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Velez-Montoya R, Monroy-Esquivel L, Ortiz-Guevara R, Quiroz-Mercado H, Fromow-Guerra J. ALTERNATIVE INTRAVITREAL ANTIBIOTICS: A Systematic Review for Consideration in Recalcitrant or Resistant Endophthalmitis. Retina 2023; 43:1433-1447. [PMID: 36893433 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To organize, categorize, and create a quick reference guide for the use of intravitreal antibiotic alternatives to the standard combination of vancomycin and ceftazidime for the treatment of endophthalmitis. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The authors searched for all available information regarding intravitreal antibiotics in the last 21 years. Manuscripts were selected according to relevance, level of information, and the available data regarding intravitreal dose, potential adverse effects, bacterial coverage, and relevant pharmacokinetic information. RESULTS The authors included 164 of 1810 manuscripts. The antibiotics were classified according to their class into fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, glycopeptide and lipopeptide, penicillins and beta-lactams, tetracyclines, and miscellaneous. The authors also included information regarding intravitreal adjuvants for the treatment of endophthalmitis and one ocular antiseptic. CONCLUSION The treatment of infectious endophthalmitis is a therapeutic challenge. The current review summarizes the properties of possible intravitreal antibiotic alternatives that should be considered in cases of suboptimal response to initial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Velez-Montoya
- Retina department, Asociación para Evitar le Ceguera en México IAP, México City, México
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Patel TP, Zacks DN, Dedania VS. Antimicrobial guide to posterior segment infections. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:2473-2501. [PMID: 33156370 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review article is meant to serve as a reference guide and to assist the treating physician in making an appropriate selection and duration of an antimicrobial agent. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Infections of the posterior segment require prompt medical or surgical therapy to reduce the risk of permanent vision loss. While numerous options exist to treat these infections, doses and alternative therapies, especially with contraindications for first-line therapy, are often elusive. Antimicrobial agents to treat posterior segment infections can be administered via various routes, including topical, intravitreal, intravenous, and oral. CONCLUSIONS Although there are many excellent review articles on the management of endophthalmitis, we take the opportunity in this review to comprehensively summarize the appropriate antimicrobial regimen of both common and rare infectious etiologies of the posterior segment, using evidence from clinical trials and large case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan P Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vaidehi S Dedania
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Shen J, Lu Z, Liu Y. Endogenous Endophthalmitis Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Hypervirulent Klebsiella Pneumoniae: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 27:1099-1104. [PMID: 30230939 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1502786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To report a rare case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-hvKP). Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted. The isolates were characterized by hypermucoviscosity, resistance genes, virulence genes, and multilocus sequence typing. Results: A 47-year-old diabetic woman acquired carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) nosocomial pneumonia. Metastatic endophthalmitis occurred in the right eye a week after the occurrence of CRKP bloodstream infection (BSI). Visual acuity decreased to light perception within 3 days. Although vitrectomy relieved ocular pain, endophthalmitis deteriorated due to uncontrollable BSI, and developed to corneal perforation. The strains isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood, and intraocular pus originated from the same clone. The pathogen was hypermucoviscous, belonged to sequence type 11, harbored resistance genes blaKPC-2, blaTEM, blaSHV, rmtB, and virulence genes rmpA2, iucABCD, iroBCD. Conclusions: Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by CR-hvKP has emerged, which is a treatment challenge for both ophthalmologists and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zhaozeng Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China.,China Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health , Shanghai , P. R. China
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4
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Pietrowska K, Dmuchowska DA, Krasnicki P, Mariak Z, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. Analysis of pharmaceuticals and small molecules in aqueous humor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:23-36. [PMID: 29980016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AH) is a transparent fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye. The circulating AH nourishes the cornea and lens and removes the metabolic waste moving through the ocular chambers and drains from the eye to the venous blood. Analysis of drugs in AH is necessary to evaluate their pharmacokinetics parameters, which may be crucial to avoid potential adverse effects. Analysis of endogenous components of AH may help to understand its physiology as well as changes evoked by pathological situation. This review describes analytical methods used for determination of pharmaceuticals and small endogenous molecules in AH, focusing on sample preparation procedures and analytical techniques. Studies on human and animal samples are included. After inspection and filtering of records found in PubMed about 100 research papers were selected to review. In these articles AH samples of human and rabbit origin were studied most often. Sample evaporation and reconstitution in smaller solvent volume was the most popular method for analyte pre-concentration. Acetonitrile, methanol or mixture of both solvents were used most often for protein precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pietrowska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Diana Anna Dmuchowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Pawel Krasnicki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Zofia Mariak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
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Agrahari V, Mandal A, Agrahari V, Trinh HM, Joseph M, Ray A, Hadji H, Mitra R, Pal D, Mitra AK. A comprehensive insight on ocular pharmacokinetics. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 6:735-754. [PMID: 27798766 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a distinctive organ with protective anatomy and physiology. Several pharmacokinetics compartment models of ocular drug delivery have been developed for describing the absorption, distribution, and elimination of ocular drugs in the eye. Determining pharmacokinetics parameters in ocular tissues is a major challenge because of the complex anatomy and dynamic physiological barrier of the eye. In this review, pharmacokinetics of these compartments exploring different drugs, delivery systems, and routes of administration is discussed including factors affecting intraocular bioavailability. Factors such as precorneal fluid drainage, drug binding to tear proteins, systemic drug absorption, corneal factors, melanin binding, and drug metabolism render ocular delivery challenging and are elaborated in this manuscript. Several compartment models are discussed; these are developed in ocular drug delivery to study the pharmacokinetics parameters. There are several transporters present in both anterior and posterior segments of the eye which play a significant role in ocular pharmacokinetics and are summarized briefly. Moreover, several ocular pharmacokinetics animal models and relevant studies are reviewed and discussed in addition to the pharmacokinetics of various ocular formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Agrahari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Abhirup Mandal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Vivek Agrahari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.,Bayer HealthCare LLC, Shawnee, KS, 66216, USA
| | - Hoang M Trinh
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mary Joseph
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Animikh Ray
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Hicheme Hadji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ranjana Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Jasiecka-Mikołajczyk A, Ziółkowski H, Jaroszewski JJ. Pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in turkeys following different routes of administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:e22-e29. [PMID: 28833289 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research had been to determine the pharmacokinetics of tigecycline (TIG) in turkey after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.), and oral (p.o.) administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg. TIG concentrations in plasma were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of TIG in turkey plasma in the i.v. group were significantly higher than concentrations of this drug obtained after using the other administration routes. No significant differences were demonstrated in respect to the concentrations achieved after i.m. and s.c. administration. The bioavailability of TIG after i.m., s.c., and p.o. administration was 32.59 ± 5.99%, 34.91 ± 9.62%, and 0.97 ± 0.57%, respectively. Values of half-life in the elimination phase were 23.49 ± 6.51 hr, 25.42 ± 4.42 hr, and 26.62 ± 5.19 hr in i.v., i.m., and s.c. groups, respectively, values of mean residence time were 7.92 ± 1.41 hr, 19.62 ± 2.82 hr, and 17.55 ± 2.59 hr in i.v., i.m., and s.c. groups, respectively, whereas the volume of distribution was 14.85 ± 5.71 L/kg, 14.68 ± 2.56 L/kg, and 15.37 ± 3.00 L/kg in i.v., i.m., and s.c. groups, respectively. Because TIG is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in turkeys to a clinically significant degree, this drug given p.o. could find application in commercial turkey farms only to treat gastrointestinal tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jasiecka-Mikołajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - H Ziółkowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J J Jaroszewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Sakarya Y, Sakarya R, Ozcimen M, Goktas S, Ozcimen S, Alpfidan I, Ivacık IS, Erdogan E, Cetinkaya S, Bukus A. Ocular penetration of topically applied 1% tigecycline in a rabbit model. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:679-683. [PMID: 28546920 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate ocular penetration of topically applied 1% tigecycline. METHODS Forty-two New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 3 groups. A 50 µL drop of 1% tigecycline was administered in group 1. In groups 2 and 3, the drop was administered every 15min for 60min (keratitis protocol). Aqueous humor samples in groups 1 and 2 were collected under general anesthesia at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180min after the last drop. All animals in group 3 were euthanatized. Cornea, vitreous and blood samples were collected 60 and 120min after the last drop. Tigecycline concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS The peak aqueous humor tigecycline concentration [mean 0.73±0.14 mg/L (SD) and 2.41±0.14 mg/L, respectively] occurred 45min after topical drug application in groups 1 and 2. Group 3 mean values in the cornea, and vitreous, were 3.27±0.50 µg/g, and 0.17±0.10 mg/L at 60min and 3.17±0.77 µg/g and 0.20±0.07 mg/L at 120min, respectively. Tigecycline serum concentrations were negligible. CONCLUSION Tigecycline levels in the aqueous humor in groups 1 and 2, and in the cornea in group 3 exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most gram-positive organisms that cause bacterial keratitis and endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Sakarya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Rabia Sakarya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Muammer Ozcimen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Sertan Goktas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Serap Ozcimen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Konya State Hospital, Konya 42060, Turkey
| | - Ismail Alpfidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Ismail Senol Ivacık
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Erkan Erdogan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Servet Cetinkaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Kizilay Hospital, Konya 42200, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Bukus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya 42090, Turkey
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Mei S, Luo X, Li X, Li Q, Huo J, Yang L, Zhu L, Feng W, Zhou J, Shi G, Zhao Z. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of tigecycline in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1992-2002. [PMID: 27245381 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuying Luo
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, People's Republic of China
| | - Leting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixing Feng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Shi
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 TiantanXili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, People's Republic of China
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Relhan N, Albini TA, Pathengay A, Kuriyan AE, Miller D, Flynn HW. Endophthalmitis caused by Gram-positive organisms with reduced vancomycin susceptibility: literature review and options for treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:446-52. [PMID: 26701686 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophthalmitis caused by Gram-positive organisms with reduced vancomycin susceptibility and/or resistance is an important clinical issue worldwide. PURPOSE To review the published literature on endophthalmitis caused by Gram-positive organisms with reduced vancomycin susceptibility and/or vancomycin resistance. METHODS The data were analysed from a PubMed search of endophthalmitis cases caused by Gram-positive organisms with reported reduced vancomycin susceptibility and/or vancomycin resistance from 1990 to 2015. RESULTS From 18 publications identified, a total of 27 endophthalmitis cases caused by Gram-positive organisms with reduced vancomycin susceptibility and/or vancomycin resistance were identified. The aetiologies of endophthalmitis were exogenous in 19/27 cases (11 post-cataract surgery, 2 post-penetrating keratoplasty, 1 post-glaucoma surgery, 4 post-open globe injury, 1 post-intravitreal injection of ranibizumab), and endogenous in 4/24 cases; no details were available about the four remaining patients. The causative organisms included Enterococcus species (7/27), coagulase-negative staphylococci (4/27), Staphylococcus aureus (4/27), Bacillus species (4/27), Streptococcus species (3/27), Leuconostoc species (3/27), Staphylococcus hominis (1/27), and unidentified Gram-positive cocci (1/27). Visual acuity of 20/400 or better at the final follow-up was recorded in 10/26 patients (38.5%; data were not available for one patient). Treatment options include fluoroquinolones, penicillin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and oxazolidinones. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, visual acuity outcomes were generally poor. Enterococcus and Staphylococcus species were the most common organisms reported and postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery was the most common clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Relhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas A Albini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Avinash Pathengay
- Retina and Uveitis Department, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMR Varalakshmi Campus, Visakhapatnam, Andha Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay E Kuriyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Darlene Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Harry W Flynn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Rapid turbidimetric assay to potency evaluation of tigecycline in lyophilized powder. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 110:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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