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Kunzelmann K, Ousingsawat J, Schreiber R. VSI: The anoctamins: Structure and function: "Intracellular" anoctamins. Cell Calcium 2024; 120:102888. [PMID: 38657371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Plasma membrane localized anoctamin 1, 2 and 6 (TMEM16A, B, F) have been examined in great detail with respect to structure and function, but much less is known about the other seven intracellular members of this exciting family of proteins. This is probably due to their limited accessibility in intracellular membranous compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or endosomes. However, these so-called intracellular anoctamins are also found in the plasma membrane (PM) which adds to the confusion regarding their cellular role. Probably all intracellular anoctamins except of ANO8 operate as intracellular phospholipid (PL) scramblases, allowing for Ca2+-activated, passive transport of phospholipids like phosphatidylserine between both membrane leaflets. Probably all of them also conduct ions, which is probably part of their physiological function. In this brief overview, we summarize key findings on the biological functions of ANO3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (TMEM16C, D, E, G, H, J, K) that are gradually coming to light. Compartmentalized regulation of intracellular Ca2+ signals, tethering of the ER to specific PM contact sites, and control of intracellular vesicular trafficking appear to be some of the functions of intracellular anoctamins, while loss of function and abnormal expression are the cause for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kunzelmann
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, University street 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jiraporn Ousingsawat
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, University street 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Schreiber
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, University street 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Milovanović A, Westenberger A, Stanković I, Tamaš O, Branković M, Marjanović A, Laabs BH, Brand M, Rajalingam R, Marras C, Lohmann K, Branković V, Novaković I, Petrović I, Svetel M, Klein C, Kostić VS, Dragašević-Mišković N. ANO10-Related Spinocerebellar Ataxia: MDSGene Systematic Literature Review and a Romani Case Series. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38469933 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic pathogenic variants in the ANO10 gene cause autosomal recessive progressive ataxia (ATX-ANO10). METHODS Following the MDSGene protocol, we systematically investigated genotype-phenotype relationships in ATX-ANO10 based on the clinical and genetic data from 82 published and 12 newly identified patients. RESULTS Most patients (>80%) had loss-of-function (LOF) variants. The most common variant was c.1150_1151del, found in all 29 patients of Romani ancestry, who had a 14-year earlier mean age at onset than patients homozygous for other LOF variants. We identified previously undescribed clinical features of ATX-ANO10 (e.g., facial muscle involvement and strabismus) suggesting the involvement of brainstem pathology, and we propose a diagnostic algorithm that may aid clinical ATX-ANO10 diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The early disease onset in patients with c.1150_1151del may indicate the existence of genetic/environmental disease-modifying factors in the Romani population. Our findings will inform patient counseling and may improve our understanding of the disease mechanism. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andona Milovanović
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Iva Stanković
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Tamaš
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Branković
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Marjanović
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Björn-Hergen Laabs
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Max Brand
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rajasumi Rajalingam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vesna Branković
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Novaković
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Petrović
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Svetel
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir S Kostić
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Dragašević-Mišković
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia of type 10 (SCAR10) is a very rare neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the TMEM16K (ANO10) gene. This disorder is characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal signs inconstantly associated with cognitive decline, polyneuropathy, epilepsy, and vesicorectal dysfunction. To date, more than 40 cases have been reported in Europe. In contrast, only three cases have been identified in Asian countries. We herein report the third Japanese case of SCAR10 harboring a novel homozygous deletion mutation (c.616delG, p.Glu206Lysfs*17). This case presented with adult-onset slowly progressive spastic ataxia with cerebellar atrophy and mild cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Aida
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ozawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
- Department of Genetic Counseling, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohta
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
- Department of Genetic Counseling, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Fujinaka
- Department of Genetic Counseling, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Kiyoe Goto
- Department of Genetic Counseling, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
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Jean S, Nassari S. Regulation of Endosomal Sorting and Maturation by ER-Endosome Contact Sites. Contact (Thousand Oaks) 2022; 5:25152564221106046. [PMID: 37366507 PMCID: PMC10243584 DOI: 10.1177/25152564221106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Endosomes are a heterogeneous population of intracellular organelles responsible for sorting, recycling, or transporting internalized materials for degradation. Endosomal sorting and maturation are controlled by a complex interplay of regulators, with RAB GTPases and phosphoinositides playing key roles. In this decade, another layer of regulation surfaced with the role played by membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endosomes. Specific regulators of ER-endosome contact sites or proteins localized at these sites are emerging as modulators of this complex endosomal ballet. In particular, lipid transfer or recruitment of various complexes and enzymes at ER-endosome contact sites play an active role in endosome sorting, scission, and maturation. In this short review, we focus on studies describing ER-endosome contact sites in these three endosomal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Jean
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé,
Département d’immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonya Nassari
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé,
Département d’immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Schreiber R, Ousingsawat J, Kunzelmann K. Targeting of Intracellular TMEM16 Proteins to the Plasma Membrane and Activation by Purinergic Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4065. [PMID: 32517157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoctamins such as TMEM16A and TMEM16B are Ca2+-dependent Cl− channels activated through purinergic receptor signaling. TMEM16A (ANO1), TMEM16B (ANO2) and TMEM16F (ANO6) are predominantly expressed at the plasma membrane and are therefore well accessible for functional studies. While TMEM16A and TMEM16B form halide-selective ion channels, TMEM16F and probably TMEM16E operate as phospholipid scramblases and nonselective ion channels. Other TMEM16 paralogs are expressed mainly in intracellular compartments and are therefore difficult to study at the functional level. Here, we report that TMEM16E (ANO5), -H (ANO8), -J (ANO9) and K (ANO10) are targeted to the plasma membrane when fused to a C-terminal CAAX (cysteine, two aliphatic amino acids plus methionin, serine, alanin, cystein or glutamin) motif. These paralogs produce Ca2+-dependent ion channels. Surprisingly, expression of the TMEM16 paralogs in the plasma membrane did not produce additional scramblase activity. In contrast, endogenous scrambling induced by stimulation of purinergic P2X7 receptors was attenuated, in parallel with reduced plasma membrane blebbing. This could suggest that intracellular TMEM16 paralogs operate differently when compared to plasma membrane-localized TMEM16F, and may even stabilize intracellular membranes. Alternatively, CAAX tagging, which leads to expression in non-raft compartments of the plasma membrane, may antagonize phosphatidylserine exposure by endogenous raft-located TMEM16F. CAAX-containing constructs may be useful to further investigate the molecular properties of intracellular TMEM16 proteins.
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Tsuji T, Cheng J, Tatematsu T, Ebata A, Kamikawa H, Fujita A, Gyobu S, Segawa K, Arai H, Taguchi T, Nagata S, Fujimoto T. Predominant localization of phosphatidylserine at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER, and its TMEM16K-dependent redistribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13368-13373. [PMID: 31217287 PMCID: PMC6613088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822025116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TMEM16K, a membrane protein carrying 10 transmembrane regions, has phospholipid scramblase activity. TMEM16K is localized to intracellular membranes, but whether it actually scrambles phospholipids inside cells has not been demonstrated, due to technical difficulties in studying intracellular lipid distributions. Here, we developed a freeze-fracture electron microscopy method that enabled us to determine the phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) distribution in the individual leaflets of cellular membranes. Using this method, we found that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells harbored abundant PtdSer in its cytoplasmic leaflet and much less in the luminal leaflet, whereas the outer and inner nuclear membranes (NMs) had equivalent amounts of PtdSer in both leaflets. The ER and NMs of budding yeast also harbored PtdSer in their cytoplasmic leaflet, but asymmetrical distribution in the ER was not observed. Treating mouse embryonic fibroblasts with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 compromised the cytoplasmic leaflet-dominant PtdSer asymmetry in the ER and increased PtdSer in the NMs, especially in the nucleoplasmic leaflet of the inner NM. This Ca2+-induced PtdSer redistribution was not observed in TMEM16K-null fibroblasts, but was recovered in these cells by reexpressing TMEM16K. These results indicate that, similar to the plasma membrane, PtdSer in the ER of mammalian cells is predominantly localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet, and that TMEM16K directly or indirectly mediates Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsuji
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jinglei Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsuyako Tatematsu
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aoi Ebata
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kamikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akikazu Fujita
- Field of Veterinary Pathobiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 890-0065 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sayuri Gyobu
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan;
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Wanitchakool P, Ousingsawat J, Sirianant L, Cabrita I, Faria D, Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K. Cellular defects by deletion of ANO10 are due to deregulated local calcium signaling. Cell Signal 2016; 30:41-49. [PMID: 27838374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TMEM16K (ANO10) belongs to a family of ion channels and phospholipid scramblases. Mutations in ANO10 cause neurological and immunological defects, and abrogated ion transport. Here we show that Ano10 knockout in epithelial cells leads to defective ion transport, attenuated volume regulation and deranged Ca2+ signaling. Intestinal epithelial cells from Ano10 null mice are reduced in size and demonstrate an almost abolished spontaneous and TNFα-induced apoptosis. Similar defects were found in mouse peritoneal Ano10 null macrophages and in human THP1 macrophages with reduced ANO10 expression. A cell cycle dependent colocalization of Ano10 with acetylated tubulin, centrioles, and a submembranous tubulin containing compartment was observed in Fisher rat thyroid cells. Axs, the Drosophila ortholog of ANO10 is known for its role in mitotic spindle formation and association with the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ signaling. We therefore propose that mutations in ANO10 cause cellular defects and genetic disorders through deranged local Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Podchanart Wanitchakool
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jiraporn Ousingsawat
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lalida Sirianant
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inês Cabrita
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana Faria
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Schreiber
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K. Expression of anoctamins in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1921-1929. [PMID: 27822608 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The anoctamin (ANO, TMEM16) family of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels consists of ten members with different cellular functions (ANO1-10). ANO1 is a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel in secretory epithelial cells of exocrine pancreas, salivary glands, or enterocytes. Expression of ANO1 also promotes cell proliferation and migration of tumor cells. ANO6 is essential for Ca2+-dependent scrambling of membrane phospholipids in platelets, red blood cells, and lymphocytes. ANO10 modulates Ca2+ signals in macrophages and has a role in cerebellar ataxia and other neurological disorders. All three anoctamins have been proposed to control intracellular Ca2+ signals. Anoctamins may also form the basolateral Ca2+-activated Cl- channel in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We show that native human, bovine, porcine, and mouse RPEs express ANO1, ANO6, and ANO10. Growth arrested and confluent RPR cells expressed ANO1 in the plasma membrane, whereas ANO6 and ANO10 were found in the primary cilium. Ussing chamber experiments showed that the application of ATP to the apical (retinal) side of porcine RPE induced a Ca2+-activated Cl- secretion. Activation was inhibited by basolateral (choroidal) administration of the ANO inhibitors AO1, niflumic acid (NFA), and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS). The results suggest that ANO1 is responsible for basolateral Ca2+-dependent Cl- secretion in RPE, whereas ANO6 and ANO10 may have different functions, such as modulating Ca2+ signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schreiber
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Wanitchakool P, Ousingsawat J, Sirianant L, MacAulay N, Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K. Cl - channels in apoptosis. Eur Biophys J 2016; 45:599-610. [PMID: 27270446 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A remarkable feature of apoptosis is the initial massive cell shrinkage, which requires opening of ion channels to allow release of K+, Cl-, and organic osmolytes to drive osmotic water movement and cell shrinkage. This article focuses on the role of the Cl- channels LRRC8, TMEM16/anoctamin, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in cellular apoptosis. LRRC8A-E has been identified as a volume-regulated anion channel expressed in many cell types. It was shown to be required for regulatory and apoptotic volume decrease (RVD, AVD) in cultured cell lines. Its presence also determines sensitivity towards cytostatic drugs such as cisplatin. Recent data point to a molecular and functional relationship of LRRC8A and anoctamins (ANOs). ANO6, 9, and 10 (TMEM16F, J, and K) augment apoptotic Cl- currents and AVD, but it remains unclear whether these anoctamins operate as Cl- channels or as regulators of other apoptotic Cl- channels, such as LRRC8. CFTR has been known for its proapoptotic effects for some time, and this effect may be based on glutathione release from the cell and increase in cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although we find that CFTR is activated by cell swelling, it is possible that CFTR serves RVD/AVD through accumulation of ROS and activation of independent membrane channels such as ANO6. Thus activation of ANO6 will support cell shrinkage and induce additional apoptotic events, such as membrane phospholipid scrambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Podchanart Wanitchakool
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jiraporn Ousingsawat
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lalida Sirianant
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rainer Schreiber
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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