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Massey S, Guo Y, Riley LG, Van Bergen NJ, Sandaradura SA, McCusker E, Tchan M, Thauvin-Robinet C, Thomas Q, Moreau T, Davis M, Smits D, Mancini GMS, Hakonarson H, Cooper S, Christodoulou J. Expanding the Allelic Heterogeneity of ANO10-Associated Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200051. [PMID: 36698452 PMCID: PMC9872716 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The term autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA) encompasses a diverse group of heterogeneous degenerative disorders of the cerebellum. Spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 10 (SCAR10) is a distinct classification of cerebellar ataxia caused by variants in the ANO10 gene. Little is known about the molecular role of ANO10 or its role in disease. There is a wide phenotypic spectrum among patients, even among those with the same or similar genetic variants. This study aimed to characterize the molecular consequences of variants in ANO10 and determine their pathologic significance in patients diagnosed with SCAR10. Methods We presented 4 patients from 4 families diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia with potential pathogenic variants in the ANO10 gene. Patients underwent either clinical whole-exome sequencing or screening of a panel of known neuromuscular disease genes. Effects on splicing were studied using reverse transcriptase PCR to analyze complementary DNA. Western blots were used to examine protein expression. Results One individual who presented clinically at a much earlier age than typical was homozygous for an ANO10 variant (c.1864A > G [p.Met622Val]) that produces 2 transcription products by altering an exonic enhancer site. Two patients, both of Lebanese descent, had a homozygous intronic splicing variant in ANO10 (c.1163-9A > G) that introduced a cryptic splice site acceptor, producing 2 alternative transcription products and no detectable wild-type protein. Both these variants have not yet been associated with SCAR10. The remaining patient was found to have compound heterozygous variants in ANO10 previously associated with SCAR10 (c.132dupA [p.Asp45Argfs*9] and c.1537T > C [p.Cys513Arg]). Discussion We presented rare pathogenic variants adding to the growing list of ANO10 variants associated with SCAR10. In addition, we described an individual with a much earlier age at onset than usually associated with ANO10 variants. This expands the phenotypic and allelic heterogeneity of ANO10-associated ARCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Massey
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Yiran Guo
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa G Riley
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole J Van Bergen
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Sandaradura
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth McCusker
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Tchan
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Quentin Thomas
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Davis
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne Smits
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Cooper
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
| | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group (S.M., N.J.V.B., J.C.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Applied Genomics (Y.G., H.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Centre for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (Y.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics (L.G.R., S.C.), Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health (L.G.R., S.C.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (N.J.V.B., J.C.), University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (S.A.S.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.A.S.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine (M.T.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney (NSW), Australia; Laboratory of Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Genetics Center (C.T.-R.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Neurology (Q.T., T.M.), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France; Diagnostics Genomics (M.D.), PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; and Department of Clinical Genetics (D.S., G.M.S.M.), ErasmusMC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, ZH, the Netherlands
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