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Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Powerful Tool to Investigate the Interaction of Nanoparticles with Subcellular Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312789. [PMID: 34884592 PMCID: PMC8657944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedical research necessarily involves the study of the interactions between nanoparticulates and the biological environment. Transmission electron microscopy has proven to be a powerful tool in providing information about nanoparticle uptake, biodistribution and relationships with cell and tissue components, thanks to its high resolution. This article aims to overview the transmission electron microscopy techniques used to explore the impact of nanoconstructs on biological systems, highlighting the functional value of ultrastructural morphology, histochemistry and microanalysis as well as their fundamental contribution to the advancement of nanomedicine.
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2
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Neumüller J. Electron tomography-a tool for ultrastructural 3D visualization in cell biology and histology. Wien Med Wochenschr 2018; 168:322-329. [PMID: 30084092 PMCID: PMC6132546 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-018-0646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electron tomography (ET) was developed to overcome some of the problems associated reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) images from 2D election microscopy data from ultrathin slices. Virtual sections of semithin sample are obtained by incremental rotation of the target and this information is used to assemble a 3D image. Herein, we provide an instruction to ET including the physical principle, possibilities, and limitations. We review the development of innovative methods and highlight important investigations performed in our department and with our collaborators. ET has opened up the third dimension at the ultrastructural level and represents a milestone in structural molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Neumüller
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Shi Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhai Y, Sun F. Determining the target protein localization in 3D using the combination of FIB-SEM and APEX2. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2017; 3:92-99. [PMID: 29238746 PMCID: PMC5719812 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-017-0043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the cellular localization of proteins of interest at nanometer resolution is necessary for elucidating their functions. Besides super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, conventional electron microscopy (EM) combined with immunolabeling or clonable EM tags provides a unique approach to correlate protein localization information and cellular ultrastructural information. However, there are still rare cases of such correlation in three-dimensional (3D) spaces. Here, we developed an approach by combining the focus ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and a promising clonable EM tag APEX2 (an enhanced ascorbate peroxidase 2) to determine the target protein localization within 3D cellular ultrastructural context. We further utilized this approach to study the 3D localization of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins (MiD49/51, Mff, Fis1, and Mfn2) in the cells where the target proteins were overexpressed. We found that all the target proteins were located at the surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane accompanying with mitochondrial clusters. Mid49/51, Mff, and hFis1 spread widely around the mitochondrial surface while Mfn2 only exists at the contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, 100190 China
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4
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Damisah EC, Hill RA, Tong L, Murray KN, Grutzendler J. A fluoro-Nissl dye identifies pericytes as distinct vascular mural cells during in vivo brain imaging. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1023-1032. [PMID: 28504673 PMCID: PMC5550770 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes and smooth muscle cells are integral components of the brain microvasculature. However, no techniques exist to unambiguously identify these cell types, greatly limiting their investigation in vivo. Here we show that the fluorescent Nissl dye NeuroTrace 500/525 labels brain pericytes with specificity, allowing high-resolution optical imaging in the live mouse. We demonstrate that capillary pericytes are a population of mural cells with distinct morphological, molecular and functional features that do not overlap with precapillary or arteriolar smooth muscle actin-expressing cells. The remarkable specificity for dye uptake suggests that pericytes have molecular transport mechanisms not present in other brain cells. We demonstrate feasibility of longitudinal pericyte imaging during microvascular development and aging and in models of brain ischemia and Alzheimer's disease. The ability to easily label pericytes in any mouse model opens the possibility of a broad range of investigations of mural cells in vascular development, neurovascular coupling and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyiyemisi C Damisah
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Katie N Murray
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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5
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Kobayashi S, Iwamoto M, Haraguchi T. Live correlative light-electron microscopy to observe molecular dynamics in high resolution. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 65:296-308. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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6
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Kittelmann M, Hawes C, Hughes L. Serial block face scanning electron microscopy and the reconstruction of plant cell membrane systems. J Microsc 2016; 263:200-11. [PMID: 27197647 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serial block face imaging with the scanning electron microscope has been developed as an alternative to serial sectioning and transmission electron microscopy for the ultrastructural analysis of the three-dimensional organization of cells and tissues. An ultramicrotome within the microscope specimen chamber permits sectioning and imaging to a depth of many microns within resin-embedded specimens. The technology has only recently been adopted by plant microscopists and here we describe some specimen preparation procedures suitable for plant tissue, suggested microscope imaging parameters and discuss the software required for image reconstruction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kittelmann
- Department of Biological & Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - C Hawes
- Department of Biological & Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - L Hughes
- Department of Biological & Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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7
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Wüstner D, Lund FW, Röhrl C, Stangl H. Potential of BODIPY-cholesterol for analysis of cholesterol transport and diffusion in living cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 194:12-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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8
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Takizawa T, Powell RD, Hainfeld JF, Robinson JM. FluoroNanogold: an important probe for correlative microscopy. J Chem Biol 2015; 8:129-42. [PMID: 26884817 PMCID: PMC4744603 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-015-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is a powerful imaging approach that refers to observing the same exact structures within a specimen by two or more imaging modalities. In biological samples, this typically means examining the same sub-cellular feature with different imaging methods. Correlative microscopy is not restricted to the domains of fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy; however, currently, most correlative microscopy studies combine these two methods, and in this review, we will focus on the use of fluorescence and electron microscopy. Successful correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy requires probes, or reporter systems, from which useful information can be obtained with each of the imaging modalities employed. The bi-functional immunolabeling reagent, FluoroNanogold, is one such probe that provides robust signals in both fluorescence and electron microscopy. It consists of a gold cluster compound that is visualized by electron microscopy and a covalently attached fluorophore that is visualized by fluorescence microscopy. FluoroNanogold has been an extremely useful labeling reagent in correlative microscopy studies. In this report, we present an overview of research using this unique probe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D. Powell
- />Nanoprobes, Incorporated, 95 Horseblock Road, Unit 1, Yaphank, NY 11980-9710 USA
| | - James F. Hainfeld
- />Nanoprobes, Incorporated, 95 Horseblock Road, Unit 1, Yaphank, NY 11980-9710 USA
| | - John M. Robinson
- />Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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9
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Morphew MK, O'Toole ET, Page CL, Pagratis M, Meehl J, Giddings T, Gardner JM, Ackerson C, Jaspersen SL, Winey M, Hoenger A, McIntosh JR. Metallothionein as a clonable tag for protein localization by electron microscopy of cells. J Microsc 2015; 260:20-9. [PMID: 25974385 PMCID: PMC4573841 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A benign, clonable tag for the localization of proteins by electron microscopy of cells would be valuable, especially if it provided labelling with high signal-to-noise ratio and good spatial resolution. Here we explore the use of metallothionein as such a localization marker. We have achieved good success with desmin labelled in vitro and with a component of the yeast spindle pole body labelled in cells. Heavy metals added after fixation and embedding or during the process of freeze-substitution fixation provide readily visible signals with no concern that the heavy atoms are affecting the behaviour of the protein in its physiological environment. However, our methods did not work with protein components of the nuclear pore complex, suggesting that this approach is not yet universally applicable. We provide a full description of our optimal labelling conditions and other conditions tried, hoping that our work will allow others to label their own proteins of interest and/or improve on the methods we have defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Morphew
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - E T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - C L Page
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - M Pagratis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - J Meehl
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - T Giddings
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - J M Gardner
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110 and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, U.S.A
| | - C Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - S L Jaspersen
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110 and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, U.S.A
| | - M Winey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - A Hoenger
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
| | - J R McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0347, U.S.A
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10
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Loussert Fonta C, Humbel BM. Correlative microscopy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 581:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Ranftler C, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Stangl H, Röhrl C, Fruhwürth S, Neumüller J, Pavelka M, Ellinger A. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose treatment changes the Golgi apparatus architecture without blocking synthesis of complex lipids. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:369-80. [PMID: 25422148 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The classic Golgi apparatus organization, an arrangement of highly ordered cisternal stacks with tubular-vesicular membrane specializations on both sides, is the functional image of a continuous flow of contents and membranes with input, metabolization, and output in a dynamic steady state. In response to treatment with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), which lowers the cellular ATP level by about 70% within minutes, this organization is rapidly replaced by tubular-glomerular membrane convolutes described as Golgi networks and bodies. 2-DG is a non-metabolizable glucose analogue and competitive inhibitor of glycolysis, which has become attractive in the context of therapeutic approaches for several kinds of tumors specifically targeting glycolysis in cancer. With the question of whether the functions of the Golgi apparatus in lipid synthesis would be influenced by the 2-DG-induced Golgi apparatus reorganization, we focused on lipid metabolism within the Golgi bodies. For this, we applied a fluorophore-labeled short-chain ceramide (BODIPY-Cer) in various combinations with 2-DG treatment to HepG2 cell cultures and followed uptake, enrichment and metabolization to higher ordered lipids. The cellular ATP status in each experiment was controlled with a bioluminescence assay, and the response of the Golgi apparatus was tracked by immunostaining of the trans-Golgi network protein TGN46. For electron microscopy, the fluorescent BODIPY-Cer signals were converted into electron-dense precipitates by photooxidation of diaminobenzidine (DAB); DAB precipitates labeled trans-Golgi areas in control cultures but also compartments at the periphery of the Golgi bodies formed in response to 2-DG treatment, thus indicating that concentration of ceramide takes place in spite of the Golgi apparatus reorganization. Lipid analyses by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) performed in parallel showed that BODIPY-Cer is not only concentrated in compartments of the 2-DG-induced Golgi bodies but is partly metabolized to BODIPY-sphingomyelin. Both, uptake and condensation of BODIPY-Cer and its conversion to complex lipids indicate that functions of the Golgi apparatus in the cellular lipid metabolism persist although the classic Golgi apparatus organization is abolished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ranftler
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Beznoussenko GV, Parashuraman S, Rizzo R, Polishchuk R, Martella O, Di Giandomenico D, Fusella A, Spaar A, Sallese M, Capestrano MG, Pavelka M, Vos MR, Rikers YGM, Helms V, Mironov AA, Luini A. Transport of soluble proteins through the Golgi occurs by diffusion via continuities across cisternae. eLife 2014; 3:e02009. [PMID: 24867214 PMCID: PMC4070021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of transport through the Golgi complex is not completely understood, insofar as no single transport mechanism appears to account for all of the observations. Here, we compare the transport of soluble secretory proteins (albumin and α1-antitrypsin) with that of supramolecular cargoes (e.g., procollagen) that are proposed to traverse the Golgi by compartment progression-maturation. We show that these soluble proteins traverse the Golgi much faster than procollagen while moving through the same stack. Moreover, we present kinetic and morphological observations that indicate that albumin transport occurs by diffusion via intercisternal continuities. These data provide evidence for a transport mechanism that applies to a major class of secretory proteins and indicate the co-existence of multiple intra-Golgi trafficking modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Beznoussenko
- Fondazione IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM-IEO Campus), Milan, Italy
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Seetharaman Parashuraman
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-IBP), Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-IBP), Naples, Italy
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Oliviano Martella
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Giandomenico
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Aurora Fusella
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Alexander Spaar
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Capestrano
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
| | - Margit Pavelka
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Alexandre A Mironov
- Fondazione IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM-IEO Campus), Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-IBP), Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
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Borny R, Lechleitner T, Schmiedinger T, Hermann M, Tessadri R, Redhammer G, Neumüller J, Kerjaschki D, Berzaczy G, Erman G, Popovic M, Lammer J, Funovics M. Nucleophilic cross-linked, dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles as basis for molecular imaging: synthesis, characterization, visualization and comparison with previous product. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:18-27. [PMID: 24753451 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a new synthesis protocol for a multivalent, multimodality, nucleophilic nanoparticle ideal for in vivo imaging. Stability requirements necessitated covalent cross-linking of the carbohydrate cage, easy functionalization the introduction of sterically accessible amine groups. The new protocol aimed at more uniform particle size, less clustering and superior magnetic properties compared with commercial nanoparticles. Particles were precipitated from Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) in the presence of 10 kDa dextran monodispersed from the aerosol phase. Cross-linking was achieved with epichlorhydrin, nuclophilication with NH3, purification with ultrafiltration and dialysis. Particles and a commercial product (Rienso®, Takeda Pharma) underwent physicochemical characterizations. Biocompatibility was assessed by Resazurin on LLC-PK1 cells; the internalization rate was measured for three cell lines (HAEC, HASMC, HT29). Core size was 5.61 ± 1.25 nm; hydrodynamic size was 49.56 ± 11.73 nm. The number of sterically accessible amine groups averaged 9.9. The cores showed cubic magnetite structure. Values of r1 and r2 were 10.9 and 148.17 mM(-1) s(-1). Cellular viability was unchanged after incubation. Introduction of aerosol phase dextran resulted in a reduction of the overall hydrodynamic diameter and a narrower size distribution of the synthesized particles. Electron tomography visualized for the first time the postulated 'hairy layer' of the dextran coating and enabled the measurement of the overall diameter of 100.2 ± 7.92 nm. The resulting nanoparticle is biocompatible, functionalizable and detectable at nanomolar concentrations with MRI and optical imaging. It can potentially serve as a platform for multimodal molecular imaging and targeted therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Borny
- Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Photoconversion of CFP to study neuronal tissue with electron microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2014. [PMID: 24718796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0470-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Being able to use versatile light microscopy on live or fixed samples followed by electron microscopy imaging for high resolution analyses is a challenging goal. The advantage is of course that tracing and localizing fluorescently labeled molecules yields great information about dynamic cellular processes, while electron microscopy of the same sample provides exquisite information about subcellular structures. Here, I describe the straightforward combination of both methods by photoconversion of diaminobenzidine (DAB) through cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) tagged proteins localized to the Golgi apparatus in primary hippocampal neurons.
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16
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Srisen K, Röhrl C, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Ranftler C, Ellinger A, Pavelka M, Neumüller J. Human endothelial progenitor cells internalize high-density lipoprotein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83189. [PMID: 24386159 PMCID: PMC3875452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) originate either directly from hematopoietic stem cells or from a subpopulation of monocytes. Controversial views about intracellular lipid traffic prompted us to analyze the uptake of human high density lipoprotein (HDL), and HDL-cholesterol in human monocytic EPCs. Fluorescence and electron microscopy were used to investigate distribution and intracellular trafficking of HDL and its associated cholesterol using fluorescent surrogates (bodipy-cholesterol and bodipy-cholesteryl oleate), cytochemical labels and fluorochromes including horseradish peroxidase and Alexa Fluor® 568. Uptake and intracellular transport of HDL were demonstrated after internalization periods from 0.5 to 4 hours. In case of HDL-Alexa Fluor® 568, bodipy-cholesterol and bodipy-cholesteryl oleate, a photooxidation method was carried out. HDL-specific reaction products were present in invaginations of the plasma membrane at each time of treatment within endocytic vesicles, in multivesicular bodies and at longer periods of uptake, also in lysosomes. Some HDL-positive endosomes were arranged in form of "strings of pearl"- like structures. HDL-positive multivesicular bodies exhibited intensive staining of limiting and vesicular membranes. Multivesicular bodies of HDL-Alexa Fluor® 568-treated EPCs showed multilamellar intra-vacuolar membranes. At all periods of treatment, labeled endocytic vesicles and organelles were apparent close to the cell surface and in perinuclear areas around the Golgi apparatus. No HDL-related particles could be demonstrated close to its cisterns. Electron tomographic reconstructions showed an accumulation of HDL-containing endosomes close to the trans-Golgi-network. HDL-derived bodipy-cholesterol was localized in endosomal vesicles, multivesicular bodies, lysosomes and in many of the stacked Golgi cisternae and the trans-Golgi-network Internalized HDL-derived bodipy-cholesteryl oleate was channeled into the lysosomal intraellular pathway and accumulated prominently in all parts of the Golgi apparatus and in lipid droplets. Subsequently, also the RER and mitochondria were involved. These studies demonstrated the different intracellular pathway of HDL-derived bodipy-cholesterol and HDL-derived bodipy-cholesteryl oleate by EPCs, with concomitant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaemisa Srisen
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Röhrl
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Ranftler
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adolf Ellinger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Pavelka
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Neumüller
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Malatesta M, Pellicciari C, Cisterna B, Costanzo M, Galimberti V, Biggiogera M, Zancanaro C. Tracing nanoparticles and photosensitizing molecules at transmission electron microscopy by diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation. Micron 2013; 59:44-51. [PMID: 24530364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades, diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation has been applied in a variety of studies to correlate light and electron microscopy. Actually, when a fluorophore is excited by light, it can induce the oxidation of diaminobenzidine into an electron-dense osmiophilic product, which precipitates in close proximity to the fluorophore, thereby allowing its ultrastructural detection. This method has very recently been developed for two innovative applications: tracking the fate of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles in single cells, and detecting the subcellular location of photo-active molecules suitable for photodynamic therapy. These studies established that the cytochemical procedures exploiting diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation represent a reliable tool for detecting, inside the cells, with high sensitivity fluorescing molecules. These procedures are trustworthy even if the fluorescing molecules are present in very low amounts, either inside membrane-bounded organelles, or at the surface of the plasma membrane, or free in the cytosol. In particular, diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation allowed elucidating the mechanisms responsible for nanoparticles internalization in neuronal cells and for their escape from lysosomal degradation. As for the photo-active molecules, their subcellular distribution at the ultrastructural level provided direct evidence for the lethal multiorganelle photo-damage occurring after cell photo-sensitization. In addition, DAB photo-oxidized samples are suitable for the ultrastructural detection of organelle-specific molecules by post-embedding gold immunolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malatesta
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - C Pellicciari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology), University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - B Cisterna
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - M Costanzo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - V Galimberti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology), University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - M Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology), University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - C Zancanaro
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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18
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Malatesta M, Zancanaro C, Costanzo M, Cisterna B, Pellicciari C. Simultaneous ultrastructural analysis of fluorochrome-photoconverted diaminobenzidine and gold immunolabelling in cultured cells. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e26. [PMID: 24085275 PMCID: PMC3794357 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaminobenzidine photoconversion is a technique by which a fluorescent dye is transformed into a stably insoluble, brown, electrondense signal, thus enabling examination at both bright field light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In this work, a procedure is proposed for combining photoconversion and immunoelectron microscopy: in vitro cell cultures have been first submitted to photoconversion to analyse the intracellular fate of either fluorescent nanoparticles or photosensitizing molecules, then processed for transmission electron microscopy; different fixative solutions and embedding media have been used, and the ultrathin sections were finally submitted to post-embedding immunogold cytochemistry. Under all conditions the photoconversion reaction product and the target antigen were properly detected in the same section; Epon-embedded, osmicated samples required a pre-treatment with sodium metaperiodate to unmask the antigenic sites. This simple and reliable procedure exploits a single sample to simultaneously localise the photoconversion product and a variety of antigens allowing a specific identification of subcellular organelles at the ultrastructural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malatesta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento, sezione di Anatomia e Istologia, Università di Verona.
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19
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Holzhauser C, Kracher S, Rubner MM, Schmucker W, Wagenknecht HA, Witzgall R. Photochemically Active Fluorophore-DNA/RNA Conjugates for Cellular Imaging of Nucleic Acids by Readout in Electron Microscopy. ChemistryOpen 2013; 2:136-40. [PMID: 24551554 PMCID: PMC3775519 DOI: 10.1002/open.201300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Sabrina Kracher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Moritz M Rubner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Schmucker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Ralph Witzgall
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
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20
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Photooxidation-guided ultrastructural identification and analysis of cells in neuronal tissue labeled with green fluorescent protein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64764. [PMID: 23741388 PMCID: PMC3669359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructural characterization of neuronal compartments in intact tissue labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) remains a frequently encountered challenge, despite work establishing photooxidation of GFP in cultured cells. However, most applications require the detection of GFP or GFP fusion proteins expressed in intact tissue. Here, we report that illumination of GFP variants in oxygen-enriched environment reliably generated electron-dense 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) precipitates in slices from rat brain. The method is applicable to GFP variants tagged to presynaptic proteins as well as to soluble GFP in various brain regions. Serial section scanning electron microscopy was used to examine genetically labeled presynaptic terminals at high resolution and to generate three-dimensional representations of the synapses. Thus, we introduce a generally applicable correlative approach for the identification of presynaptic terminals genetically labeled with green fluorescent proteins in tissue slices and their ultrastructural characterization.
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21
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Polishchuk EV, Polishchuk RS. Analysis of Golgi complex function using correlative light-electron microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2013; 118:243-58. [PMID: 24295311 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417164-0.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Though it has been studied for more than 100 years, the Golgi complex remains a fascinating organelle for cell biologists. This is because it is a unique intracellular structure with a list of well-known functions that continues to grow with the discovery of new genes and the development of novel advanced techniques. The Golgi apparatus has been carefully characterized in different organisms, tissues, and cell types both by light and by electron microscopy. However, the new quality step in Golgi research began with the development of correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM). This innovative method allows visualizing the fate of the same organelle of interest at any moment of its life span first by video imaging in live cells and then by immunoelectron microscopy and 3D reconstruction. Here, we will present the historical overview of different Golgi-associated processes characterized by CLEM and describe the detailed protocol of this complex yet valuable technique.
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22
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Pellicciari C, Giagnacovo M, Cisterna B, Costanzo M, Croce AC, Bottiroli G, Malatesta M. Ultrastructural detection of photosensitizing molecules by fluorescence photoconversion of diaminobenzidine. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:863-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Takizawa T, Robinson JM. Correlative fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy in tissues. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 111:37-57. [PMID: 22857922 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416026-2.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy has meant different things over the years; currently, this term refers to imaging the same exact structures with two or more imaging modalities. This commonly involves combining fluorescence and electron microscopy. Much of the recent work related to correlative microscopy has been done using cell culture models. However, many biological questions cannot be addressed in these models, but require instead the 3-dimensional organization of cells found in tissues. Herein, we discuss some of the issues related to correlative microscopy of tissues including the major reporter systems presently available for correlative microscopy. We present data from our own work in which we have focused on the use of ultrathin cryosections of tissues as the substrate for immunolabeling to combine immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of the same sub-cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Takizawa
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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24
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Röhrl C, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Bittman R, Li Z, Pabst G, Prassl R, Strobl W, Neumüller J, Ellinger A, Pavelka M, Stangl H. Combined light and electron microscopy using diaminobenzidine photooxidation to monitor trafficking of lipids derived from lipoprotein particles. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13:331-40. [PMID: 21470121 DOI: 10.2174/138920112799095338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diaminobenzidine (DAB) photooxidation is a method for conversion of fluorescent signals into electron-dense precipitates that are visible in the electron microscope. Recently, we have applied this method to analyze organelles involved in holo-high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle uptake at the ultrastructural level. In the present work we extended the spectrum of molecules visualized via photooxidation to monitor the uptake of HDL-derived lipids in HepG2 cells. By the combined light-electron microscopic method and with the aid of the DAB photooxidation technique, it became possible for the first time to visualize different intracellular pathways of lipoprotein particle-derived lipids and analyze the compartments involved at the ultrastructural level. HDL-Alexa 568 was used to visualize holo-HDL particle uptake. Reconstituted HDL particles containing the fluorescent cholesterol analogues Bodipy-cholesterol, Bodipy-cholesteryl oleate, or cholesteryl Bodipy-ester were used to visualize uptake of the HDL-associated sterol. In Bodipy-cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl Bodipy-ester, the cholesterol moiety or the fatty acid moiety is fluorescently labeled, respectively; in contrast, Bodipy-cholesterol is an analogue of free cholesterol. The cellular compartments involved in their intracellular routes after uptake were analyzed in the fluorescence and electron microscope after DAB photooxidation. Bodipy-cholesterol was found to be localized in tubular endosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs), in the trans-Golgi network, and in stacked Golgi cisternae. In contrast, HepG2 cells incubated with HDL containing Bodipy-cholesteryl oleate or cholesteryl Bodipyester gave an uptake pattern comparable to that of holo-HDL particles, with MVBs being involved. Bodipy-cholesteryl oleate was also found in lysosomes. These results indicate that HDL-derived cholesterol and cholesteryl ester are transported by different intracellular pathways in HepG2 cells. Thus, the DAB photooxidation method enables the analysis of intracellular transport of lipoprotein particle-derived lipids at the light and at the ultrastructural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Röhrl
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Wahringerstr. 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Röhrl C, Ranftler C, Stangl H, Neumüller J, Pavelka M, Ellinger A. Photooxidation technology for correlative light and electron microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 931:423-36. [PMID: 23027015 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-056-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Correlative microscopic approaches combine the advantages of both light and electron microscopy. Here we show a correlative approach that uses the photooxidation capacity of fluorescent dyes. Through illumination with high energetic light, the chromogen diaminobenzidine is oxidized and stable deposits are formed at the sites of the former fluorescent signals, which after osmification are then visible in the electron microscope. The potential of the method is illustrated by tracing the endocytic pathway of three different ligands: the lipid ceramide, high density lipoproteins, and the lectin wheat germ agglutinin. The ligands were labeled either with BODIPY or Alexa dyes. Following cell surface binding, uptake, and time-dependent intracellular progression, the route taken by these molecules together with the organelles that have been visited is characterized. Correlative microscopic data are recorded at various levels. First, by fluorescence and phase contrast illumination with the light microscope, followed by the analysis of semithin sections after photooxidation, and finally of thin sections at the ultrastructural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Abstract
The correlation of light and electron microscopy (EM) is a powerful tool as it combines the investigation of dynamic processes in vivo with the resolution power of the electron microscope. The green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) and its derivatives revolutionized live-cell light microscopy. Hence, this review outlines correlative microscopy of GFP through photo-oxidation, a method that allows for the direct ultrastructural visualization of fluorophores upon illumination. Oxygen radicals generated during the GFP bleaching process photo-oxidize diaminobenzidine (DAB) into an electron dense precipitate that can be visualized both by routine EM of thin sections and by electron tomography for 3D analysis. There are different levels of correlative microscopy, i.e. the correlation of certain areas, cells, or organelles from light to EM, where photo-oxidation of DAB through GFP allows the highest possible degree--the correlation of specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Grabenbauer
- Department of Systems Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, D-44227 Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Since its first visualization in 1898, the Golgi has been a topic of intense morphological research. A typical mammalian Golgi consists of a pile of stapled cisternae, the Golgi stack, which is a key station for modification of newly synthesized proteins and lipids. Distinct stacks are interconnected by tubules to form the Golgi ribbon. At the entrance site of the Golgi, the cis-Golgi, vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs) form the intermediate between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi stack. At the exit site of the Golgi, the trans-Golgi, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is the major site of sorting proteins to distinct cellular locations. Golgi functioning can only be understood in light of its complex architecture, as was revealed by a range of distinct electron microscopy (EM) approaches. In this article, a general concept of mammalian Golgi architecture, including VTCs and the TGN, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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The ceramide-enriched trans-Golgi compartments reorganize together with other parts of the Golgi apparatus in response to ATP-depletion. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:159-71. [PMID: 21225431 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ceramide-enriched trans-Golgi compartments representing sites of synthesis of sphingomyelin and higher organized lipids were visualized in control and ATP-depleted hepatoma and endothelial cells using internalization of BODIPY-ceramide and the diaminobenzidine photooxidation method for combined light-electron microscopical exploration. Metabolic stress induced by lowering the cellular ATP-levels leads to reorganizations of the Golgi apparatus and the appearance of tubulo-glomerular bodies and networks. The results obtained with three different protocols, in which BODIPY-ceramide either was applied prior to, concomitantly with, or after ATP-depletion, revealed that the ceramide-enriched compartments reorganize together with other parts of the Golgi apparatus under these conditions. They were found closely associated with and integrated in the tubulo-glomerular bodies formed in response to ATP-depletion. This is in line with the changes of the staining patterns obtained with the Helix pomatia lectin and the GM130 and TGN46 immuno-reactions occurring in response to ATP-depletion and is confirmed by 3D electron tomography. The 3D reconstructions underlined the glomerular character of the reorganized Golgi apparatus and demonstrated continuities of ceramide positive and negative parts. Most interestingly, BODIPY-ceramide becomes concentrated in compartments of the tubulo-glomerular Golgi bodies, even though the reorganization took place before BODIPY-ceramide administration. This indicates maintained functionalities although the regular Golgi stack organization is abolished; the results provide novel insights into Golgi structure-function relationships, which might be relevant for cells affected by metabolic stress.
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29
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Viswanathan J, Haapasalo A, Böttcher C, Miettinen R, Kurkinen KMA, Lu A, Thomas A, Maynard CJ, Romano D, Hyman BT, Berezovska O, Bertram L, Soininen H, Dantuma NP, Tanzi RE, Hiltunen M. Alzheimer's disease-associated ubiquilin-1 regulates presenilin-1 accumulation and aggresome formation. Traffic 2011; 12:330-48. [PMID: 21143716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated ubiquilin-1 regulates proteasomal degradation of proteins, including presenilin (PS). PS-dependent γ-secretase generates β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, which excessively accumulate in AD brain. Here, we have characterized the effects of naturally occurring ubiquilin-1 transcript variants (TVs) on the levels and subcellular localization of PS1 and other γ-secretase complex components and subsequent γ-secretase function in human embryonic kidney 293, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and mouse primary cortical cells. Full-length ubiquilin-1 TV1 and TV3 that lacks the proteasome-interaction domain increased full-length PS1 levels as well as induced accumulation of high-molecular-weight PS1 and aggresome formation. Accumulated PS1 colocalized with TV1 or TV3 in the aggresomes. Electron microscopy indicated that aggresomes containing TV1 or TV3 were targeted to autophagosomes. TV1- and TV3-expressing cells did not accumulate other unrelated proteasome substrates, suggesting that the increase in PS1 levels was not because of a general impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, PS1 accumulation and aggresome formation coincided with alterations in Aβ levels, particularly in cells overexpressing TV3. These effects were not related to altered γ-secretase activity or PS1 binding to TV3. Collectively, our results indicate that specific ubiquilin-1 TVs can cause PS1 accumulation and aggresome formation, which may impact AD pathogenesis or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Viswanathan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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30
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Dexter RJ, Schepartz A. Direct visualization of protein association in living cells with complex-edited electron microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:7952-4. [PMID: 20845344 PMCID: PMC3021176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Dexter
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 (USA)
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 (USA)
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31
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Dexter RJ, Schepartz A. Direct Visualization of Protein Association in Living Cells with Complex-Edited Electron Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Kreft ME, Hudoklin S, Jezernik K, Romih R. Formation and maintenance of blood-urine barrier in urothelium. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 246:3-14. [PMID: 20521071 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood-urine barrier, which is formed during differentiation of superficial urothelial cells, is the tightest and most impermeable barrier in the body. In the urinary bladder, the barrier must accommodate large changes in the surface area during distensions and contractions of the organ. Tight junctions and unique apical plasma membrane of superficial urothelial cells play a critical role in the barrier maintenance. Alterations in the blood-urine barrier function accompany most of the urinary tract diseases. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries on the role of tight junctions, dynamics of Golgi apparatus and post-Golgi compartments, and intracellular membrane traffic during the biogenesis and maintenance of blood-urine barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Lipiceva 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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33
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Abstract
Bioimaging contributes significantly to our understanding of plant virus infections. In the present review, we describe technical advances that enable imaging of the infection process at previously unobtainable levels. We highlight how such new advances in subcellular imaging are contributing to a detailed dissection of all stages of the viral infection process. Specifically, we focus on: (i) the increasingly detailed localizations of viral proteins enabled by a diversifying palette of cellular markers; (ii) approaches using fluorescence microscopy for the functional analysis of proteins in vivo; (iii) the imaging of viral RNAs; (iv) methods that bridge the gap between optical and electron microscopy; and (v) methods that are blurring the distinction between imaging and structural biology. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of such techniques and place them in the broader perspective of their utility in analysing plant virus infection.
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34
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Röhrl C, Pagler TA, Strobl W, Ellinger A, Neumüller J, Pavelka M, Stangl H, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C. Characterization of endocytic compartments after holo-high density lipoprotein particle uptake in HepG2 cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:261-72. [PMID: 20039053 PMCID: PMC3182552 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Holo-high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle uptake, besides selective lipid uptake, constitutes an alternative pathway to regulate cellular cholesterol homeostasis. In the current study, the cellular path of holo-HDL particles was investigated in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) using combined light and electron microscopical methods. The apolipoprotein moiety of HDL was visualized with different markers: horseradish peroxidase, colloidal gold and the fluorochrome Alexa(568), used in fluorescence microscopy and after photooxidation correlatively at the ultrastructural level. Time course experiments showed a rapid uptake of holo-HDL particles, an accumulation in endosomal compartments, with a plateau after 1-2 h of continuous uptake, and a clearance 1-2 h upon replacement by unlabeled HDL. Correlative microscopy, using HDL-Alexa(568)-driven diaminobenzidine (DAB) photooxidation, identified the fluorescent organelles as DAB-positive multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the electron microscope; their luminal contents but not the internal vesicles were stained. Labeled MVBs increased in numbers and changed shapes along with the duration of uptake, from polymorphic organelles with multiple surface domains and differently shaped protrusions dominating at early times of uptake to compact bodies with mainly tubular appendices and densely packed vesicles after later times. Differently shaped and labeled surface domains and appendices, as revealed by three dimensional reconstructions, as well as images of homotypic fusions indicate the dynamics of the HDL-positive MVBs. Double staining visualized by confocal microscopy, along with the electron microscopic data, shows that holo-HDL particles after temporal storage in MVBs are only to a minor degree transported to lysosomes, which suggests that different mechanisms are involved in cellular HDL clearance, including resecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Röhrl
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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35
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van Weering JRT, Brown E, Sharp TH, Mantell J, Cullen PJ, Verkade P. Intracellular membrane traffic at high resolution. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 96:619-48. [PMID: 20869541 PMCID: PMC4067575 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)96026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane traffic between organelles is essential for a multitude of processes that maintain cell homeostasis. Many steps in these tightly regulated trafficking pathways take place in microdomains on the membranes of organelles, which require analysis at nanometer resolution. Electron microscopy (EM) can visualize these processes in detail and is mainly responsible for our current view of morphology on the subcellular level. This review discusses how EM can be applied to solve many questions of intracellular membrane traffic, with a focus on the endosomal system. We describe the expansion of the technique from purely morphological analysis to cryo-immuno-EM, correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM), and 3D electron tomography. In this review we go into some technical details of these various techniques. Furthermore, we provide a full protocol for immunolabeling on Lowicryl sections of high-pressure frozen cells as well as a detailed description of a simple CLEM method that can be applied to answer many membrane trafficking questions. We believe that these EM-based techniques are important tools to expand our understanding of the molecular details of endosomal sorting and intracellular membrane traffic in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R T van Weering
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS81TD, United Kingdom
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36
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Extending the knowledge in histochemistry and cell biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 133:1-40. [PMID: 19946696 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Central to modern Histochemistry and Cell Biology stands the need for visualization of cellular and molecular processes. In the past several years, a variety of techniques has been achieved bridging traditional light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy with powerful software-based post-processing and computer modeling. Researchers now have various tools available to investigate problems of interest from bird's- up to worm's-eye of view, focusing on tissues, cells, proteins or finally single molecules. Applications of new approaches in combination with well-established traditional techniques of mRNA, DNA or protein analysis have led to enlightening and prudent studies which have paved the way toward a better understanding of not only physiological but also pathological processes in the field of cell biology. This review is intended to summarize articles standing for the progress made in "histo-biochemical" techniques and their manifold applications.
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Robinson JM, Takizawa T. Correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy in tissues: immunocytochemistry. J Microsc 2009; 235:259-72. [PMID: 19754721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is a collection of procedures that rely upon two or more imaging modalities to examine the same specimen. The imaging modalities employed should each provide unique information and the combined correlative data should be more information rich than that obtained by any of the imaging methods alone. Currently the most common form of correlative microscopy combines fluorescence and electron microscopy. While much of the correlative microscopy in the literature is derived from studies of model cell culture systems we have focused, primarily, on correlative microscopy in tissue samples. The use of tissue, particularly human tissue, may add constraints not encountered in cell culture systems. Ultrathin cryosections, typically used for immunoelectron microscopy, have served as the substrate for correlative fluorescence and electron microscopic immunolocalization in our studies. In this work, we have employed the bifunctional reporter FluoroNanogold. This labeling reagent contains both a fluorochrome and a gold-cluster compound and can be imaged by sequential fluorescence and electron microscopy. This approach permits the examination of exactly the same sub-cellular structures in both fluorescence and electron microscopy with a high level of spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Robinson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Röhrl C, Neumüller J, Pavelka M, Ellinger A. Photooxidation technology for correlated light and electron microscopy. J Microsc 2009; 235:322-35. [PMID: 19754726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The combination of the capabilities of light microscopical techniques with the power of resolution of electron microscopy along with technical advances has led to a gradual decline of the gap between classical light and electron microscopy. Among the correlative techniques using the synergistic opportunities, photooxidation methods have been established as valuable tools for visualizing cell structures at both light and electron microscopic level. Fluorescent dyes are used to oxidize the substrate diaminobenzidine, which in its oxidized state forms fine granular precipitates. Stained with osmium, the diaminobenzidine precipitates are well discernible in the electron microscope, thus labelling and defining the cellular structures, which at light microscopy level are recorded by fluorescent probes. The underlying photooxidation reaction is based on the excitation of free oxygen radicals that form upon illumination of fluorochromes; this is a central step in the procedure, which mainly influences the success of the method. This article summarizes basic steps of the technology and progresses, shows efforts and elaborated pathways, and focuses on methodical solutions as to the applicability of different fluorochromes, as well as conditions for fine structural localizations of the reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Centre for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Brown E, Mantell J, Carter D, Tilly G, Verkade P. Studying intracellular transport using high-pressure freezing and Correlative Light Electron Microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:910-9. [PMID: 19660566 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) aims at combining the best of light and electron microscopy in one experiment. Light microscopy (LM) is especially suited for providing a general overview with data from lots of different cells and by using live cell imaging it can show the history or sequence of events between or inside cells. Electron microscopy (EM) on the other hand can provide a much higher resolution image of a particular event and provide additional spatial information, the so-called reference space. CLEM thus has certain strengths over the application of both LM and EM techniques separately. But combining both modalities however generally also means making compromises in one or both of the techniques. Most often the preservation of ultrastructure for the electron microscopy part is sacrificed. Ideally samples should be visualized in its most native state both in the light microscope as well as the electron microscope. For electron microscopy this currently means that the sample will have to be cryo-fixed instead of the standard chemical fixation. In this paper we will discuss the rationale for using cryofixation for CLEM experiments. In particular we will highlight a CLEM technique using high-pressure freezing in combination with live cell imaging. In addition we examine some of the EM analysis tools that may be useful in combination with CLEM techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Cortese K, Diaspro A, Tacchetti C. Advanced correlative light/electron microscopy: current methods and new developments using Tokuyasu cryosections. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:1103-12. [PMID: 19654103 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopy is an essential tool for analysis of cellular structures and function. With the advent of new fluorescent probes and super-resolution light microscopy techniques, the study of dynamic processes in living cells has been greatly facilitated. Fluorescence light microscopy provides analytical, quantitative, and three-dimensional (3D) data with emphasis on analysis of live cells using fluorescent markers. Sample preparation is easy and relatively inexpensive, and the use of appropriate tags provides the ability to track specific proteins of interest. Of course, only electron microscopy (EM) achieves the highest definition in terms of ultrastructure and protein labeling. To fill the gap between light microscopy and EM, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) strategies have been developed. In particular, hybrid techniques based upon immuno-EM provide sensitive protein detection combined with high-resolution information on cell structures and protein localization. By adding the third dimension to EM with electron tomography (ET) combined with rapid freezing, CLEM techniques now provide additional tools for quantitative 3D analysis. Here, we overview the major methods applied and highlight the latest advances in the field of CLEM. We then focus on two selected techniques that use cryosections as substrate for combined biomolecular imaging. Finally, we provide a perspective of future developments in the field.
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State-of-the-art technologies, current opinions and developments, and novel findings: news from the field of histochemistry and cell biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:1205-51. [PMID: 18985372 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of cell and tissue structure and function using innovative methods and approaches have again yielded numerous exciting findings in recent months and have added important data to current knowledge, inspiring new ideas and hypotheses in various fields of modern life sciences. Topics and contents of comprehensive expert reviews covering different aspects in methodological advances, cell biology, tissue function and morphology, and novel findings reported in original papers are summarized in the present review.
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Abstract
Development of new fluorescent probes and fluorescence microscopes has led to new ways to study cell biology. With the emergence of specialized microscopy units at most universities and research centers, the use of these techniques is well within reach for a broad research community. A major breakthrough in fluorescence microscopy in biology is the ability to follow specific targets on or in living cells, revealing dynamic localization and/or function of target molecules. One of the inherent limitations of fluorescence microscopy is the resolution. Several efforts are undertaken to overcome this limit. The traditional and most well-known way to achieve higher resolution imaging is by electron microscopy. Moreover, electron microscopy reveals organelles, membranes, macromolecules, and thus aids in the understanding of cellular complexity and localization of molecules of interest in relation to other structures. With the new probe development, a solid bridge between fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy is being built, even leading to correlative imaging. This connection provides several benefits, both scientifically as well as practically. Here, I summarize recent developments in bridging microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben N G Giepmans
- Section of Molecular Imaging and Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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