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Campagnoli LIM, Varesi A, Barbieri A, Marchesi N, Pascale A. Targeting the Gut-Eye Axis: An Emerging Strategy to Face Ocular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13338. [PMID: 37686143 PMCID: PMC10488056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota refers to a large variety of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that live in different human body sites, including the gut, oral cavity, skin, and eyes. In particular, the presence of an ocular surface microbiota with a crucial role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis by preventing colonization from pathogen species has been recently demonstrated. Moreover, recent studies underline a potential association between gut microbiota (GM) and ocular health. In this respect, some evidence supports the existence of a gut-eye axis involved in the pathogenesis of several ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye, and glaucoma. Therefore, understanding the link between the GM and these ocular disorders might be useful for the development of new therapeutic approaches, such as probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, or faecal microbiota transplantation through which the GM could be modulated, thus allowing better management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Varesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Barbieri
- Department of Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Marchesi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.B.); (N.M.)
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2
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Rigas Y, Treat BR, Shane J, Shanks RMQ, St. Leger AJ. Genetic Manipulation of Corynebacterium mastitidis to Better Understand the Ocular Microbiome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:19. [PMID: 36799874 PMCID: PMC9942783 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corynebacterium spp. are Gram-positive bacteria commonly associated with the ocular surface. Corynebacterium mastitidis was isolated from mouse eyes and was demonstrated to induce a beneficial immune response that can protect the eye from pathogenic infection. Because eye-relevant Corynebacterium spp. are not well described, we generated a C. mast transposon (Tn) mutant library to gain a better understanding of the nature of eye-colonizing bacteria. Methods Tn mutagenesis was performed with a custom Tn5-based transposon that incorporated a promoterless gene for the fluorescent protein mCherry. We screened our library using flow cytometry and enzymatic assays to identify useful mutants that demonstrate the utility of our approach. Results Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of mCherry+ bacteria allowed us to identify a highly fluorescent mutant that was detectable on the murine ocular surface using microscopy. We also identified a functional knockout that was unable to hydrolyze urea, UreaseKO. Although uric acid is an antimicrobial factor produced in tears, UreaseKO bacterium maintained an ability to colonize the eye, suggesting that urea hydrolysis is not required for colonization. In vitro and in vivo, both mutants maintained the potential to stimulate protective immunity as compared to wild-type C. mast. Conclusions In sum, we describe a method to genetically modify an eye-colonizing microbe, C. mast. Furthermore, the procedures outlined here will allow for the continued development of genetic tools for modifying ocular Corynebacterium spp., which will lead to a more complete understanding of the interactions between the microbiome and host immunity at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Rigas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Treat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jackie Shane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Robert M. Q. Shanks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Anthony J. St. Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
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3
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Chen Z, Xiang Z, Cui L, Qin X, Chen S, Jin H, Zou H. Significantly different results in the ocular surface microbiome detected by tear paper and conjunctival swab. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:31. [PMID: 36707800 PMCID: PMC9883858 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Great variation has been observed in the composition of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface, and therefore, in addition to differences in detection techniques, the method of collecting ocular surface specimens has a significant impact on the test results.The goal of this study is to ascertain whether the eye surface microbial communities detected by two different sampling methods are consistent and hence explore the feasibility of using tear test paper instead of conjunctival swabs to collect eye surface samples for microbial investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS From July 15, 2021, to July 30, 2021, nonirritating tear test strips and conjunctival swabs of both eyes were used in 158 elderly people (> 60 years old) (79 diabetic and 79 nondiabetic adults) in Xinjing Community for high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition of the microbial communities in tear test paper and conjunctival swab samples was analyzed. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in Alpha diversity of ocular surface microorganisms represented by tear strip and conjunctival swab in diabetic group (P > 0.05), but there was statistically significant difference in Alpha diversity of ocular surface microorganisms detected by tear strip and conjunctival swab in nondiabetic group (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in Beta diversity of ocular surface microorganisms detected by two sampling methods between diabetic group and nondiabetic group (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in ocular surface microorganisms detected by tear strip method between diabetic group and nondiabetic group (P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in conjunctival swab method (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tear test paper and conjunctival swabs detect different compositions of microbes through two different techniques of eye surface microbe sampling. Tear test paper cannot completely replace conjunctival swab specimens for the study of microbes related to eye surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangling Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hongkou District, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Zhaoyu Xiang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lipu Cui
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Qin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuli Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyi Jin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hongkou District, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China ,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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4
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Petrillo F, Petrillo A, Marrapodi M, Capristo C, Gicchino MF, Montaldo P, Caredda E, Reibaldi M, Boatti LMV, Dell’Annunziata F, Folliero V, Galdiero M. Characterization and Comparison of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Newborns. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071390. [PMID: 35889110 PMCID: PMC9320102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular microbiome is of fundamental importance for immune eye homeostasis, and its alteration would lead to an impairment of ocular functionality. Little evidence is reported on the composition of the ocular microbiota of term infants and on the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods: A total of 20 conjunctival swabs were collected from newborns at birth and after antibiotic treatment. Samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing via system MiSeq Illumina. The data were processed with the MicrobAT software and statistical analysis were performed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Antibiotic prophylaxis with gentamicin altered the composition of the microbiota. In detail, a 1.5- and 2.01-fold reduction was recorded for Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Massilia timonae (M. timonae), respectively, whereas an increase in Staphylococcus spp. of 6.5 times occurred after antibiotic exposure. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis altered the ocular microbiota whose understanding could avoid adverse effects on eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Arianna Petrillo
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore-Policlinico”, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maddalena Marrapodi
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Carlo Capristo
- Department of Neonatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Maria Francesca Gicchino
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Paolo Montaldo
- Department of Neonatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Caredda
- Department of Neonatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.P.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Federica Dell’Annunziata
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (V.F.)
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (V.F.)
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Aragona P, Baudouin C, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Messmer E, Barabino S, Merayo-Lloves J, Brignole-Baudouin F, Inferrera L, Rolando M, Mencucci R, Rescigno M, Bonini S, Labetoulle M. The ocular microbiome and microbiota and their effects on ocular surface pathophysiology and disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:907-925. [PMID: 33819460 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface flora perform an important role in the defense mechanisms of the ocular surface system. Its regulation of the immunological activity and the barrier effect against pathogen invasion are remarkable. Composition of the flora differs according to the methods of investigation, because the microbiome, composed of the genetic material of bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and eukaryotes on the ocular surface, differs from the microbiota, which are the community of microorganisms that colonize the ocular surface. The observed composition of the ocular surface flora depends on harvesting and examining methods, whether with traditional culture or with more refined genetic analysis based on rRNA and DNA sequencing. Environment, diet, sex, and age influence the microbial flora composition, thus complicating the analysis of the baseline status. Moreover, potentially pathogenic organisms can affect its composition, as do various disorders, including chronic inflammation, and therapies applied to the ocular surface. A better understanding of the composition and function of microbial communities at the ocular surface could bring new insights and clarify the epidemiology and pathology of ocular surface dynamics in health and disease. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of knowledge about this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, IHU ForeSight, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Jose M Benitez Del Castillo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Clínica Rementeria, Instituto Investigaciones Oftalmologicas Ramon Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Messmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S968, CNRS UMR7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Département de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Leandro Inferrera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rita Mencucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Eye Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Humanitas University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Ophthalmology Départment, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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6
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Matysiak A, Kabza M, Karolak JA, Jaworska MM, Rydzanicz M, Ploski R, Szaflik JP, Gajecka M. Characterization of Ocular Surface Microbial Profiles Revealed Discrepancies between Conjunctival and Corneal Microbiota. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040405. [PMID: 33808469 PMCID: PMC8067172 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular microbiome composition has only been partially characterized. Here, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) data to assess microbial diversity in human corneal tissue. Additionally, conjunctival swab samples were examined to characterize ocular surface microbiota. Short RNA-Seq reads, obtained from a previous transcriptome study of 50 corneal tissues, were mapped to the human reference genome GRCh38 to remove sequences of human origin. The unmapped reads were then used for taxonomic classification by comparing them with known bacterial, archaeal, and viral sequences from public databases. The components of microbial communities were identified and characterized using both conventional microbiology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques in 36 conjunctival swabs. The majority of ocular samples examined by conventional and molecular techniques showed very similar microbial taxonomic profiles, with most of the microorganisms being classified into Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria phyla. Only 50% of conjunctival samples exhibited bacterial growth. The PCR detection provided a broader overview of positive results for conjunctival materials. The RNA-Seq assessment revealed significant variability of the corneal microbial communities, including fastidious bacteria and viruses. The use of the combined techniques allowed for a comprehensive characterization of the eye microbiome's elements, especially in aspects of microbiota diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Matysiak
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.M.); (M.K.); (J.A.K.); (M.M.J.)
| | - Michal Kabza
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.M.); (M.K.); (J.A.K.); (M.M.J.)
| | - Justyna A. Karolak
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.M.); (M.K.); (J.A.K.); (M.M.J.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcelina M. Jaworska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.M.); (M.K.); (J.A.K.); (M.M.J.)
| | - Malgorzata Rydzanicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Jacek P. Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marzena Gajecka
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.M.); (M.K.); (J.A.K.); (M.M.J.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Gomes JÁP, Frizon L, Demeda VF. Ocular Surface Microbiome in Health and Disease. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:505-511. [PMID: 33323705 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is exposed continuously to the environment and, as a consequence, to a variety of different microbes. After the results of the Human Microbiome Project became publicly available, international research groups started to focus interest on exploring the ocular surface microbiome and its physiopathological relationship to the eye. For example, numerous research studies the existence of the ocular surface's bacterial flora, typically gathering cultures from healthy patients and finding few variations in the bacterial species. More recently, culture-independent methods, including 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing, are being used to define the ocular microbiome. These newer methods suggest that the microbial communities have a greater diversity than previously reported. These communities seem to serve an immune-modulating function and maintain relationships with other microbes and organs, even distant ones. This review summarizes the literature exploring the ocular microbiome, both in health and in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Álvaro P Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
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8
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Petrillo F, Pignataro D, Lavano MA, Santella B, Folliero V, Zannella C, Astarita C, Gagliano C, Franci G, Avitabile T, Galdiero M. Current Evidence on the Ocular Surface Microbiota and Related Diseases. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071033. [PMID: 32668575 PMCID: PMC7409318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface microbiota refers to the resident non-pathogenic microorganisms that colonize conjunctiva and cornea. Several studies have shown that ocular surface epithelial cells can respond selectively to specific components of ocular pathogenic bacteria by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, they do not respond to non-pathogenic bacteria, thus supporting the colonization by a real microbiota. However, the analysis of the ocular microbiome composition is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of various ophthalmic diseases. In this scenario, the first studies, which used microbiological culture techniques, reported a less diverse profile of the ocular microbiota compared with that recently discovered using new molecular-based methods. Indeed, until a few years ago, the microbiota of the ocular surface appeared to be dominated by Gram-positive and a few Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungal strains. In contrast, genomics has nowadays detected a remarkable diversity in the ocular surface microorganisms. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the microbiota of other areas of the body, such as the gut and oral microbiota, are involved in the pathophysiology of several ophthalmic diseases. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current evidence on the ocular surface microbiota to better understand it and to investigate its potential role in the development of ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrillo
- Section of Ophthalmology, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Danilo Pignataro
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.P.); (M.A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Maria Annunziata Lavano
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.P.); (M.A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.P.); (M.A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Carlo Astarita
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Caterina Gagliano
- Section of Ocular Immunology and Rare Diseases, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (S.A.), Italy;
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Section of Ophthalmology, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.F.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Anatomic Characterization of the Ocular Surface Microbiome in Children. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080259. [PMID: 31416201 PMCID: PMC6723495 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome is important in the evolution of the immune system in children; however, information is lacking regarding the composition of the pediatric ocular microbiome and its surrounding structures. A prospective, cross-sectional study of the ocular microbiome was conducted in children <18 years old. Samples from the inferior conjunctival fornix of both eyes, eyelid margin, and periocular skin underwent DNA amplification and 16S sequencing using Illumina MiSeq 250. The microbiome was analyzed using Qiime. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sided Student’s t-test, diversity indices, and principal coordinate analysis. A total of 15 children were enrolled. The ocular surface microbiome was predominantly composed of Proteobacteria, whereas Bacteroidetes dominated the eyelid margin, and Firmicutes dominated the periocular skin. Despite these variations, no statistically significant compositional differences were found with Bray-Curtis analysis. The conjunctiva had the lowest Shannon diversity index with a value of 2.3, which was significantly lower than those of the eyelid margin (3.4, p = 0.01) and the periocular skin (3.5, p = 0.001). However, the evenness of the species using Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index was similar at all sites. Overall, the ocular surface microbiome is dominated by Proteobacteria in children. The niche is similar to the surrounding structures in terms of composition, but has a lower number and relative abundance of species.
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10
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Gunasekaran S, Dhiman R, Vanathi M, Mohanty S, Satpathy G, Tandon R. Ocular Surface Microbial Flora in Patients with Chronic Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency Undergoing Cultivated Oral Mucosal Epithelial Transplantation. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2019; 26:23-26. [PMID: 31114120 PMCID: PMC6507384 DOI: 10.4103/meajo.meajo_172_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the ocular surface microbial flora in patients with chronic limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) due to Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and ocular chemical injury undergoing cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET). METHODS: Patients of SJS and chemical injury who had bilateral total LSCD planned for COMET were studied. Conjunctival swab was taken before surgery. Parameters evaluated were organism cultured, sensitivity pattern, frequency of positive culture, and clinical impact on management strategy. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were included in which nine were males and four females. All patients had positive conjunctival swab culture. Most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The staphylococcal species isolated were sensitive to all the conventional antibiotics while Pseudomonas cultured showed resistance to cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. Repeat conjunctival swab sent after a week of topical antibiotic therapy yielded positive culture of the same organism twice in 25% (3/12), thrice in 58.3% (7/12), and four times in 16.6% (2/12) of the patients. One patient had a polymicrobial flora with positive yield of S. aureus (thrice), S. epidermidis (twice), and P. aeruginosa (twice) in consecutive conjunctival swab culture in the absence of clinical infection. Two patients with persistent positive cultures had to undergo repeat oral mucosal harvesting as the transplantation of the cultivated explants had to be deferred. CONCLUSION: Ocular surface in LSCD patients yielded pathogenic organisms on culture. Poor ocular surface with absent tear film could be the contributing factors. It is important to perform the conjunctival swab culture before COMET surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebika Dhiman
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Murugesan Vanathi
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Mohanty
- Stem Cell Culture Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gita Satpathy
- Ocular Microbiology Services, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Ozkan J, Willcox MD. The Ocular Microbiome: Molecular Characterisation of a Unique and Low Microbial Environment. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:685-694. [PMID: 30640553 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1570526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The ocular surface is continually exposed to bacteria from the environment and traditional culture-based microbiological studies have isolated a low diversity of microorganisms from this region. The use of culture-independent methods to define the ocular microbiome, primarily involving 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing studies, have shown that the microbial communities present on the ocular surface have a greater diversity than previously reported. Method: A review of the literature on ocular microbiome research in health and disease. Results: Molecular techniques have been used to investigate the effect of contact lens wear and disease on the microbiota of the ocular surface and eyelids and the immunoregulatory role of the ocular surface microbiota. Studies have shown that compositional changes in the microbiota occur in ocular surface disorders such as blepharitis, trachoma and dry eye and also suggest a role of the ocular and non-ocular microbiome in retinal disease including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, uveitis and diabetic retinopathy. However, ocular microbiome studies need to recognise the potential for contamination to impact findings and carefully control each stage of the experimental procedure and to utilise statistical methods to identify contamination signals. Conclusion: The healthy ocular surface is characterised by a relatively stable, comparatively low diversity microbiome with recent findings that the bacteria of the ocular surface appear to have a role in maintaining homeostasis by modulating immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Ozkan
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Mark D Willcox
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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Kara M, Kıvanç SA, Olcaysü OO, Akova Budak B, Özmen AT, Kıvanç M, Hörmet Öz HT. The newborn conjunctival flora at the post delivery 24 hours. J Curr Ophthalmol 2018; 30:348-352. [PMID: 30555969 PMCID: PMC6276619 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the aerobic conjunctival flora of neonates and the effects of delivery type on conjunctival flora development in neonates who were born with normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) or elective caesarean section (C/S) and who were not given prophylactic antibiotic eye drops after birth. Methods This cross-sectional study included 95 healthy newborns. One day after the delivery, conjunctival samples were taken from newborns who were born with normal SVD or elective C/S, and not given prophylactic antibiotic eye drops after birth. Newborns with conjunctival hyperemia and discharge were excluded from study. Samples were plated in blood agar, EMB, and chocolate agar. These cultures were incubated at 37 °C for 24-48 h. Antibiotic sensitivity was evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) growth was observed in 7 (70%) and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) growth in 2 (20%) out of 10 eyes with bacterial growth in 9 culture positive newborns born with C/S. Two S.aureus strains were resistant to methicillin. On the other hand, CNS growth was observed in the conjunctival cultures of 17 out of 19 eyes with bacterial growth in 16 culture positive newborns born with SVD. In 2 eyes with CNS growth, there was also S.aureus growth. The positive cultures for S.aureus were significantly higher in the conjunctival cultures of neonates born with C/S compared to neonates born with SVD, where CNS growth was significantly lower (P = 0.002). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and gatifloxacin. Two isolates were resistant to methicillin. Conclusions In deliveries with C/S, the newborn does not contact the vagina. This may result in changes of bacterial characteristic of the flora. Culture positivity for S.aureus was higher in C/S compared to SVD, which may be important in case neonatal conjunctivitis develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kara
- Department of Pediatrics, Ataturk University, School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sertaç Argun Kıvanç
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uludag University, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Osman Okan Olcaysü
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzurum Region Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Berna Akova Budak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uludag University, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tuncer Özmen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uludag University, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Merih Kıvanç
- Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Tuna Hörmet Öz
- Department of Microbiology, Kayseri Training and Education Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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Cavuoto KM, Mendez R, Miller D, Galor A, Banerjee S. Effect of clinical parameters on the ocular surface microbiome in children and adults. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:1189-1197. [PMID: 30013312 PMCID: PMC6040630 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s166547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To perform a pilot study to characterize the effect of clinical parameters on the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) in children and adults using 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing. Methods Prospective, cross-sectional study using 16s sequencing to evaluate the OSM. Comparisons were made in bacterial composition by 1) age, 2) gender, 3) sampling location of the ocular and periocular surfaces, and 4) topical drop use. 16s sequencing was performed using Illumina MiSeq 250 and analyzed using Qiime. Results Thirty patients (15 children [mean 3.7 years], 15 adults [mean 60.4 years]) were sampled. Both principal coordinate analysis and unifrac distance analysis showed significant differences in the composition between the pediatric and adult OSMs (both p=0.001). The eyelid margin microbiota did not show any distinct clustering compared to conjunctiva within the pediatric samples but tended to show a distinction between anatomic sites in adult samples. No differences in OSM were noted by topical drop use. Conclusion 16s sequencing is a useful tool in evaluating the OSM in patients of all ages, showing a distinct difference between pediatric and adult microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Cavuoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL,
| | - Roberto Mendez
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL,
| | - Darlene Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL,
| | - Anat Galor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, .,Department of Ophthalmology, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL,
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Kitazawa K, Sotozono C, Sakamoto M, Sasaki M, Hieda O, Yamasaki T, Kinoshita S. Nasal and conjunctival screening prior to refractive surgery: an observational and cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010733. [PMID: 27160843 PMCID: PMC4874159 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate bacterial flora of clinically healthy conjunctiva and nasal cavity among patients prior to refractive surgery, as well as the characteristics of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation. DESIGN Observational and cross-sectional study. SETTING A single-centre study in Japan. PARTICIPANTS 120 consecutive patients pre-refractive surgery. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES METHODS Samples were obtained from the right conjunctival sac and the nasal cavity of 120 consecutive patients prior to refractive surgery and were then measured for the levels of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Patients were interviewed regarding their occupation, family living situation and any personal history of atopic dermatitis, asthma, smoking or contact lens wear. RESULTS Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) (32.5%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.2%) were detected from the conjunctival sac. S. epidermidis was the most commonly isolated (68.3%) in the nasal cavity. Of the 30 patients (25.0%) with colonisation by S. aureus, 2 patients, both of whom were healthcare workers with atopic dermatitis, were found to be positive for MRSA in the nasal cavity. A history of contact lens wear, asthma or smoking, as well as patient gender and age, was not associated with MRSA colonisation. CONCLUSIONS There were only 2 patients who were colonised with MRSA, both of whom were healthcare workers with atopic dermatitis. P. acnes was predominantly found in the conjunctival sac. Further study is needed to investigate the involvement between nasal and conjunctival flora, and risk factors for infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kitazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Baptist Eye Clinic, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masako Sakamoto
- Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Miho Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Hieda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Willcox MD. Characterization of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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