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Abdel-Wahab ND, Kabil MF, El-Sherbiny IM, Salama MF, El-Sayed G, El-Sherbini ES. Potential anticancer effect of free and nanoformulated Deferasirox for breast cancer treatment: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:223-235. [PMID: 38305197 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2314189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) stands as the second-leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Many chemotherapeutic treatments for BC come with significant adverse effects. Additionally, BC is recognized as one of the most resistant forms of malignancy to treatment. Consequently, there exists a critical need for innovative therapeutic agents that are both highly effective and exhibit reduced toxicity and side effects for patients. Deferasirox (DFX), an iron-chelating drug approved by the FDA for oral use, emerges as a promising contender in the fight against BC proliferation. DFX, primarily administered orally, is utilized to address chronic iron excess resulting from blood transfusions, and it is the inaugural treatment for chronic iron overload syndrome. However, DFX encounters limitations due to its poor water solubility. AIM This study aimed at incorporating DFX into lipid nanocapsules (DFX-LNCs) followed by investigating the anticancer effect of the DFX nanoform as compared to free DFX in-vitro and on an orthotopic BC mouse model in-vivo. METHODS The DFX-LNCs was prepared and imaged using TEM and also characterized in terms of particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI) using DLS. Moreover, drug release, cytotoxicity, and anticancer effect were assessed in-vitro, and in-vivo. RESULTS The results revealed that DFX-LNCs are more cytotoxic than free DFX with IC50 of 4.417 µg/ml and 16.114 µg/ml, respectively, while the plain LNCs didn't show any cytotoxic effect on the 4T1 cell line (IC50 = 122.797 µg/ml). Besides, the apoptotic effect of DFX-LNCs was more pronounced than that of free DFX, as evidenced by Annexin V/PI staining, increased BAX expression, and decreased expression of BcL-2. Moreover, DFX-LNCs showed a superior antitumor effect in-vivo with potent antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects. CONCLUSION The newly developed DFX nanoform demonstrated a high potential as a promising therapeutic agent for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeen Diaa Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzi Kabil
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Salama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Gehad El-Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - El-Said El-Sherbini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Xu J, Zhu C, Jin P, Sun W, Yu E. Agomelatine prevented depression in the chronic restraint stress model through enhanced catalase activity and halted oxidative stress. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289248. [PMID: 38335199 PMCID: PMC10857580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agomelatine (AGO) is an antidepressant with unique pharmacological effects; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we examined agomelatine's effects on catalase activity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. METHODS Chronic restraint stress (CRS) model mice were established over 4 weeks, and AGO 50 mg/kg was administered to different groups alongside a deferasirox (DFX) 10 mg/kg gavage treatment. Behavioral tests were performed to assess the effect of AGO on the remission of depression-like behaviors. Meanwhile, the expression of CAT, the oxidative stress signaling pathway and inflammatory protein markers were assessed using ELISA, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Four weeks of AGO treatment significantly improved depression-like behavior in mice through the activation of catalase in the hippocampus and serum of the model mice, increased superoxide dismutase expression, reduced malondialdehyde expression, and reduced oxidative stress damage. Deferasirox was found to offset this therapeutic effect partially. In addition, the inflammatory pathway (including nuclear factor-κB and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha) was not significantly altered. CONCLUSIONS AGO can exert antidepressant effects by altering oxidative stress by modulating catalase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Kangning Hospital attached to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Piaopiao Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yiwu Central Hospital, Jin Hua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangdi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enyan Yu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kabil MF, Nasr M. Deferasirox: A comprehensive drug profile. Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol 2024; 49:1-18. [PMID: 38423705 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Deferasirox is an iron-chelating drug developed by Novartis company for treatment of diseases accompanied by chronic iron overload; such as β-thalassemia or sickle cell diseases. Owing to its advantages such as high affinity, specificity and wide therapeutic window, it is considered as first line treatment. The current chapter describes the physicochemical characteristics, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic applications and synthetic methods for deferasirox. Moreover, it includes Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis for its functional groups. In addition, the selected analytical methods are summarized to aid the analysts in their routine analysis of deferasirox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fawzi Kabil
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Ni T, Chi X, Wu H, Xie F, Bao J, Wang J, Ji Z, Li L, Wang X, Yan L, Hao Y, Zhang D, Jiang Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel deferasirox derivatives with high antifungal potency in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116026. [PMID: 38070429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we designed and synthesized 58 deferasirox derivatives with the aim of discovering novel antifungal agents. Most compounds exhibited moderate to excellent in vitro antifungal activities against Cryptococcus neoformans H99 with MIC values ranging from 0.25 μg/mL to 16 μg/mL, including ten compounds with MIC values less than 1 μg/mL that were further screened against an additional six pathogenic fungi. This class of compounds showed high potency against Candida glabrata with MIC values ranging from <0.125 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. We identified that compound 54 has high potency against 14 strains of Candida glabrata spp. and Cryptococcus spp. with MIC values ranging from <0.125 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. In addition, compound 54 significantly reduced the CFU in a mouse model of disseminated infection with Cryptococcus neoformans H99 at a dose of 10 mg/kg, which is comparable to FLC. Further investigations on compound 54 are currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjunhong Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaochen Chi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, No.110016, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, No.200433, China
| | - Junhe Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, No.200433, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, No.200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- The 967th Hospital of The Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, No.200433, China
| | - Yumeng Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, No.200433, China.
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, No.200433, China.
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Ishimaru K, Ikeda M, Miyamoto HD, Furusawa S, Abe K, Watanabe M, Kanamura T, Fujita S, Nishimura R, Toyohara T, Matsushima S, Koumura T, Yamada K, Imai H, Tsutsui H, Ide T. Deferasirox Targeting Ferroptosis Synergistically Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Conjunction With Cyclosporine A. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031219. [PMID: 38158218 PMCID: PMC10863836 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, is a major cell death mode in myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, along with mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, which is inhibited by cyclosporine A (CsA). However, therapeutics targeting ferroptosis during myocardial I/R injury have not yet been developed. Hence, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of deferasirox, an iron chelator, against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced ferroptosis in cultured cardiomyocytes and myocardial I/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of deferasirox on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced iron overload in the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis were examined in cultured cardiomyocytes. In a mouse model of I/R injury, the infarct size and adverse cardiac remodeling were examined after treatment with deferasirox, CsA, or both in combination. Deferasirox suppressed hypoxia- or hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced iron overload in the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis in cultured cardiomyocytes. Deferasirox treatment reduced iron levels in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented increases in lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in the I/R-injured myocardium 24 hours after I/R. Deferasirox and CsA independently reduced the infarct size after I/R injury to a similar degree, and combination therapy with deferasirox and CsA synergistically reduced the infarct size (infarct area/area at risk; control treatment: 64±2%; deferasirox treatment: 48±3%; CsA treatment: 48±4%; deferasirox+CsA treatment: 37±3%), thereby ameliorating adverse cardiac remodeling on day 14 after I/R. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with deferasirox and CsA may be a clinically feasible and effective therapeutic approach for limiting I/R injury and ameliorating adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Ishimaru
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Masataka Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Hiroko Deguchi Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shun Furusawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Ko Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Masatsugu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takuya Kanamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takayuki Toyohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomoko Koumura
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry and Medical Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKitasato UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry and Medical Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKitasato UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- School of Medicine and Graduate SchoolInternational University of Health and WelfareFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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Jeon MJ, Yu ES, Choi CW, Kim DS. Identification and overcoming rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using next-generation sequencing. Korean J Intern Med 2023; 38:893-902. [PMID: 37599392 PMCID: PMC10636549 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although rituximab, an antiCD20 monoclonal antibody, has dramatically improved the clinical outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, rituximab resistance remains a challenge. METHODS We developed a rituximab-resistant cell line (RRCL) by sequential exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of rituximab in a rituximab-sensitive cell line (RSCL). When the same dose of rituximab was administered, RRCL showed a smaller decrease in cell viability and apoptosis than RSCL. To determine the differences in gene expression between RSCL and RRCL, we performed next-generation sequencing. RESULTS In total, 1,879 differentially expressed genes were identified, and in the over-representation analysis of Consensus-PathDB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway showed statistical significance. MAPK13, which encodes the p38δ protein, was expressed more than four-fold in RRCL. Western blot analysis revealed that phosphop38 expression mainwas increased in RRCL, and when p38 inhibitor was administered, phosphop38 expression was significantly decreased. Therefore, we hypothesized that p38 MAPK activation was associated with rituximab resistance. Previous studies have suggested that p38 is associated with NF-κB activation. Deferasirox has been reported to inhibit NF-κB activity and suppress phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, it also has cytotoxic effects on various cancers and synergistic effects in overcoming drug resistance. In this study, we confirmed that deferasirox induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both RSCL and RRCL, and the combination of deferasirox and rituximab showed a synergistic effect in RRCL at all combination concentrations. CONCLUSION We suggest that p38 MAPK, especially p38δ, activation is associated with rituximab resistance, and deferasirox may be a candidate to overcome rituximab resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Deferasirox/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 13/genetics
- NF-kappa B
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Apoptosis
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Cell Line, Tumor
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Jeon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Won Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Su M, Zhao Y, Li M, Jia C, Liu H, Zhang Y, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Evidence for the Metabolic Activation of Deferasirox In Vitro and In Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1255-1266. [PMID: 37435843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Deferasirox (DFS) is used for the treatment of iron accumulation caused by the need for long-term blood transfusions, such as thalassemia or other rare anemia. Liver injury due to exposure to DFS has been documented, and the toxic mechanisms of DFS are unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the reactive metabolites of DFS in vitro and in vivo to help us understand the mechanisms of DFS hepatotoxicity. Two hydroxylated metabolites (5-OH and 5'-OH) were identified during incubation of DFS-supplemented rat liver microsomes. Such microsomal incubations fortified with glutathione (GSH) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as capture agents offered two GSH conjugates and two NAC conjugates. These GSH conjugates and NAC conjugates were also detected in bile and urine of rats given DFS. CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were found to dominate the metabolic activation of DFS. Administration of DFS induced decreased cell survival in cultured primary hepatocytes. Pretreatment with ketoconazole and 1-aminobenzotrizole made hepatocytes less susceptible to the cytotoxicity of DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Su
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yanjia Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - He Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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Ghaith MM, El-Boshy M, Almasmoum H, Abdelghany AH, Azzeh FS, Almaimani RA, Idris S, Ahmad J, Mahbub AA, BaSalamah MA, Elzubeir ME, Refaat B. Deferasirox and vitamin D 3 co-therapy mitigates iron-induced renal injury by enhanced modulation of cellular anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and iron regulatory pathways in rat. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127085. [PMID: 36179462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic iron overload could induce nephropathy via oxidative stress and inflammation, and chelating therapy has limited efficacy in removing excess intracellular iron. Although vitamin D (VD) has shown potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well contribute to iron homeostasis, none of the previous studies measured its potential remedial effects against chronic iron toxicity. AIMS To measure the alleviating effects of deferasirox (DFX) and/or vitamin D (VD) single and combined therapies against nephrotoxicity induced by chronic iron overload. METHODS Forty male rats were divided into negative (NC) and positive (PC) controls, DFX, VD, and DFX/VD groups. The designated groups received iron for six weeks followed by DFX and/or VD for another six weeks. Then, the expression pattern of renal genes and proteins including hepcidin, ferroportin (FPN), megalin, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), ferritin heavy and light chains, VD receptor (VDR), VD synthesizing (Cyp27b1) and catabolizing (Cyp24a1) enzymes were measured alongside serum markers of renal function and iron biochemical parameters. Additionally, several markers of oxidative stress (MDA/H2O2/GSH/SOD1/CAT/GPx4) and inflammation (IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α/IL-10) together with renal cell apoptosis and expression of caspase-3 (Casp-3) were measured. RESULTS The PC rats showed pathological iron and renal biochemical markers, hypovitaminosis D, increased renal tissue iron contents with increased Cyp24a1/Megalin/ferritin-chains/hepcidin, and decreased Cyp27b1/VDR/TfR1/FPN expression than the NC group. The PC renal tissues also showed abnormal histology, increased inflammatory (IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α), oxidative stress (MDA/H2O2), and apoptosis markers with decreased IL-10/GSH/SOD1/CAT/GPx4. Although DFX monotherapy reduced serum iron levels, it was comparable to the PC group in renal iron concentrations, VD and iron-homeostatic molecules, alongside markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. On the other hand, VD monotherapy markedly modulated renal iron and VD-related molecules, reduced renal tissue iron concentrations, and preserved renal tissue relative to the PC and DFX groups. However, serum iron levels were equal in the VD and PC groups. In contrast, the best significant improvements in serum and renal iron levels, expression of renal iron-homeostatic molecules, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were seen in the co-therapy group. CONCLUSIONS iron-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with dysregulations in renal VD-system together with renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. While DFX reduced systemic iron, VD monotherapy showed better attenuation of renal iron concentrations and tissue damage. Nonetheless, the co-therapy approach exhibited the maximal remedial effects, possibly by enhanced modulation of renal iron-homeostatic molecules alongside reducing systemic iron levels. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its Supplementary information files].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Ghaith
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Boshy
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hussain Almasmoum
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelghany H Abdelghany
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Firas S Azzeh
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad A Almaimani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawwad Ahmad
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A Mahbub
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A BaSalamah
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Elzubeir
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, PO Box 7607 Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
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Timoshnikov VA, Kichigina LA, Selyutina OY, Polyakov NE, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Antioxidant Activity of Deferasirox and Its Metal Complexes in Model Systems of Oxidative Damage: Comparison with Deferiprone. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165064. [PMID: 34443652 PMCID: PMC8401497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deferasirox is an orally active, lipophilic iron chelating drug used on thousands of patients worldwide for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. The essential transition metals iron and copper are the primary catalysts of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in biological systems. The redox effects of deferasirox and its metal complexes with iron, copper and other metals are of pharmacological, toxicological, biological and physiological importance. Several molecular model systems of oxidative damage caused by iron and copper catalysis including the oxidation of ascorbic acid, the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles and the oxidation of dihydropyridine have been investigated in the presence of deferasirox using UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy. Deferasirox has shown antioxidant activity in all three model systems, causing substantial reduction in the rate of oxidation and oxidative damage. Deferasirox showed the greatest antioxidant activity in the oxidation of ascorbic acid with the participation of iron ions and reduced the reaction rate by about a 100 times. Overall, deferasirox appears to have lower affinity for copper in comparison to iron. Comparative studies of the antioxidant activity of deferasirox and the hydrophilic oral iron chelating drug deferiprone in the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles showed lower efficiency of deferasirox in comparison to deferiprone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A. Timoshnikov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - Lilia A. Kichigina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - Olga Yu. Selyutina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - Nikolay E. Polyakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - George J. Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol CY-3021, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
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10
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Xue Y, Zhang G, Zhou S, Wang S, Lv H, Zhou L, Shang P. Iron Chelator Induces Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma Cells by Disrupting Intracellular Iron Homeostasis and Activating the MAPK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137168. [PMID: 34281233 PMCID: PMC8268062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common malignant bone tumor in clinical orthopedics. Iron chelators have inhibitory effects on many cancers, but their effects and mechanisms in osteosarcoma are still uncertain. Our in vitro results show that deferoxamine (DFO) and deferasirox (DFX), two iron chelators, significantly inhibited the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells (MG-63, MNNG/HOS and K7M2). The viability of osteosarcoma cells was decreased by DFO and DFX in a concentration-dependent manner. DFO and DFX generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), altered iron metabolism and triggered apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Iron chelator-induced apoptosis was due to the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, with increased phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38 and ERK, and ROS generation; in this process, the expression of C-caspase-3 and C-PARP increased. In an orthotopic osteosarcoma transplantation model, iron chelators (20 mg/kg every day, Ip, for 14 days) significantly inhibited the growth of the tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that iron metabolism was altered, apoptosis was promoted, and malignant proliferation was reduced with iron chelators in the tumor tissues. In conclusion, we observed that iron chelators induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma by activating the ROS-related MAPK signaling pathway. Because iron is crucial for cell proliferation, iron chelators may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Xue
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Gejing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shoujie Zhou
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-88460391
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11
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Steinbrueck A, Sedgwick AC, Han HH, Zhao MY, Sen S, Huang DY, Zang Y, Li J, He XP, Sessler JL. In vitro studies of deferasirox derivatives as potential organelle-targeting traceable anti-cancer therapeutics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5678-5681. [PMID: 33977921 PMCID: PMC8456774 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08156f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report here strategic functionalization of the FDA approved chelator deferasirox (1) in an effort to produce organelle-targeting iron chelators with enhanced activity against A549 lung cancer cells. Derivative 8 was found to have improved antiproliferative activity relative to 1. Fluorescent cell imaging revealed that compound 8 preferentially localises within the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Steinbrueck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th street A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th street A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Hai-Hao Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Michael Y Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th street A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Sajal Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th street A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Dan-Ying Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th street A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th street A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
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12
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Rahdar A, Hajinezhad MR, Sargazi S, Bilal M, Barani M, Karimi P, Kyzas GZ. Biochemical effects of deferasirox and deferasirox-loaded nanomicellesin iron-intoxicated rats. Life Sci 2021; 270:119146. [PMID: 33545199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deferasirox (DFX) was formulated into oil-in-water microemulsions in the presence of pluronicto improve its oral bioavailability. The size of the DFX-loadedmicroemulsions system measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was about 9 nm. The anti-proliferative and anti-lipid peroxidation effects of DFX and DFX-loaded microemulsions were assessed on Human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Our in vitro results showed that HUVEC cells are more susceptible to free DFX as compared to DFX-loaded microemulsions. Although both free and encapsulated DFX attenuated FeCl3-induced lipid peroxidation, after 6 and 12 h treatment, DFX-loaded microemulsions did not appear a better ameliorator than DFX. To compare the in vivo efficacy of free DFX and DFX-loaded microemulsions in iron- intoxicated rats, the animals were orally administered with 25 mg/kg DFX, or 25 mg/kg DFX microemulsions, respectively. In vivo gavage handling of free DFX significantly increased serum biochemical parameters. There was also a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in rats who received free DFX compared to those in the control rats. Treatment with DFX-loaded microemulsions restored the elevated levels of serum AST, ALT, and creatinine levels and also reduced liver MDA content. Histopathological analysis of renal and hepatic tissues was in line with the biochemical results. In conclusion, DFX-loaded microemulsions induce less toxicity than free DFX and appear a more desirable and safer drug carrier in combating the iron-overload complications. Theoretical simulations are performed to get better insight regarding interactions between DFX and surfactant F127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, P. O. Box 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad
- Basic Veterinary Science Department, Veterinary medicine Faculty, University of Zabol, Zabol, P. O. Box. 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and molecule Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Pouya Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, Zabol, P. O. Box 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece.
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13
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Calabrese C, Panuzzo C, Stanga S, Andreani G, Ravera S, Maglione A, Pironi L, Petiti J, Shahzad Ali M, Scaravaglio P, Napoli F, Fava C, De Gobbi M, Frassoni F, Saglio G, Bracco E, Pergolizzi B, Cilloni D. Deferasirox-Dependent Iron Chelation Enhances Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Restores p53 Signaling by Stabilization of p53 Family Members in Leukemic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207674. [PMID: 33081324 PMCID: PMC7589297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is crucial to satisfy several mitochondrial functions including energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Patients affected by Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are frequently characterized by iron overload (IOL), due to continuous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. This event impacts the overall survival (OS) and it is associated with increased mortality in lower-risk MDS patients. Accordingly, the oral iron chelator Deferasirox (DFX) has been reported to improve the OS and delay leukemic transformation. However, the molecular players and the biological mechanisms laying behind remain currently mostly undefined. The aim of this study has been to investigate the potential anti-leukemic effect of DFX, by functionally and molecularly analyzing its effects in three different leukemia cell lines, harboring or not p53 mutations, and in human primary cells derived from 15 MDS/AML patients. Our findings indicated that DFX can lead to apoptosis, impairment of cell growth only in a context of IOL, and can induce a significant alteration of mitochondria network, with a sharp reduction in mitochondrial activity. Moreover, through a remarkable reduction of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), known to regulate the stability of p53 and p73 proteins, we observed an enhancement of p53 transcriptional activity after DFX. Interestingly, this iron depletion-triggered signaling is enabled by p73, in the absence of p53, or in the presence of a p53 mutant form. In conclusion, we propose a mechanism by which the increased p53 family transcriptional activity and protein stability could explain the potential benefits of iron chelation therapy in terms of improving OS and delaying leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Calabrese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Cristina Panuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Stanga
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Andreani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Maglione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Lucrezia Pironi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Jessica Petiti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrizia Scaravaglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Carmen Fava
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco De Gobbi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesco Frassoni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Barbara Pergolizzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
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Imai T, Tsuji S, Matsubara H, Ohba T, Sugiyama T, Nakamura S, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Deferasirox, a trivalent iron chelator, ameliorates neuronal damage in hemorrhagic stroke models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:73-84. [PMID: 32808069 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease with high mortality and morbidity. After ICH, iron released from the hematoma plays a crucial role in secondary brain injury. Deferasirox (DFR) is a trivalent iron chelator, which was approved to treat iron overload syndrome after transfusion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of DFR in both in vitro and in vivo ICH models. METHODS Using a hemin-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage model, we performed an intracellular bivalent iron (Fe2+) accumulation assay, cell death assay, oxidative stress assessments, and Western blotting analysis. Moreover, the effects of DFR intraventricular administration on hematoma, neurological deficits, and histological alteration were evaluated in an in vivo ICH mouse model by collagenase. RESULTS DFR significantly suppressed the intracellular Fe2+ accumulation and cell death caused by hemin exposure. These effects were related to the suppression of both reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation over-production. In Western blotting analysis, hemin increased the expression of ferritin (an iron storage protein), LC3 and p62 (autophagy-related markers), phosphorylated p38 (a stress response protein), and cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) (apoptosis-related makers). However, DFR suppressed the increase of these proteins. In addition, DFR attenuated the neurological deficits until 7 days after ICH without affecting hematoma and injury area. Furthermore, DFR also suppressed microglia/macrophage activation in peri-hematoma area at 3 days after ICH. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that DFR might be a useful therapeutic agent for the therapy of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuji
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hirohumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takuya Ohba
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sugiyama
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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15
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Amano S, Kaino S, Shinoda S, Harima H, Matsumoto T, Fujisawa K, Takami T, Yamamoto N, Yamasaki T, Sakaida I. Invasion inhibition in pancreatic cancer using the oral iron chelating agent deferasirox. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:681. [PMID: 32698792 PMCID: PMC7374870 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is required for cellular metabolism, and rapidly proliferating cancer cells require more of this essential nutrient. Therefore, iron regulation may well represent a new avenue for cancer therapy. We have reported, through in vitro and in vivo research involving pancreatic cancer cell lines, that the internal-use, next-generation iron chelator deferasirox (DFX) exhibits concentration-dependent tumour-suppressive effects, among other effects. After performing a microarray analysis on the tumour grafts used in that research, we found that DFX may be able to suppress the cellular movement pathways of pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, we conducted in vitro analyses to evaluate the effects of DFX on the invasive and migratory abilities of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS We used pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC-3, Panc-1, and HPAF II) to examine the efficacy of DFX in preventing invasion in vitro, evaluated using scratch assays and Boyden chamber assays. In an effort to understand the mechanism of action whereby DFX suppresses tumour invasion and migration, we performed G-LISA to examine the activation of Cdc42 and Rac1 which are known for their involvement in cellular movement pathways. RESULTS In our scratch assays, we observed that DFX-treated cells had significantly reduced invasive ability compared with that of control cells. Similarly, in our Boyden chamber assays, we observed that DFX-treated cells had significantly reduced migratory ability. After analysis of the Rho family of proteins, we observed a significant reduction in the activation of Cdc42 and Rac1 in DFX-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS DFX can suppress the motility of cancer cells by reducing Cdc42 and Rac1 activation. Pancreatic cancers often have metastatic lesions, which means that use of DFX will suppress not only tumour proliferation but also tumour invasion, and we expect that this will lead to improved prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Amano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Kaino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shuhei Shinoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Harima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Taro Takami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
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16
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Abedi M, Rahgozar S, Esmaeili A. Iron protects childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells from methotrexate cytotoxicity. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3537-3550. [PMID: 32176452 PMCID: PMC7221302 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a fundamental clinical concern in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pALL), and methotrexate (MTX) is an essential chemotherapy drug administered for the treatment. In the current study, the effect of iron in response to methotrexate and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in pALL cells. CCRF-CEM and Nalm6 cell lines were selected as T and B-ALL subtypes. Cells were pretreated with ferric ammonium citrate, exposed to the IC50 concentration of MTX and cell viability was assessed using MTT, colony formation, and flow cytometry assays. Iron-loaded cells were strongly resistant to MTX cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect of N-acetyl cysteine to reverse the acquired MTX resistance was greater than that of the iron chelator, deferasirox, highlighting the importance of iron-mediated ROS in MTX resistance. Subsequently, the upregulation of BCL2, SOD2, NRF2, and MRP1 was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, a positive correlation was demonstrated between the MRP1 expression levels and bone marrow iron storage in pALL patients. Further supporting our findings were the hematoxylin and eosin-stained histological sections showing that iron-treated nude mice xenografts demonstrated significantly more liver damage than those unexposed to iron. Overall, iron is introduced as a player with a novel role contributing to methotrexate resistance in pALL. Our findings suggest that the patients' bone marrow iron stores are necessary to be assessed during the chemotherapy, and transfusions should be carefully administrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Abedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Gascon JM, Oliveri V, McGown A, Kaya E, Chen Y, Austin C, Walker M, Platt FM, Vecchio G, Spencer J. Synthesis and Study of Multifunctional Cyclodextrin-Deferasirox Hybrids. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1484-1492. [PMID: 31162826 PMCID: PMC6771688 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal dyshomeostasis is central to a number of disorders that result from, inter alia, oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and cholesterol dyshomeostasis. In this respect, metal deficiencies are usually readily corrected by treatment with supplements, whereas metal overload can be overcome by the use of metal-selective chelation therapy. Deferasirox, 4-[(3Z,5E)-3,5-bis(6-oxo-1-cyclohexa-2,4-dienylidene)-1,2,4-triazolidin-1-yl]benzoic acid, Exjade, or ICL670, is used clinically to treat hemosiderosis (iron overload), which often results from multiple blood transfusions. Cyclodextrins are cyclic glucose units that are extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as formulating agents as well as for encapsulating hydrophobic molecules such as in the treatment of Niemann-Pick type C or for hypervitaminosis. We conjugated deferasirox, via an amide coupling reaction, to both 6A -amino-6A -deoxy-β-cyclodextrin and 3A -amino-3A -deoxy-2A (S),3A (S)-β-cyclodextrin, at the upper and lower rim, respectively, creating hybrid molecules with dual properties, capable of both metal chelation and cholesterol encapsulation. Our findings emphasize the importance of the conjugation of β-cyclodextrin with deferasirox to significantly improve the biological properties and to decrease the cytotoxicity of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel Gascon
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerBrightonEast SussexBN1 9QJUK
| | - Valentina Oliveri
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerBrightonEast SussexBN1 9QJUK
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di CataniaViale A. Doria 695125CataniaItaly
| | - Andrew McGown
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerBrightonEast SussexBN1 9QJUK
| | - Ecem Kaya
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QTUK
| | - Yu‐Lin Chen
- Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonFranklin Wilkins BuildingLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Carol Austin
- Eurofins Selcia Drug DiscoveryFyfield Business & Research ParkFyfield Road, OngarEssexCM5 0GSUK
| | - Martin Walker
- Eurofins Selcia Drug DiscoveryFyfield Business & Research ParkFyfield Road, OngarEssexCM5 0GSUK
| | - Frances M. Platt
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QTUK
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di CataniaViale A. Doria 695125CataniaItaly
| | - John Spencer
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerBrightonEast SussexBN1 9QJUK
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18
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Roatsch M, Hoffmann I, Abboud MI, Hancock RL, Tarhonskaya H, Hsu KF, Wilkins SE, Yeh TL, Lippl K, Serrer K, Moneke I, Ahrens TD, Robaa D, Wenzler S, Barthes NPF, Franz H, Sippl W, Lassmann S, Diederichs S, Schleicher E, Schofield CJ, Kawamura A, Schüle R, Jung M. The Clinically Used Iron Chelator Deferasirox Is an Inhibitor of Epigenetic JumonjiC Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1737-1750. [PMID: 31287655 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent JumonjiC domain-containing histone demethylases (JmjC KDMs) are "epigenetic eraser" enzymes involved in the regulation of gene expression and are emerging drug targets in oncology. We screened a set of clinically used iron chelators and report that they potently inhibit JMJD2A (KDM4A) in vitro. Mode of action investigations revealed that one compound, deferasirox, is a bona fide active site-binding inhibitor as shown by kinetic and spectroscopic studies. Synthesis of derivatives with improved cell permeability resulted in significant upregulation of histone trimethylation and potent cancer cell growth inhibition. Deferasirox was also found to inhibit human 2OG-dependent hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase activity. Therapeutic effects of clinically used deferasirox may thus involve transcriptional regulation through 2OG oxygenase inhibition. Deferasirox might provide a useful starting point for the development of novel anticancer drugs targeting 2OG oxygenases and a valuable tool compound for investigations of KDM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roatsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Inga Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Martine I Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Hancock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Tarhonskaya
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kuo-Feng Hsu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Wilkins
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Tzu-Lan Yeh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Lippl
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Serrer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Isabelle Moneke
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-Partner Site Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Theresa D Ahrens
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 115a , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Sandra Wenzler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Nicolas P F Barthes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Henriette Franz
- Central Clinical Research, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 66 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Silke Lassmann
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 115a , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-Partner Site Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Roland Schüle
- Central Clinical Research, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 66 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
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