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Ren H, Xiang S, Liu A, Wang Q, Zhou N, Hu Z. A noval noninvasive targeted therapy for osteosarcoma: the combination of LIFU and ultrasound-magnetic-mediated SPIO/TP53/PLGA nanobubble. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1418903. [PMID: 39007051 PMCID: PMC11239426 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1418903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor. Transducing a functional TP53 gene can effectively inhibit OS cell activity. Poly lactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanobubbles (NBs) mediated by focused ultrasound (US) can introduce exogenous genes into target cells in animal models, but this technique relies on the passive free diffusion of agents across the body. The inclusion of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) in microbubbles allows for magnetic-based tissue localization. A low-intensity-focused ultrasound (LIFU) instrument was developed at our institute, and different intensities of LIFU can either disrupt the NBs (RLI-LIFU) or exert cytocidal effects on the target tissues (RHI-LIFU). Based on these data, we performed US-magnetic-mediated TP53-NB destruction and investigated its ability to inhibit OS growth when combined with LIFU both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Several SPIO/TP53/PLGA (STP) NB variants were prepared and characterized. For the in vitro experiments, HOS and MG63 cells were randomly assigned into five treatment groups. Cell proliferation and the expression of TP53 were detected by CCK8, qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. In vivo, tumor-bearing nude mice were randomly assigned into seven treatment groups. The iron distribution of Perls' Prussian blue-stained tissue sections was determined by optical microscopy. TUNEL-DAPI was performed to examine apoptosis. TP53 expression was detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results SPIO/TP53/PLGA NBs with a particle size of approximately 200 nm were prepared successfully. For in vitro experiments, ultrasound-targeted transfection of TP53 overexpression in OS cells and efficient inhibition of OS proliferation have been demonstrated. Furthermore, in a tumor-bearing nude mouse model, RLI-LIFU-magnetic-mediated SPIO/TP53/PLGA NBs increased the transfection efficiency of the TP53 plasmid, resulting in apoptosis. Adding RHI-LIFU to the treatment regimen significantly increased the apoptosis of OS cells in vivo. Conclusion Combining LIFU and US-magnetic-mediated SPIO/TP53/PLGA NB destruction is potentially a novel noninvasive and targeted therapy for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, ChongQing Red Cross Hospital (People's Hospital of JiangBei District), Chongqing, China
| | - Shanlin Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aiguo Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Nian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenming Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ghaith MM, El-Boshy M, Almasmoum H, Abdelghany AH, Azzeh FS, Almaimani RA, Idris S, Ahmad J, Mahbub AA, BaSalamah MA, Elzubeir ME, Refaat B. Deferasirox and vitamin D 3 co-therapy mitigates iron-induced renal injury by enhanced modulation of cellular anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and iron regulatory pathways in rat. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127085. [PMID: 36179462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic iron overload could induce nephropathy via oxidative stress and inflammation, and chelating therapy has limited efficacy in removing excess intracellular iron. Although vitamin D (VD) has shown potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well contribute to iron homeostasis, none of the previous studies measured its potential remedial effects against chronic iron toxicity. AIMS To measure the alleviating effects of deferasirox (DFX) and/or vitamin D (VD) single and combined therapies against nephrotoxicity induced by chronic iron overload. METHODS Forty male rats were divided into negative (NC) and positive (PC) controls, DFX, VD, and DFX/VD groups. The designated groups received iron for six weeks followed by DFX and/or VD for another six weeks. Then, the expression pattern of renal genes and proteins including hepcidin, ferroportin (FPN), megalin, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), ferritin heavy and light chains, VD receptor (VDR), VD synthesizing (Cyp27b1) and catabolizing (Cyp24a1) enzymes were measured alongside serum markers of renal function and iron biochemical parameters. Additionally, several markers of oxidative stress (MDA/H2O2/GSH/SOD1/CAT/GPx4) and inflammation (IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α/IL-10) together with renal cell apoptosis and expression of caspase-3 (Casp-3) were measured. RESULTS The PC rats showed pathological iron and renal biochemical markers, hypovitaminosis D, increased renal tissue iron contents with increased Cyp24a1/Megalin/ferritin-chains/hepcidin, and decreased Cyp27b1/VDR/TfR1/FPN expression than the NC group. The PC renal tissues also showed abnormal histology, increased inflammatory (IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α), oxidative stress (MDA/H2O2), and apoptosis markers with decreased IL-10/GSH/SOD1/CAT/GPx4. Although DFX monotherapy reduced serum iron levels, it was comparable to the PC group in renal iron concentrations, VD and iron-homeostatic molecules, alongside markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. On the other hand, VD monotherapy markedly modulated renal iron and VD-related molecules, reduced renal tissue iron concentrations, and preserved renal tissue relative to the PC and DFX groups. However, serum iron levels were equal in the VD and PC groups. In contrast, the best significant improvements in serum and renal iron levels, expression of renal iron-homeostatic molecules, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were seen in the co-therapy group. CONCLUSIONS iron-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with dysregulations in renal VD-system together with renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. While DFX reduced systemic iron, VD monotherapy showed better attenuation of renal iron concentrations and tissue damage. Nonetheless, the co-therapy approach exhibited the maximal remedial effects, possibly by enhanced modulation of renal iron-homeostatic molecules alongside reducing systemic iron levels. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its Supplementary information files].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Ghaith
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Boshy
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hussain Almasmoum
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelghany H Abdelghany
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Firas S Azzeh
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad A Almaimani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawwad Ahmad
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A Mahbub
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A BaSalamah
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Elzubeir
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
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Refaat B, Abdelghany AH, BaSalamah MA, El-Boshy M, Ahmad J, Idris S. Acute and Chronic Iron Overloading Differentially Modulates the Expression of Cellular Iron-homeostatic Molecules in Normal Rat Kidney. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:825-839. [PMID: 29873589 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418782696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the renal responses to acute iron overloading. This study measured the renal tubular expression of transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1), cubilin/megalin receptors, hepcidin, ferroportin, and ferritin chains following subacute intoxication of 40 male Wistar rats with a single oral dose of ferrous iron (300 mg/kg). The animals were randomly subdivided into 4 equal subgroups at the time of necropsy (1, 2, 4, and 8 hr). The results were compared with the controls ( n=15) and with the chronic group ( n=15), which received iron for 4 weeks (75 mg/kg/day; 5 days/week). Although both toxicity models inhibited TfR1, they upregulated the cubilin/megalin receptors and hepcidin, and triggered iron deposition in tubular cells. The ferritin heavy-chain and ferroportin were downregulated in the 2-hr and 4-hr acute subgroups, whereas chronic toxicity promoted their expression, compared with controls. Moreover, the 4-hr and 8-hr subgroups had higher intracellular Fe+2 and marked cell apoptosis compared with the chronic group. In conclusion, the kidney appears to sustain iron reabsorption in both intoxication models. However, the cellular iron storage and exporter proteins were differentially expressed in both models, and their inhibition post-acute toxicity might contribute toward the intracellular accumulation of Fe+2, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences.,Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelghany Hassan Abdelghany
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A BaSalamah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences.,Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine.,Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Boshy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Jawwad Ahmad
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences.,Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences.,Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Accumulation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle and Conventional Iron Oxide in Rat Ovary and Oxidative Stress Caused by It. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.58738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ohta Y, Yashiro K, Kobayashi T, Inui K, Yoshino J. Protective effect ofN,N’-dimethylthiourea against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:319-328. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi 470-1192 Japan
| | - Koji Yashiro
- Department of Chemistry; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi 470-1192 Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine; Second Teaching Hospital; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi 454-0012 Japan
| | - Kazuo Inui
- Department of Internal Medicine; Second Teaching Hospital; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi 454-0012 Japan
| | - Junji Yoshino
- Dainagoya building Central Clinic; Nagoya Aichi 450-6409 Japan
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Orr JS, Kennedy A, Anderson-Baucum EK, Webb CD, Fordahl SC, Erikson KM, Zhang Y, Etzerodt A, Moestrup SK, Hasty AH. Obesity alters adipose tissue macrophage iron content and tissue iron distribution. Diabetes 2014; 63:421-32. [PMID: 24130337 PMCID: PMC3900546 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) expansion is accompanied by the infiltration and accumulation of AT macrophages (ATMs), as well as a shift in ATM polarization. Several studies have implicated recruited M1 ATMs in the metabolic consequences of obesity; however, little is known regarding the role of alternatively activated resident M2 ATMs in AT homeostasis or how their function is altered in obesity. Herein, we report the discovery of a population of alternatively activated ATMs with elevated cellular iron content and an iron-recycling gene expression profile. These iron-rich ATMs are referred to as MFe(hi), and the remaining ATMs are referred to as MFe(lo). In lean mice, ~25% of the ATMs are MFe(hi); this percentage decreases in obesity owing to the recruitment of MFe(lo) macrophages. Similar to MFe(lo) cells, MFe(hi) ATMs undergo an inflammatory shift in obesity. In vivo, obesity reduces the iron content of MFe(hi) ATMs and the gene expression of iron importers as well as the iron exporter, ferroportin, suggesting an impaired ability to handle iron. In vitro, exposure of primary peritoneal macrophages to saturated fatty acids also alters iron metabolism gene expression. Finally, the impaired MFe(hi) iron handling coincides with adipocyte iron overload in obese mice. In conclusion, in obesity, iron distribution is altered both at the cellular and tissue levels, with AT playing a predominant role in this change. An increased availability of fatty acids during obesity may contribute to the observed changes in MFe(hi) ATM phenotype and their reduced capacity to handle iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeb S. Orr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Arion Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Emily K. Anderson-Baucum
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Corey D. Webb
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Steve C. Fordahl
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Keith M. Erikson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Yaofang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Anders Etzerodt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Corresponding author: Alyssa H. Hasty,
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Holmes-Hampton GP, Tong WH, Rouault TA. Biochemical and biophysical methods for studying mitochondrial iron metabolism. Methods Enzymol 2014; 547:275-307. [PMID: 25416363 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801415-8.00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a heavily utilized element in organisms and numerous mechanisms accordingly regulate the trafficking, metabolism, and storage of iron. Despite the high regulation of iron homeostasis, several diseases and mutations can lead to the misregulation and often accumulation of iron in the cytosol or mitochondria of tissues. To understand the genesis of iron overload, it is necessary to employ various techniques to quantify iron in organisms and mitochondria. This chapter discusses techniques for determining the total iron content of tissue samples, ranging from colorimetric determination of iron concentrations, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In addition, we discuss in situ techniques for analyzing iron including electron microscopic nonheme iron histochemistry, electron energy loss spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging, and confocal Raman microscopy. Finally, we discuss biophysical methods for studying iron in isolated mitochondria, including ultraviolet-visible, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray absorbance, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. This chapter should aid researchers to select and interpret mitochondrial iron quantifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Holmes-Hampton
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wing-Hang Tong
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Asano Y. Age-related accumulation of non-heme ferric and ferrous iron in mouse ovarian stroma visualized by sensitive non-heme iron histochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 60:229-42. [PMID: 22108647 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411431734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive non-heme iron histochemistry--namely, the perfusion-Perls method and perfusion-Turnbull method--was applied to study the distribution and age-related accumulation of non-heme ferric iron and ferrous iron in mouse ovary. Light and electron microscopic studies revealed that non-heme ferric iron is distributed predominantly in stromal tissue, especially in macrophages. By contrast, the distribution of non-heme ferrous iron was restricted to a few ovoid macrophages. Aged ovaries exhibited remarkable non-heme iron accumulation in all stromal cells. In particular, non-heme ferrous iron level was increased in stromal tissue, suggestive of increased levels of redox-active iron, which can promote oxidative stress. Moreover, intense localization of both non-heme ferric and ferrous iron was observed in aggregated large stromal cells that were then characterized as ceroid-laden enlarged macrophages with frothy cytoplasm. Intraperitoneal iron overload in adult mice resulted in non-heme iron deposition in the entire stroma and generation of enlarged macrophages, suggesting that excessive iron accumulation induced macrophage morphological changes. The data indicated that non-heme iron accumulation in ovarian stromal tissue may be related to aging of the ovary due to increasing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Asano
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology and Histology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Tubek S, Bunio A, Szyguła R, Krasowski G. The content of elements in rainwater and its relation to the frequency of hospitalization for gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers in Opole Voivodship, Poland, during 2000-2002. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 140:253-61. [PMID: 20437109 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between chemical elements in rainwater and the frequency of hospitalizations for gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers was studied on the population of the province (Voivodship) of Opole, Poland, during the years 2000-2002. There is a high positive correlation between hospitalized cases of gastric peptic ulcers with chromium in rainwater (r = 0.71), cadmium (r = 0.63), and lead (r = 0.70). Mild positive correlations were found with zinc (r = 0.55), copper (r = 0.56), iron (r = 0.57), chloride (r = 0.60), and sulfate (r = 0.52). These correlations were higher on men, suggesting that there are gender correlations involved. In duodenal peptic ulcers, we observed a high positive correlation between chromium in rainwater and hospitalized cases (r = 0.61) and mild positive correlations with lead (r = 0.57), copper (r = 0.52), and cadmium (r = 0.51). Significant gender differences were not found. These positive correlations may be due to the biological activity of the elements, such as their cytotoxic activity, enhanced local adrenergic stimulation on mucosal vasculature, ion channel (mainly calcium channels) remodeling, and, for example promoting infection by Helicobacter pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Tubek
- Department of Internal Diseases, Voivodship Hospital, Opole, Poland.
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Abstract
The progress in discerning the structure and function of cells and tissues in health and disease has been achieved to a large extent by the continued development of new reagents for histochemistry, the improvement of existing techniques and new imaging techniques. This review will highlight some advancements made in these fields.
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Meguro R, Asano Y, Odagiri S, Li C, Iwatsuki H, Shoumura K. Nonheme-iron histochemistry for light and electron microscopy: a historical, theoretical and technical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:1-19. [PMID: 17558140 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.70.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the methods of nonheme-iron histochemistry with special focus on the underlying chemical principles. The term nonheme-iron includes heterogeneous species of iron complexes where iron is more loosely bound to low-molecular weight organic bases and proteins than that of heme (iron-protoporphyrin complex). Nonheme-iron is liberated in dilute acid solutions and available for conventional histochemistry by the Perls and Turnbull and other methods using iron chelators, which depend on the production of insoluble iron compounds. Treatment with strong oxidative agents is required for the liberation of heme-iron, which therefore is not stained by conventional histochemistry. The Perls method most commonly used in laboratory investigations largely stains ferric iron, but stains some ferrous iron as well, while the Turnbull method is specific for the latter. Although the Turnbull method performed on sections fails in staining ferrous iron or stains only such parts of the tissue where iron is heavily accumulated, an in vivo perfusion-Turnbull method demonstrated the ubiquitous distribution of ferrous iron, particularly in lysosomes. The Perls or Turnbull reaction is enhanced by DAB/silver/gold methods for electron microscopy. The iron sulfide method and the staining of redox-active iron with H(2)O(2) and DAB are also applicable for electron microscopy. Although the above histochemical methods have advantages for visualizing iron by conventional light and electron microscopy, the quantitative estimation of iron is not easy. Recent methods depending on the quenching of fluorescent divalent metal indicators by Fe(2+) and dequenching by divalent metal chelators have enabled the quantitative estimation of chelatable Fe(2+) in isolated viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Meguro
- Department of Anatomy, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Taatjes DJ, Zuber C, Roth J. The histochemistry and cell biology vade mecum: a review of 2005–2006. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 126:743-88. [PMID: 17149649 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procurement of new knowledge and understanding in the ever expanding discipline of cell biology continues to advance at a breakneck pace. The progress in discerning the physiology of cells and tissues in health and disease has been driven to a large extent by the continued development of new probes and imaging techniques. The recent introduction of semi-conductor quantum dots as stable, specific markers for both fluorescence light microscopy and electron microscopy, as well as a virtual treasure-trove of new fluorescent proteins, has in conjunction with newly introduced spectral imaging systems, opened vistas into the seemingly unlimited possibilities for experimental design. Although it oftentimes proves difficult to predict what the future will hold with respect to advances in disciplines such as cell biology and histochemistry, it is facile to look back on what has already occurred. In this spirit, this review will highlight some advancements made in these areas in the past 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology, Microscopy Imaging Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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