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Graille-Avy L, Boutiere C, Rigollet C, Perriguey M, Rico A, Demortiere S, Durozard P, Hilezian F, Vely F, Bertault-Peres P, Pelletier J, Maarouf A, Audoin B. Effect of Prior Treatment With Fingolimod on Early and Late Response to Rituximab/Ocrelizumab in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200231. [PMID: 38626360 PMCID: PMC11090020 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Real-life studies noted that the risk of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) after switching to rituximab (RTX) or ocrelizumab (OCR) may be unequal depending on prior disease-modifying therapy (DMT), with a higher risk associated with fingolimod (FING). METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of a structured prospective data collection including all consecutive patients with relapsing MS who were prescribed RTX/OCR in the MS center of Marseille. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to clinical and MRI outcomes. RESULTS We included 321 patients with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up of 3.5 years (1.5-5) after RTX/OCR initiation. At the first RTX/OCR infusion, the mean (SD) age of patients was 37 (10) years, and the median (IQR) disease duration was 8 years (3-15): 68 patients did not receive treatment before RTX/OCR and 108 switched from FING, 47 from low efficacy therapy, and 98 from natalizumab. For statistical analysis, the group "FING" was divided into "short-FING" and "long-FING" groups according to the median value of the group's washout period (27 days). On Cox proportional hazards analysis, for only the "long-FING" group, the risk of relapse within the first 6 months of RTX/OCR was increased as compared with patients without previous DMT (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.78; 95% CI 1.72-44.86; p < 0.01). Previous DMT and washout period duration of FING had no effect on B-cell levels at 6 months. Beyond the first 6 months of RTX/OCR, age <40 years was associated with increased risk of relapse (HR: 3.93; 95% CI 1.30-11.89; p = 0.01), male sex with increased risk of new T2 lesions (HR: 2.26; 95% CI 1.08-4.74; p = 0.03), and EDSS ≥2 with increased risk of disability accumulation (HR: 3.01; 95% CI 1.34-6.74; p < 0.01). Previous DMT had no effect on the effectiveness of RTX/OCR beyond 6 months after initiation. DISCUSSION For patients switching from FING to RTX/OCR, the risk of disease reactivation within the first 6 months of treatment was increased as compared with patients with other DMT or no previous DMT only when the washout period exceeded 26 days. Neither FING nor other previous DMT reduced the effectiveness of RTX/OCR beyond the first 6 months of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Graille-Avy
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Clemence Boutiere
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Rigollet
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Perriguey
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Rico
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Demortiere
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Durozard
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Hilezian
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Vely
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Bertault-Peres
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Pelletier
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Adil Maarouf
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- From the APHM (L.G.-A., C.B., C.R., M.P., A.R., S.D., F.H., J.P., A.M., B.A.), Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie; Aix-Marseille University (A.R., J.P., A.M., B.A.), CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille; Centre hospitalier d'Ajaccio (P.D.), Service de Neurologie, Ajaccio; APHM (F.V.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'immunologie, Marseille Immunopôle; Aix Marseille University (F.V.), CNRS, INSERM, CIML; and APHM (P.B.-P.), Hôpital de la Timone, Service Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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Pfeuffer S, Rolfes L, Ingwersen J, Pul R, Kleinschnitz K, Korsen M, Räuber S, Ruck T, Schieferdecker S, Willison AG, Aktas O, Kleinschnitz C, Hartung HP, Kappos L, Meuth SG. Effect of Previous Disease-Modifying Therapy on Treatment Effectiveness for Patients Treated With Ocrelizumab. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:10/3/e200104. [PMID: 37041077 PMCID: PMC10091366 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES B cell-depleting antibodies were proven as effective strategy for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). The monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab was approved in 2017 in the United States and in 2018 in the European Union, but despite proven efficacy in randomized, controlled clinical trials, its effectiveness in the real-world setting remains to be fully elucidated. In particular, most study patients were treatment naive or switched from injectable therapies, whereas oral substances or monoclonal antibodies made up >1% of previous treatments. METHODS We evaluated ocrelizumab-treated patients with RMS enrolled in the prospective cohorts at the University Hospitals Duesseldorf and Essen, Germany. Epidemiologic data at baseline were compared, and Cox proportional hazard models were applied to evaluate outcomes. RESULTS Two hundred eighty patients were included (median age: 37 years, 35% male patients). Compared with using ocrelizumab as a first-line treatment, its use as a third-line therapy increased hazard ratios (HRs) for relapse and disability progression, whereas differences between first- vs second-line and second- vs third-line remained smaller. We stratified patients according to their last previous disease-modifying treatment and here identified fingolimod (FTY) (45 patients, median age 40 years, 33% male patients) as a relevant risk factor for ongoing relapse activity despite 2nd-line (HR: 3.417 [1.007-11.600]) or 3rd-line (HR: 5.903 [2.489-13.999]) ocrelizumab treatment, disability worsening (2nd line: HR: 3.571 [1.013-12.589]; 3rd line: HR: 4.502 [1.728-11.729]), and occurrence of new/enlarging MRI lesions (2nd line: HR: 1.939 [0.604-6.228]; 3rd line: HR: 4.627 [1.982-10.802]). Effects were persistent throughout the whole follow-up. Neither peripheral B-cell repopulation nor immunoglobulin G levels were associated with rekindling disease activity. DISCUSSION Our prospectively collected observational data suggest suboptimal effectiveness of ocrelizumab in patients switching from FTY compared with those switching from other substances or having been treatment naive. These findings support previous studies indicating abated effectiveness of immune cell-depleting therapies following FTY treatment in patients with RMS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with RMS, previous treatment with FTY compared with previous treatment with other immunomodulating therapies decreases the effectiveness of ocrelizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Pfeuffer
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Leoni Rolfes
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Ingwersen
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Refik Pul
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstanze Kleinschnitz
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Korsen
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Räuber
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Ruck
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Schieferdecker
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alice Grizzel Willison
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven G Meuth
- From the Department of Neurology (S.P.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Department of Neurology (L.R., J.I., M.K., S.R., T.R., S.S., A.G.W., O.A., H.-P.H., S.G.M.), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology and Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS) (R.P., K.K., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany; and Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
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