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García-Ayuso D, Di Pierdomenico J, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP. Retinal Ganglion Cell Death as a Late Remodeling Effect of Photoreceptor Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184649. [PMID: 31546829 PMCID: PMC6770703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited or acquired photoreceptor degenerations, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world, are a group of retinal disorders that initially affect rods and cones, situated in the outer retina. For many years it was assumed that these diseases did not spread to the inner retina. However, it is now known that photoreceptor loss leads to an unavoidable chain of events that cause neurovascular changes in the retina including migration of retinal pigment epithelium cells, formation of “subretinal vascular complexes”, vessel displacement, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axonal strangulation by retinal vessels, axonal transport alteration and, ultimately, RGC death. These events are common to all photoreceptor degenerations regardless of the initial trigger and thus threaten the outcome of photoreceptor substitution as a therapeutic approach, because with a degenerating inner retina, the photoreceptor signal will not reach the brain. In conclusion, therapies should be applied early in the course of photoreceptor degeneration, before the remodeling process reaches the inner retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
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García-Ayuso D, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Martínez-Vacas A, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP. β-alanine supplementation induces taurine depletion and causes alterations of the retinal nerve fiber layer and axonal transport by retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107781. [PMID: 31473259 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of taurine depletion induced by β-alanine supplementation in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal transport. Albino Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: one group received β-alanine supplementation (3%) in the drinking water during 2 months to induce taurine depletion, and the other group received regular water. After one month, half of the rats from each group were exposed to light. Retinas were analyzed in-vivo using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Prior to processing, RGCs were retrogradely traced with fluorogold (FG) applied to both superior colliculi, to assess the state of their retrograde axonal transport. Retinas were dissected as wholemounts, surviving RGCs were immunoidentified with Brn3a, and the RNFL with phosphorylated high-molecular-weight subunit of the neurofilament triplet (pNFH) antibodies. β-alanine supplementation decreases significantly taurine plasma levels and causes a significant reduction of the RNFL thickness that is increased after light exposure. An abnormal pNFH immunoreactivity in some RGC bodies, their proximal dendrites and axons, and a further diminution of the mean number of FG-traced RGCs compared with Brn3a+RGCs, indicate that their retrograde axonal transport is affected. In conclusion, taurine depletion causes RGC loss and axonal transport impairment. Finally, our results suggest that care should be taken when ingesting β-alanine supplements due to the limited understanding of their potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Sorbonnes Universités, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012, Paris, France
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Cho HK, Kim S, Lee EJ, Kee C. Neuroprotective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract Against Hypoxic Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration In Vitro and In Vivo. J Med Food 2019; 22:771-778. [PMID: 31268403 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and disturbed microvascular circulation are both associated with pathogenesis of glaucoma. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been reported to have positive pharmacological effects on oxidative stress and impaired vascular circulation. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of GBE against hypoxic injury to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) both in vitro and in vivo. The rat RGC line was used, and oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. EGb 761, a standardized GBE, or vehicle was applied to RGCs. Hypoxic optic nerve injury in vivo was induced by clamping the optic nerve of rats with a "microserrefine clip" with an applicator, which was applied without crushing the optic nerve. This method is different from "optic nerve crush model" and does not involve elevation of intraocular pressure, and may serve as a possible normal tension glaucoma animal model. EGb 761 at various concentrations or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally. RGC density was measured to estimate the survival both in vitro and in vivo. The survival of RGCs was significantly (P < .001) higher upon treatment with 1 or 5 μg/mL of EGb 761 compared with vehicle after oxidative stress in vitro. RGC density upon treatment with EGb 761 of 100 mg/kg (1465.6 ± 175 cells/mm2) or 250 mg/kg (1307.6 ± 213 cells/mm2) was significantly higher (P < .01, P < .05, respectively) than that obtained with vehicle (876.3 ± 136 cells/mm2) in vivo. Our results suggest that GBE has neuroprotective effect on RGCs against hypoxic injury both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Cho
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Sibum Kim
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changwon Kee
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Emre E, Yüksel N, Duruksu G, Pirhan D, Subaşi C, Erman G, Karaöz E. Neuroprotective effects of intravitreally transplanted adipose tissue and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental ocular hypertension model. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:543-59. [PMID: 25618560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of bone marrow bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that were intravitreally transplanted in an experimental ocular hypertension (OHT) model. METHODS An OHT rat model was generated by means of intracameral injection of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. MSCs labeled with green fluorescence protein were transplanted intravitreally 1 week after OHT induction. At the end of the second and fourth weeks, retinal ganglion cells were visualized with the use of a flat-mount retina method and were evaluated by means of immunofluorescence staining against green fluorescence protein, vimentin, CD105, and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1Ra, prostaglandin E2 receptor, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α). RESULTS The retinal ganglion cell numbers per area were significantly improved in stem cell-treated OHT groups compared with that in the non-treated OHT group (P < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemical analyses indicated that a limited number of stem cells had integrated into the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. The number of cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α) decreased in the MSC-transferred group compared with that in the OHT group after 4 weeks (P < 0.01). On the other hand, IL-1Ra and prostaglandin E2 receptor expressions were increased in the rat bone marrow-derived MSC group but were more significant in the rat adipose tissue-derived MSC group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS After intravitreal transplantation, MSCs showed a neuroprotective effect in the rat OHT model. Therefore, MSCs promise an alternative therapy approach for functional recovery in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Çerkezköy State Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Nurşen Yüksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Duruksu
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cansu Subaşi
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Erman
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
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Increased risk of acute angle closure in retinitis pigmentosa: a population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107660. [PMID: 25222486 PMCID: PMC4164665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association between retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and acute angle closure during a 15-year follow-up period. Methods Using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000, we identified 382 RP patients based on the diagnostic code of RP (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) 362.74) made during 1996–2010, excluding subjects under age of 20 years at diagnosis or subjects undergoing lens extraction before the index date. The control group included 3820 randomly selected non-RP subjects matched with the RP patients in age, gender and the index date of diagnosis. The incidence of acute angle closure during the study period was observed based on an ICD-9-CM code of 365.22. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) of having acute angle closure in RP patients. Results The mean age at the diagnosis of RP was 51.1years (standard deviation [SD] 16.7). Acute angle closure occurred in 5 RP patients (1.3%) and in 15 controls (0.4%). The mean age with the acute angle closure was 53.3 years (SD 8.0) in RP patients and 64.6 years (SD 8.4) in controls (P = 0.015). After adjusting for age, gender and comorbid disorders, RP patients had 3.64-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–10.25, P<0.001) greater odds of having acute angle closure. After stratification for gender and age, the risk of acute angle closure in RP was higher in patients under age of 60 years (adjusted OR 11.84; 95% CI, 2.84–49.48) and male patients (adjusted OR 19.36; 95% CI, 3.43–109.40)(both P = 0.001). Conclusions RP patients had increased risk of acute angle closure than controls. Contrary to the fact that angle closure disease is more prevalent in elderly females in general population, acute angle closure attack occurred earlier in life and the risk was higher in males among RP patients.
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García-Ayuso D, Salinas-Navarro M, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Ortín-Martínez A, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP. Sectorial loss of retinal ganglion cells in inherited photoreceptor degeneration is due to RGC death. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 98:396-401. [PMID: 24326325 PMCID: PMC3933073 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aims To investigate the cause of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in dystrophic aged Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. Methods RCS-p+ (dystrophic) female rats of postnatal times (P365, P450 and P540) and age-matched RCS-p1 rdy+ (non-dystrophic) rats were used. In whole-mounted retinas, RGCs were doubly labelled with Fluorogold (FG) retrogradely transported from the superior colliculi and Brn3a immunohistochemistry. RGC axons were labelled with anti-neurofilament antibodies. Automatic image analysis techniques allowed quantification of the total population of RGCs per retina and construction of isodensity maps to investigate RGC topology. Results Dystrophic retinas showed at all times studied wedge-shaped sectors devoid of FG+ and Brn3a+ RGCs. These sectors were also devoid of neurofilament-labelled axons. The total number of FG+RGC and Brn3a+RGC per retina was significantly smaller in dystrophic rats at P540, revealing RGC death at this age. The total number of FG+RGCs was smaller than those of Brn3a+RGCs at P540, indicating a disturbance of the retrograde axonal transport at this age. Conclusions RGC double labelling documents that sectorial RGC loss in aged dystrophic RCS rats is mainly due to RGC death, although a deficit of the retrograde axonal transport exists also at the more advanced ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Ayuso
- Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, IMIB, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, , Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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García-Ayuso D, Salinas-Navarro M, Agudo M, Cuenca N, Pinilla I, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP. Retinal ganglion cell numbers and delayed retinal ganglion cell death in the P23H rat retina. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:800-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hong S, Kim CY, Lee WS, Shim J, Yeom HY, Seong GJ. Ocular hypotensive effects of topically administered agmatine in a chronic ocular hypertensive rat model. Exp Eye Res 2009; 90:97-103. [PMID: 19782071 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine, a primary polyamine and potential neuromodulator, exhibits a high affinity to the alpha2-adrenergic receptor as well as imidazoline receptors. As alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists display positive ocular hypotensive effects, we assessed whether agmatine effectively lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) using a chronic ocular hypertensive rat model. We raised IOP in unilateral eyes of Sprague-Dawley rats by cauterizing three episcleral veins per eye. Four weeks later, we topically administered 10(-3) M agmatine solution 4 times a day for 6 consecutive weeks. After confirming the recovery of IOP to pretreatment level at 13 weeks after cauterization, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were retrogradely labeled and counted. Eyes subjected to episcleral vein cauterization (EVC) demonstrated significant increases in IOP (48.39% increase over baseline IOP), and the elevated IOP was well maintained until 12 weeks. Topically administered agmatine powerfully lowered IOP to 30.29% of its pretreatment level, and the associated washout period was about two weeks. EVC was associated with a 55.44% loss of RGCs in the control group, but agmatine appeared to attenuate this RGC loss to 18.65%. Overall, topically administered agmatine appeared to effectively lower IOP and rescue RGCs in a chronic ocular hypertensive rat model. Although the mechanism underlying these effects is not yet established, it is possible that agmatine offers a powerful new ocular hypotensive agent for eyes with chronic ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hong
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 712 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Republic of Korea
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:417-22. [PMID: 19684489 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32833079c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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