the age-related physiology changes that underlie impaired clearance of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (CLIC); (2) understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD) in the brain; (3) establish novel diagnostic tests for Alzheimer's disease (AD), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), retinal amyloid vasculopathy, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) of spontaneous and iatrogenic CAA-related inflammation (CAA-ri), and vasomotion; and (4) establish novel therapies that facilitate IPAD to eliminate amyloid β (Aβ) from the aging brain and retina, to prevent or reduce AD and CAA pathology and ARIA side events associated with AD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kelly
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonHampshireUK
| | | | - Daniel Michalik
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonHampshireUK
| | | | - Roxana Aldea
- Roche Pharma Research & Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Nivedita Agarwal
- Neuroradiology sectionScientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio MedeaBosisio Parini, LCItaly
| | - Rami Salib
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonHampshireUK
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonHampshireUK
| | | | - Scott E. Counts
- Dept. Translational NeuroscienceDept. Family MedicineMichigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Mony de Leon
- Brain Health Imaging InstituteDepartment of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Maya Koronyo‐Hamaoui
- Departments of NeurosurgeryNeurology, and Biomedical SciencesMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Heather Snyder
- Alzheimer's AssociationMedical & Scientific RelationsChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ozama Ismail
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Fanny Elahi
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Ajay Verma
- Formation Venture Engineering FoundryTopsfieldMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Roxana O. Carare
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonHampshireUK
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Sutton SS, Magagnoli J, Cummings TH, Hardin JW, Ambati J. Alzheimer Disease Treatment With Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024; 142:108-114. [PMID: 38175625 PMCID: PMC10767642 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Importance Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a serious and common ophthalmologic disorder that is hypothesized to result, in part, from inflammatory reactions in the macula. Alzheimer disease (AD) treatment, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), have anti-inflammatory effects and it remains unclear if they modify the risk of AMD. Objective To investigate the association between AChEI medications and the incidence of AMD. Design, Setting, and Participants This propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study took place at health care facilities within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system from January 2000 through September 2023. Participants included patients diagnosed with AD between ages 55 and 80 years with no preexisting diagnosis of AMD in the VA database. Exposure AChEIs prescription dispensed as pharmacologic treatments for AD. Main Outcomes and Measure The first diagnosis of AMD. Results A total of 21 823 veterans with AD (mean [SD] age, 72.3 [6.1] years; 21 313 male participants [97.7%] and 510 female participants [2.3%]) were included. Propensity score-matched Cox model reveals each additional year of AChEI treatment was associated with a 6% lower hazard of AMD (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, (0.89-0.99). Conclusions and Relevance This observational study reports a small reduction in the risk of AMD among veterans with AD receiving AChEIs. Randomized clinical trials would be needed to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship and further research is required to validate these findings across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Scott Sutton
- Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Joseph Magagnoli
- Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Tammy H. Cummings
- Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - James W. Hardin
- Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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Donato L, Mordà D, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, D’Angelo R, Sidoti A. Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer-Perusini's Disease and Retinal Dystrophies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3258. [PMID: 38137479 PMCID: PMC10741418 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of Alzheimer-Perusini's disease (AD), individuals often experience vision-related issues such as color vision impairment, reduced contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity problems. As the disease progresses, there is a connection with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leading to retinal cell death. The retina's involvement suggests a link with the hippocampus, where most AD forms start. A thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is seen as a potential AD diagnostic marker using electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Amyloid beta fragments (Aβ), found in the eye's vitreous and aqueous humor, are also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and accumulate in the retina. Aβ is known to cause tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to its buildup in various retinal layers. However, diseases like AD are now seen as mixed proteinopathies, with deposits of the prion protein (PrP) and α-synuclein found in affected brains and retinas. Glial cells, especially microglial cells, play a crucial role in these diseases, maintaining immunoproteostasis. Studies have shown similarities between retinal and brain microglia in terms of transcription factor expression and morphotypes. All these findings constitute a good start to achieving better comprehension of neurodegeneration in both the eye and the brain. New insights will be able to bring the scientific community closer to specific disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
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Bai J, Wan Z, Wang M, Wu X, Wang T, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Xu H, Peng Q. Association of cognitive function with Neurofilament light chain in the aqueous humor of human eye. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1027705. [PMID: 36408096 PMCID: PMC9671656 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1027705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the predictive clinical role of neurofilament light chain (NfL), amyloid-β (Aβ), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 (p-tau181) proteins in human aqueous humor (AH) and quantify the retinal macular microvascular parameters by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) as early diagnostic markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This prospective, single-site, cross-sectional, cohort study enrolled 55 participants, including 38 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and 17 individuals with senile cataracts. The single-molecule array platform was used to quantitatively measure the levels of AH NfL, Aβ40, Aβ42, GFAP, and p-tau181 proteins in AH. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score was used to assess the global cognitive function. OCTA scan with 6 × 6 mm macular area was used to quantify the retinal thickness and microvascular densities of superficial retinal capillary plexuses and deep retinal capillary plexuses. RESULTS NfL, Aβ40, Aβ42, GFAP, and p-tau181 were detected in all AH samples by Simoa platform. Individuals with cataract had higher concentrations of NfL and p-tau181 but lower Aβ40 and Aβ42 and similar GFAP compared to those with nAMD. Lower MMSE scores showed a negative correlation with NfL concentration of AH not only in the nAMD group (p = 0.043), but also in the cataract group (p = 0.032). However, the MMSE scores were not associated with the levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, GFAP, or p-Tau181. Further analysis found that the Aβ40 and Aβ42 concentrations showed a strong positive correlation (p < 0.0001). In addition, the NfL concentration showed a mild positive correlation with that of GFAP in the cataract group (p = 0.021). Although it has not reached statistical significance, there was a correlation between the levels of NfL and Aβ42 in the nAMD group (p = 0.051). Moreover, the macular superficial vessel density values had a negative correlation with the concentration of NfL (p = 0.004) but a positive correlation with MMSE scores (p = 0.045). The macular deep vessel density values were negatively correlated with the concentration of p-tau181 (p = 0.031) and positively correlated with MMSE scores (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION The examination of AD-related biomarkers in human AH and OCTA may improve the ocular-based AD detection methods and contribute to forestalling the progression of preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqi Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hu S, Yan G, Zhang L, Yi S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chen D. Highly Selective Colorimetric Detection of Cu 2+ Using EDTA-Complexed Chlorophyll-Copper/ZnO Nanorods with Cavities Specific to Cu 2+ as a Light-Activated Nanozyme. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37716-37726. [PMID: 35971946 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, chlorophyll-copper (ChlCu)-modified ZnO nanorods (ChlCu/ZnO) were prepared, and then sodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) was used to remove part of Cu2+ in ChlCu, leaving cavities with specific adsorption activity for Cu2+ in E-ChlCu/ZnO. Appropriate EDTA treatment improved the photoactivity of ChlCu/ZnO and the adsorption selectivity to Cu2+. However, excessive EDTA treatment might lead to the collapse of the ChlCu structure, resulting in a decrease in photoactivity. The E-ChlCu/ZnO sample with 8 h of ChlCu treatment and 2 h of EDTA treatment showed optimal photoactivity. The as-prepared E-ChlCu/ZnO exhibited activity as a light-activated nanozyme, which could oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue under illumination, but when Cu2+ was present in the solution, this colorimetric reaction was inhibited; therefore, E-ChlCu/ZnO could be used for colorimetric detection of Cu2+. Because of the existence of specific cavities, E-ChlCu/ZnO showed excellent detection selectivity, a wide linear detection range (0-1 and 1-15 μM), and a low detection limit (0.024 μM) in the colorimetric detection of Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guohao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shasha Yi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zongtao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Deliang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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Zhang M, Gong X, Ma W, Wen L, Wang Y, Yao H. A Study on the Correlation Between Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Alzheimer's Disease Based on the Application of Artificial Neural Network. Front Public Health 2022; 10:925147. [PMID: 35844883 PMCID: PMC9280183 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.925147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a kind of irreversible vision loss or disease caused by retinal pigment epithelial cells and neuroretinal degeneration, which has become the main cause of vision loss and blindness of the elderly over 65 years old in developed countries. The main clinical manifestations are cognitive decline, mental symptoms and behavioral disorders, and the gradual decline of daily living ability. In this paper, a feature extraction method of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal based on multi-spectral image fusion of multi-brain regions is proposed based on artificial neural network (ANN). In this method, the brain is divided into several different brain regions, and the EEG signals of different brain regions are transformed into several multispectral images by combining with the multispectral image transformation method. Using Alzheimer's disease (AD) classification algorithm, the depth residual network model pre-trained in ImageNet was transferred to sMRI data set for fine adjustment, instead of training a brand-new model from scratch. The results show that the proposed method solves the problem of few available medical image samples and shortens the training time of ANN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Histology and Embryology Section, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xuewu Gong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wenhui Ma
- Computer Experimental Teaching Center, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Libo Wen
- Physiology Section, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yuejing Wang
- Histology and Embryology Section, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hongbo Yao
- Histology and Embryology Section, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbo Yao
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Li TR, Yang Q, Hu X, Han Y. Biomarkers and Tools for Predicting Alzheimer's Disease in the Preclinical Stage. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:713-737. [PMID: 34030620 PMCID: PMC9878962 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the only leading cause of death for which no disease-modifying therapy is currently available. Over the past decade, a string of disappointing clinical trial results has forced us to shift our focus to the preclinical stage of AD, which represents the most promising therapeutic window. However, the accurate diagnosis of preclinical AD requires the presence of brain β- amyloid deposition determined by cerebrospinal fluid or amyloid-positron emission tomography, significantly limiting routine screening and diagnosis in non-tertiary hospital settings. Thus, an easily accessible marker or tool with high sensitivity and specificity is highly needed. Recently, it has been discovered that individuals in the late stage of preclinical AD may not be truly "asymptomatic" in that they may have already developed subtle or subjective cognitive decline. In addition, advances in bloodderived biomarker studies have also allowed the detection of pathologic changes in preclinical AD. Exosomes, as cell-to-cell communication messengers, can reflect the functional changes of their source cell. Methodological advances have made it possible to extract brain-derived exosomes from peripheral blood, making exosomes an emerging biomarker carrier and liquid biopsy tool for preclinical AD. The eye and its associated structures have rich sensory-motor innervation. In this regard, studies have indicated that they may also provide reliable markers. Here, our report covers the current state of knowledge of neuropsychological and eye tests as screening tools for preclinical AD and assesses the value of blood and brain-derived exosomes as carriers of biomarkers in conjunction with the current diagnostic paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaochen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, 50924, Germany
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China;,Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China;,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China;,School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Tel: +86 13621011941; E-mail:
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Bianca Maria Platania C, Drago F, Bucolo C. The P2X7 receptor as a new pharmacological target for retinal diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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13
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Wang Z, Huang Y, Chu F, Liao K, Cui Z, Chen J, Tang S. Integrated Analysis of DNA methylation and transcriptome profile to identify key features of age-related macular degeneration. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7061-7078. [PMID: 34569899 PMCID: PMC8806579 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1976502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common vision-threatening disease. The current study sought to integrate DNA methylation with transcriptome profile to explore key features in AMD. Gene expression data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, accession ID: GSE135092) and DNA methylation data were obtained from the ArrayExpress repository (E-MTAB-7183). A total of 456 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 4827 intragenic differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) were identified between AMD and controls. DEGs and DMCs were intersected and 19 epigenetically induced (EI) genes and 15 epigenetically suppressed (ES) genes were identified. Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed to estimate the abundance of different types of immune cell in each sample. Enrichment scores of inflammatory response and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) signaling via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κb) were positively correlated with abundance of activated memory CD4 T cells and M1 macrophages. Subsequently, two significant random forest classifiers were constructed based on DNA methylation and transcriptome data. SMAD2 and NGFR were selected as key genes through functional epigenetic modules (FEM) analysis. Expression level of SMAD2, NGFR and their integrating proteins was validated in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TNFα co-treated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vitro. The findings of the current study showed that local inflammation and systemic inflammatory host response play key roles in pathogenesis of AMD. SMAD2 and NGFR provide new insight in understanding the molecular mechanism and are potential therapeutic targets for development of AMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Feixue Chu
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Liao
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | | | - Jiansu Chen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China.,Cas Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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14
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Amadoro G, Latina V, Balzamino BO, Squitti R, Varano M, Calissano P, Micera A. Nerve Growth Factor-Based Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:735928. [PMID: 34566573 PMCID: PMC8459906 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.735928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease which is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. Imbalance in nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling, metabolism, and/or defect in NGF transport to the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons occurs in patients affected with AD. According to the cholinergic hypothesis, an early and progressive synaptic and neuronal loss in a vulnerable population of basal forebrain involved in memory and learning processes leads to degeneration of cortical and hippocampal projections followed by cognitive impairment with accumulation of misfolded/aggregated Aβ and tau protein. The neuroprotective and regenerative effects of NGF on cholinergic neurons have been largely demonstrated, both in animal models of AD and in living patients. However, the development of this neurotrophin as a disease-modifying therapy in humans is challenged by both delivery limitations (inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), poor pharmacokinetic profile) and unwanted side effects (pain and weight loss). Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease which represents the major cause of blindness in developed countries and shares several clinical and pathological features with AD, including alterations in NGF transduction pathways. Interestingly, nerve fiber layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and changes of vascular parameters, aggregation of Aβ and tau protein, and apoptosis also occur in the retina of both AD and AMD. A protective effect of ocular administration of NGF on both photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell degeneration has been recently described. Besides, the current knowledge about the detection of essential trace metals associated with AD and AMD and their changes depending on the severity of diseases, either systemic or locally detected, further pave the way for a promising diagnostic approach. This review is aimed at describing the employment of NGF as a common therapeutic approach to AMD and AD and the diagnostic power of detection of essential trace metals associated with both diseases. The multiple approaches employed to allow a sustained release/targeting of NGF to the brain and its neurosensorial ocular extensions will be also discussed, highlighting innovative technologies and future translational prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, Rome, Italy
- European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Varano
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
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15
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Liu K, Li J, Raghunathan R, Zhao H, Li X, Wong STC. The Progress of Label-Free Optical Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease Screening and Diagnosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:699024. [PMID: 34366828 PMCID: PMC8341907 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.699024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As the major neurodegenerative disease of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has caused an enormous social and economic burden on society. Currently, AD has neither clear pathogenesis nor effective treatments. Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been verified as potential tools for diagnosing and monitoring Alzheimer's disease. However, the high costs, low spatial resolution, and long acquisition time limit their broad clinical utilization. The gold standard of AD diagnosis routinely used in research is imaging AD biomarkers with dyes or other reagents, which are unsuitable for in vivo studies owing to their potential toxicity and prolonged and costly process of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for human use. Furthermore, these exogenous reagents might bring unwarranted interference to mechanistic studies, causing unreliable results. Several label-free optical imaging techniques, such as infrared spectroscopic imaging (IRSI), Raman spectroscopic imaging (RSI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), autofluorescence imaging (AFI), optical harmonic generation imaging (OHGI), etc., have been developed to circumvent this issue and made it possible to offer an accurate and detailed analysis of AD biomarkers. In this review, we present the emerging label-free optical imaging techniques and their applications in AD, along with their potential and challenges in AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Systems Medicine and Bioengineering Department, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiasong Li
- Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Systems Medicine and Bioengineering Department, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- T. T. and W. F. Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Raksha Raghunathan
- Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Systems Medicine and Bioengineering Department, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- T. T. and W. F. Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhao
- Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Systems Medicine and Bioengineering Department, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xuping Li
- T. T. and W. F. Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen T. C. Wong
- Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Systems Medicine and Bioengineering Department, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- T. T. and W. F. Chao Center for BRAIN, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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16
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Wang M, Su S, Jiang S, Sun X, Wang J. Role of amyloid β-peptide in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2021; 6:e000774. [PMID: 34263061 PMCID: PMC8245440 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common eye disease in elderly patients, which could lead to irreversible vision loss and blindness. Increasing evidence indicates that amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) might be associated with the pathogenesis of AMD. In this review, we would like to summarise the current findings in this field. The literature search was done from 1995 to Feb, 2021 with following keywords, ‘Amyloid β-peptide and age-related macular degeneration’, ‘Inflammation and age-related macular degeneration’, ‘Angiogenesis and age-related macular degeneration’, ‘Actin cytoskeleton and amyloid β-peptide’, ‘Mitochondrial dysfunction and amyloid β-peptide’, ‘Ribosomal dysregulation and amyloid β-peptide’ using search engines Pubmed, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Aβ congregates in subretinal drusen of patients with AMD and participates in the pathogenesis of AMD through enhancing inflammatory activity, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, altering ribosomal function, regulating the lysosomal pathway, affecting RNA splicing, modulating angiogenesis and modifying cell structure in AMD. The methods targeting Aβ are shown to inhibit inflammatory signalling pathway and restore the function of retinal pigment epithelium cells and photoreceptor cells in the subretinal region. Targeting Aβ may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shiqi Su
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shaoyun Jiang
- Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Fudan University Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Zhou WC, Tao JX, Li J. Optical coherence tomography measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:763-774. [PMID: 33107159 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Retinal pathological changes may precede or accompany the deterioration of brain tissue in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the usefulness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for PD. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for observational studies (published prior to 30 May 2020) comparing the OCT measurements between PD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Our main end-points were peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell complex thickness, macular thickness and macular volume. Pooled data were assessed by use of a random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 36 observational studies were identified that included 1712 patients with PD (2548 eyes) and 1778 HCs (2646 eyes). Compared with the HC group, the PD group showed a significant reduction in mean pRNFL thickness (weighted mean difference [WMD] -3.51 μm, 95% confidence interval [CI] -4.84, -2.18; p = 0.000), all quadrants at the pRNFL (WMD range -7.65 to -2.44 μm, all p < 0.05), macular fovea thickness (WMD -5.62 μm, 95% CI -7.37, -3.87; p = 0.000), all outer sector thicknesses at the macula (WMD range -4.68 to -4.10 μm, all p < 0.05), macular volume (WMD -0.21 mm3 , 95% CI -0.36, -0.06; p < 0.05) and macular ganglion cell complex thickness (WMD -4.18 μm, 95% CI -6.07, -2.29; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our pooled data confirmed robust associations between retinal OCT measurements and PD, highlighting the usefulness of OCT measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Xin Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Retinal Degeneration and Alzheimer's Disease: An Evolving Link. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197290. [PMID: 33023198 PMCID: PMC7582766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are degenerative conditions of the retina and a significant cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common dementia of the elderly, is often associated with AMD and glaucoma. The cardinal features of AD include extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and intracellular deposits of hyper-phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Neuroinflammation and brain iron dyshomeostasis accompany Aβ and p-tau deposits and, together, lead to progressive neuronal death and dementia. The accumulation of Aβ and iron in drusen, the hallmark of AMD, and Aβ and p-tau in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), the main retinal cell type implicated in glaucoma, and accompanying inflammation suggest overlapping pathology. Visual abnormalities are prominent in AD and are believed to develop before cognitive decline. Some are caused by degeneration of the visual cortex, while others are due to RGC loss or AMD-associated retinal degeneration. Here, we review recent information on Aβ, p-tau, chronic inflammation, and iron dyshomeostasis as common pathogenic mechanisms linking the three degenerative conditions, and iron chelation as a common therapeutic option for these disorders. Additionally discussed is the role of prion protein, infamous for prion disorders, in Aβ-mediated toxicity and, paradoxically, in neuroprotection.
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Retinal Levels of Amyloid Beta Correlate with Cerebral Levels of Amyloid Beta in Young APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice before Onset of Alzheimer's Disease. Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:1574816. [PMID: 33029254 PMCID: PMC7532376 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1574816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Retina abnormalities are related to cognitive disorders in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Retinal amyloid beta (Aβ) can be labeled by curcumin. We measured Aβ content in the cerebrum and retina of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP) transgenic mice with early age to investigate the correlation between cerebrum and retina. Methods APP mice and age-matched wild-type mice were investigated every month from age 2 months to 6 months to assess changes in Aβ content in the retina and cerebrum. At the beginning of each month, mice were fed a curcumin diet (50 mg/kg/day) for 7 consecutive days. The Aβ levels in the retina and cerebrum were measured by ELISAs. Correlations were identified between retinal and cerebral Aβ contents using Pearson's correlation. Results In the absence of curcumin, there was a significant correlation between Aβ contents in the retina and cerebrum of APP mice (r = 0.7291, P = 0.0014). With increasing age, Aβ-mediated degenerative change in the cerebrum (P < 0.001 in 5 months) and retina (P < 0.01 in 5 months) increased significantly. The inhibitory effect of curcumin on the Aβ level was significant in the cerebrum (P < 0.001) and retina (P < 0.01) of older APP mice in the early stage of life. Conclusion We observed a significant correlation between the Aβ content in the retina and Aβ content in the cerebrum of APP mice. Our data suggest an appropriate time to measure retinal Aβ. Although curcumin can label Aβ in the retina, it also suppresses Aβ levels and weakens the degree of correlation between Aβ in cerebrum and retina tissues.
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20
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Interactions between Amyloid-Β Proteins and Human Brain Pericytes: Implications for the Pathobiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051490. [PMID: 32429102 PMCID: PMC7290583 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia, especially among aging populations. Despite advances in AD research, the underlying cause and the discovery of disease-modifying treatments have remained elusive. Two key features of AD pathology are the aberrant deposition of amyloid beta (amyloid-β or Aβ) proteins in the brain parenchyma and Aβ toxicity in brain pericytes of the neurovascular unit/blood–brain barrier (NVU/BBB). This toxicity induces oxidative stress in pericytes and leads to capillary constriction. The interaction between pericytes and Aβ proteins results in the release of endothelin-1 in the pericytes. Endothelin-1 interacts with ETA receptors to cause pericyte contraction. This pericyte-mediated constriction of brain capillaries can cause chronic hypoperfusion of the brain microvasculature, subsequently leading to the neurodegeneration and cognitive decline observed in AD patients. The interaction between Aβ proteins and brain pericytes is largely unknown and requires further investigation. This review provides an updated overview of the interaction between Aβ proteins with pericytes, one the most significant and often forgotten cellular components of the BBB and the inner blood–retinal barrier (IBRB). The IBRB has been shown to be a window into the central nervous system (CNS) that could allow the early diagnosis of AD pathology in the brain and the BBB using modern photonic imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-photon microscopy. In this review, I explore the regulation of Aβ proteins in the brain parenchyma, their role in AD pathobiology, and their association with pericyte function. This review discusses Aβ proteins and pericytes in the ocular compartment of AD patients as well as strategies to rescue or protect pericytes from the effects of Aβ proteins, or to replace them with healthy cells.
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Multimodal Coherent Imaging of Retinal Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in a Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7912. [PMID: 32404941 PMCID: PMC7220911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We acquired depth-resolved light scattering measurements from the retinas of triple transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease (3xTg-AD) mice and wild type (WT) age-matched controls using co-registered angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Angle-resolved light scattering measurements were acquired from the nerve fiber layer, outer plexiform layer, and retinal pigmented epithelium using image guidance and segmented thicknesses provided by co-registered OCT B-scans. Analysis of the OCT images showed a statistically significant thinning of the nerve fiber layer in AD mouse retinas compared to WT controls. The a/LCI scattering measurements provided complementary information that distinguishes AD mice by quantitatively characterizing tissue heterogeneity. The AD mouse retinas demonstrated higher mean and variance in nerve fiber layer light scattering intensity compared to WT controls. Further, the difference in tissue heterogeneity was observed through short-range spatial correlations that show greater slopes at all layers of interest for AD mouse retinas compared to WT controls. A greater slope indicates a faster loss of spatial correlation, suggesting a loss of tissue self-similarity characteristic of heterogeneity consistent with AD pathology. Use of this combined modality introduces unique tissue texture characterization to complement development of future AD biomarker analysis.
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den Haan J, van de Kreeke JA, Konijnenberg E, ten Kate M, den Braber A, Barkhof F, van Berckel BN, Teunissen CE, Scheltens P, Visser PJ, Verbraak FD, Bouwman FH. Retinal thickness as a potential biomarker in patients with amyloid-proven early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 11:463-471. [PMID: 31249859 PMCID: PMC6584766 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Retinal thickness measured with optical coherence tomography has been proposed as a noninvasive biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore measured retinal thickness in well-characterized AD and control participants, considering ophthalmological confounders. Methods We included 57 amyloid-proven AD cases and 85 cognitively normal, amyloid-negative controls. All subjects underwent retinal thickness measurements with spectral domain optical coherence tomography and an ophthalmological assessment to exclude ocular disease. Results Retinal thickness did not discriminate cases from controls, including stratified analyses for early- versus late-onset AD. We found significant associations between macular thickness and global cortical atrophy [β -0.358; P = .01] and parietal cortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging [β -0.371; P < .01] in AD cases. Discussion In this study, representing the largest optical coherence tomography cohort with amyloid-proven AD cases, we show that retinal thickness does not discriminate AD from controls, despite evident changes on clinical, neuroimaging, and CSF measures, querying the use of retinal thickness measurements as an AD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurre den Haan
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacoba A. van de Kreeke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elles Konijnenberg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mara ten Kate
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, London, UK
| | - Bart N. van Berckel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank D. Verbraak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Femke H. Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Smilnak GJ, Deans JR, Doraiswamy PM, Stinnett S, Whitson HE, Lad EM. Comorbidity of age-related macular degeneration with Alzheimer's disease: A histopathologic case-control study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223199. [PMID: 31568508 PMCID: PMC6768473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies evaluating the association between clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have generated conflicting results. This study is the first to assess whether AMD prevalence is higher in AD patients than non-AD controls by using histopathology to definitively diagnose AD. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study utilizing diagnostic information extracted from autopsy reports of patients age 75 and above, including 115 with a neuropathological diagnosis of AD and 57 age-matched normal controls. Results The rate of AMD was not significantly higher in AD cases (53.0%) than in controls (59.6%) (z = 0.820, p = 0.794). AMD severity as determined by Sarks score was similar between AD patients and controls (χ2 = 2.96, p = 0.706). There was also no significant association between Braak stage of AD severity and AMD (χ2 = 4.55, p = 0.602). Discussion No significant effect of AD diagnosis or pathologic severity on AMD comorbidity was found, suggesting that any shared mechanisms between AMD and AD may be nondeterministic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J. Smilnak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - John R. Deans
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - P. Murali Doraiswamy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Sandra Stinnett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Heather E. Whitson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Eleonora M. Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Muraleva NA, Kozhevnikova OS, Fursova AZ, Kolosova NG. Suppression of AMD-Like Pathology by Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 Is Associated with a Decrease in the Accumulation of Amyloid β and in mTOR Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060177. [PMID: 31208023 PMCID: PMC6616484 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness in developed countries, and the molecular pathogenesis of AMD is poorly understood. Recent studies strongly indicate that amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation -found in the brain and a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease-also forms in the retina in both Alzheimer's disease and AMD. The reason why highly neurotoxic proteins of consistently aggregate in the aging retina, and to what extent they contribute to AMD, remains to be fully addressed. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that Aβ is a therapeutic target in AMD is debated. Here, we showed that long-term treatment with SkQ1 (250 nmol/[kg body weight] daily from the age of 1.5 to 22 months) suppressed the development of AMD-like pathology in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats by reducing the level of Aβ and suppressing the activity of mTOR in the retina. Inhibition of mTOR signaling activity, which plays key roles in aging and age-related diseases, can be considered a new mechanism of the prophylactic effect of SkQ1. It seems probable that dietary supplementation with mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 can be a good prevention strategy to maintain eye health and possibly a treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Muraleva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Oyuna S Kozhevnikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Anzhela Z Fursova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Nataliya G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9 Lavrentieva Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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