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Wang L, Wang R, Xu C, Zhou H. Pathogenesis of Herpes Stromal Keratitis: Immune Inflammatory Response Mediated by Inflammatory Regulators. Front Immunol 2020; 11:766. [PMID: 32477330 PMCID: PMC7237736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is one of the primary diseases that cause vision loss or even blindness after herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection. HSK-associated vision impairment is predominantly due to corneal scarring and neovascularization caused by inflammation. In the infected cornea, HSV can activate innate and adaptive immune responses of host cells, which triggers a cascade of reactions that leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, microRNA, and other regulatory factors that have stimulating or inhibitory effects on tissue. Physiologically, host cells show homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the factors involved in HSK pathogenesis from the perspective of immunity, molecules, and pathological angiogenesis. We also describe in detail the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lesions of the corneal stroma in response to HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Runbiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Chuyang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Di Iorio E, Barbaro V, Alvisi G, Trevisan M, Ferrari S, Masi G, Nespeca P, Ghassabian H, Ponzin D, Palù G. New Frontiers of Corneal Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:923-945. [PMID: 31020856 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal diseases are among the most prevalent causes of blindness worldwide. The transparency and clarity of the cornea are guaranteed by a delicate physiological, anatomic, and functional balance. For this reason, all the disorders, including those of genetic origin, that compromise this state of harmony can lead to opacity and eventually vision loss. Many corneal disorders have a genetic etiology, and some are associated with rather rare and complex syndromes. Conventional treatments, such as corneal transplantation, are often ineffective, and to date, many of these disorders are still incurable. Gene therapy carries the promise of being a potential cure for many of these diseases, with solutions and strategies that did not seem possible until a few years ago. With its potential to treat genetic disease by means of deletion, replacement, or editing of a defective gene, the challenge can also be extended to corneal disorders in order to achieve long-term, if not definitive, relief. The aim of this paper is to review the state of the art of the different gene therapy approaches as potential treatments for corneal diseases and the future perspectives for the development of personalized gene-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Di Iorio
- 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Barbaro
- 2Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi Del Veneto Onlus, Zelarino, Venezia, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Trevisan
- 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- 2Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi Del Veneto Onlus, Zelarino, Venezia, Italy
| | - Giulia Masi
- 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nespeca
- 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hanieh Ghassabian
- 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Ponzin
- 2Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi Del Veneto Onlus, Zelarino, Venezia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Kasper M, Gabriel D, Möller M, Bauer D, Wildschütz L, Courthion H, Rodriguez-Aller M, Busch M, Böhm MRR, Loser K, Thanos S, Gurny R, Heiligenhaus A. Cyclosporine A-Loaded Nanocarriers for Topical Treatment of Murine Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2539-2547. [PMID: 29912566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, tissue distribution and the therapeutic effect of topically applied cyclosporine A (CsA)-loaded methoxy-poly(ethylene-glycol)-hexyl substituted poly(lactic acid) (mPEGhexPLA) nanocarriers (ApidSOL) on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) were investigated. The CsA-loaded mPEGhexPLA nanocarrier was tolerated well locally and showed no signs of immediate toxicity after repeated topical application in mice with EAU. Upon unilateral CsA treatment, CsA accumulated predominantly in the corneal and sclera-choroidal tissue of the treated eye and in lymph nodes (LN). This regimen reduced EAU severity in treated eyes compared to PBS-treated controls. This improvement was accompanied by reduced T-cell count, T-cell proliferation, and IL-2 secretion of cells from ipsilateral LN. In conclusion, topical treatment with CsA-loaded mPEGhexPLA nanocarriers significantly improves the outcome of EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Kasper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Lab , St. Franziskus Hospital , Münster 48145 , Germany
| | | | - Michael Möller
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva 1221 , Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Lab , St. Franziskus Hospital , Münster 48145 , Germany
| | - Lena Wildschütz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Lab , St. Franziskus Hospital , Münster 48145 , Germany
| | | | - Marta Rodriguez-Aller
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva 1221 , Switzerland
| | - Martin Busch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Lab , St. Franziskus Hospital , Münster 48145 , Germany
| | - Michael R R Böhm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic for Diseases of the Anterior Segments of the Eyes , Essen University Hospital , Essen 45147 , Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Gurny
- Apidel SA , Geneva 1201 , Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva 1221 , Switzerland
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Lab , St. Franziskus Hospital , Münster 48145 , Germany.,University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen 47057 , Germany
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Krawczyk A, Dirks M, Kasper M, Buch A, Dittmer U, Giebel B, Wildschütz L, Busch M, Goergens A, Schneweis KE, Eis-Hübinger AM, Sodeik B, Heiligenhaus A, Roggendorf M, Bauer D. Prevention of herpes simplex virus induced stromal keratitis by a glycoprotein B-specific monoclonal antibody. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116800. [PMID: 25587898 PMCID: PMC4294644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of acyclovir (ACV) and multidrug-resistant strains in patients with corneal HSV-1 infections leading to Herpetic Stromal Keratitis (HSK) is a major health problem in industrialized countries and often results in blindness. To overcome this obstacle, we have previously developed an HSV-gB-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 2c) that proved to be highly protective in immunodeficient NOD/SCID-mice towards genital infections. In the present study, we examined the effectivity of mAb 2c in preventing the immunopathological disease HSK in the HSK BALB/c mouse model. Therefore, mice were inoculated with HSV-1 strain KOS on the scarified cornea to induce HSK and subsequently either systemically or topically treated with mAb 2c. Systemic treatment was performed by intravenous administration of mAb 2c 24 h prior to infection (pre-exposure prophylaxis) or 24, 40, and 56 hours after infection (post-exposure immunotherapy). Topical treatment was performed by periodical inoculations (5 times per day) of antibody-containing eye drops as control, starting at 24 h post infection. Systemic antibody treatment markedly reduced viral loads at the site of infection and completely protected mice from developing HSK. The administration of the antiviral antibody prior or post infection was equally effective. Topical treatment had no improving effect on the severity of HSK. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that mAb 2c proved to be an excellent drug for the treatment of corneal HSV-infections and for prevention of HSK and blindness. Moreover, the humanized counterpart (mAb hu2c) was equally effective in protecting mice from HSV-induced HSK when compared to the parental mouse antibody. These results warrant the future development of this antibody as a novel approach for the treatment of corneal HSV-infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Miriam Dirks
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Kasper
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lena Wildschütz
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andre Goergens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl E. Schneweis
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauer
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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Aptamer-based therapeutics of the past, present and future: from the perspective of eye-related diseases. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1309-21. [PMID: 24598791 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers have emerged as a novel and powerful class of biomolecules with an immense untapped potential. The ability to synthesise highly specific aptamers against any molecular target make them a vital cog in the design of effective therapeutics for the future. However, only a minutia of the enormous potential of this dynamic class of molecule has been exploited. Several aptamers have been studied for the treatment of eye-related disorders, and one such strategy has been successful in therapy. This review gives an account of several eye diseases and their regulatory biomolecules where other nucleic acid therapeutics have been attempted with limited success and how aptamers, with their exceptional flexibility to chemical modifications, can overcome those inherent shortcomings.
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