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Peroxisomes Are Highly Abundant and Heterogeneous in Human Parotid Glands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054783. [PMID: 36902220 PMCID: PMC10003153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The parotid gland is one of the major salivary glands producing a serous secretion, and it plays an essential role in the digestive and immune systems. Knowledge of peroxisomes in the human parotid gland is minimal; furthermore, the peroxisomal compartment and its enzyme composition in the different cell types of the human parotid gland have never been subjected to a detailed investigation. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis of peroxisomes in the human parotid gland's striated duct and acinar cells. We combined biochemical techniques with various light and electron microscopy techniques to determine the localization of parotid secretory proteins and different peroxisomal marker proteins in parotid gland tissue. Moreover, we analyzed the mRNA of numerous gene encoding proteins localized in peroxisomes using real-time quantitative PCR. The results confirm the presence of peroxisomes in all striated duct and acinar cells of the human parotid gland. Immunofluorescence analyses for various peroxisomal proteins showed a higher abundance and more intense staining in striated duct cells compared to acinar cells. Moreover, human parotid glands comprise high quantities of catalase and other antioxidative enzymes in discrete subcellular regions, suggesting their role in protection against oxidative stress. This study provides the first thorough description of parotid peroxisomes in different parotid cell types of healthy human tissue.
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Spiliopoulou P, Janse van Rensburg HJ, Avery L, Kulasingam V, Razak A, Bedard P, Hansen A, Chruscinski A, Wang B, Kulikova M, Chen R, Speers V, Nguyen A, Lee J, Coburn B, Spreafico A, Siu LL. Longitudinal efficacy and toxicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:49. [PMID: 36670100 PMCID: PMC9853486 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite more than 2 years having elapsed since the onset of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a level of hesitation around increased SARS-CoV-2 vaccine toxicity in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy (IO) remains. This hesitation stems from the idea that IO agents could elicit an overwhelming immune stimulation post vaccination and therefore increase the risk of vaccine-related toxicity. The aim of our study was to explore serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients treated with IO and describe the level of immune stimulation using parameters such as blood cytokines, autoantibody levels and immune related adverse events (irAEs) post vaccination. Fifty-one evaluable patients were enrolled in this longitudinal study. Absolute levels and neutralization potential of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were not significantly different in the IO group compared to non-IO. Chemotherapy adversely affected seroconversion when compared to IO and/or targeted treatment. Following vaccination, the prevalence of grade ≥2 irAEs in patients treated with IO was not higher than the usual reported IO toxicity. We report, for the first time, that anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, elicited the generation of five autoantibodies. The significantly increased autoantibodies were IgM autoantibodies against beta-2 glycoprotein (p = 0.02), myeloperoxidase (p = 0.03), nucleosome (p = 0.041), SPLUNC2 (p < 0.001) and IgG autoantibody against Myosin Heavy Chain 6 (MYH6) (p < 0.001). Overall, comprehensive analysis of a small cohort showed that co-administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and IO is not associated with increased irAEs. Nevertheless, the detection of autoantibodies post anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination warrants further investigation (NCT03702309).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Avery
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Albiruni Razak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe Bedard
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Hansen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Mutli-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ben Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Kulikova
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Speers
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alisa Nguyen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Coburn
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Watermann C, Meyer MT, Valerius KP, Kleefeldt F, Wagner S, Wittekindt C, Klussmann JP, Ergün S, Baumgart-Vogt E, Karnati S. Peroxisomes in the mouse parotid glands: An in-depth morphological and molecular analysis. Ann Anat 2021; 238:151778. [PMID: 34091056 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parotid gland is a major salivary gland that has important roles in the digestive and immune system. Peroxisomes are ubiquitous, single-membrane-bound organelles that are present in all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes help mediate lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acid, cholesterol and plasmalogen synthesis. Much of the knowledge on peroxisomes has derived from metabolic organs, however no detailed knowledge is available on peroxisomes in the parotid glands. We thus aimed to comprehensively delineate the localization and characterization of peroxisomal proteins in the murine parotid gland. METHODS We characterized peroxisomes in the acinar and striated duct cells of the murine parotid gland by fluorescence and electron microscopy, as well as protein and mRNA expression analyses for important peroxisomal genes and proteins. RESULTS We found that peroxisomes are present in all cell types of the mouse parotid gland, however, exhibit notable cell-specific differences in their abundance and enzyme content. We also observed that mouse parotid glands contain high levels of peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes (including Acox1, Mfp2 and Acaa1), catalase and other peroxisomal anti-oxidative enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that peroxisomes are highly abundant in the murine parotid gland and might help to protect against oxidative stress. This comprehensive description of peroxisomes in the parotid gland lays the groundwork for further research concerning their role in the pathogenesis of parotid gland diseases and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Watermann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35385, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Malin T Meyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35385, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Klaus P Valerius
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35385, Germany
| | - Florian Kleefeldt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg D-97070, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Claus Wittekindt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jens P Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg D-97070, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35385, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35385, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg D-97070, Germany.
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Innocentini LMAR, Silva AA, Carvalho MA, Coletta RD, Corrêa MEP, Bingle L, Bingle CD, Vargas PA, Lopes MA. Salivary BPIFA proteins are altered in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Oral Dis 2021; 28:1279-1288. [PMID: 33682222 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of BPIFA proteins in the saliva and salivary glands of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This longitudinal study included patients who had undergone autologous HCT (auto-HCT) and allogeneic HCT (allo-HCT), and unstimulated saliva was collected at three time points, with a fourth collection at oral chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) onset. BPIFA expression was analysed by Western blotting in saliva and immunostaining in the minor salivary glands of cGVHD patients. RESULTS Auto-HCT patients showed increased levels of BPIFA1 (p = .021) and BPIFA2 at D+7 (p = .040), whereas allo-HCT group demonstrated decreased expression of BPIFA2 at D+8 (p = .002) and at D+80 (p = .001) and a significant association between BPIFA2 low levels and hyposalivation was observed (p = .02). BPIFA2 was significantly lower in the cGVHD patients when compared to baseline (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show distinct pattern of expression of BPIF proteins in both auto-HCT and allo-HCT recipients with decreased levels of BPIFA2 during hyposalivation and cGVHD. Further studies are necessary to elucidate these proteins mechanisms and their clinical implications in these groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Maria Alencar Ramos Innocentini
- Dentistry and Stomatology Division, Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Clinical Hospital of Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Andreia Aparecida Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Carvalho
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lynne Bingle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Saitou M, Gaylord EA, Xu E, May AJ, Neznanova L, Nathan S, Grawe A, Chang J, Ryan W, Ruhl S, Knox SM, Gokcumen O. Functional Specialization of Human Salivary Glands and Origins of Proteins Intrinsic to Human Saliva. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108402. [PMID: 33207190 PMCID: PMC7703872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary proteins are essential for maintaining health in the oral cavity and proximal digestive tract, and they serve as potential diagnostic markers for monitoring human health and disease. However, their precise organ origins remain unclear. Through transcriptomic analysis of major adult and fetal salivary glands and integration with the saliva proteome, the blood plasma proteome, and transcriptomes of 28+ organs, we link human saliva proteins to their source, identify salivary-gland-specific genes, and uncover fetal- and adult-specific gene repertoires. Our results also provide insights into the degree of gene retention during gland maturation and suggest that functional diversity among adult gland types is driven by specific dosage combinations of hundreds of transcriptional regulators rather than by a few gland-specific factors. Finally, we demonstrate the heterogeneity of the human acinar cell lineage. Our results pave the way for future investigations into glandular biology and pathology, as well as saliva's use as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A; Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A; Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Viken, Norway
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Erica Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lubov Neznanova
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Anissa Grawe
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jolie Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - William Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
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Burbelo PD, Ferré EMN, Chaturvedi A, Chiorini JA, Alevizos I, Lionakis MS, Warner BM. Profiling Autoantibodies against Salivary Proteins in Sicca Conditions. J Dent Res 2019; 98:772-778. [PMID: 31095438 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519850564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland dysfunction occurs in several autoimmune and immune-related conditions, including Sjögren syndrome (SS); immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced sicca (ICIS) that develops in some cancer patients and is characterized by severe, sudden-onset dry mouth; and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Although subjects with these conditions present with oral dryness and often exhibit inflammatory infiltration of the salivary gland, little is known about the B-cell humoral responses directed against salivary gland protein targets. In this study, autoantibodies were evaluated against Ro52, Ro60, and La, as well as against a panel of 22 proteins derived from the salivary proteome. The tested cohort included healthy volunteers and subjects with SS, ICIS, and APECED without and with sicca. As expected, a high percentage of autoantibody seropositivity was detected against Ro52, Ro60, and La in SS, but only a few ICIS patients were seropositive for these autoantigens. A few APECED subjects also harbored autoantibodies to Ro52 and La, but only Ro60 autoantibodies were weakly associated with a small subset of APECED patients with sicca. Additional testing of the salivary panel failed to detect seropositive autoantibodies against any of the salivary-enriched proteins in the SS and ICIS subjects. However, APECED subjects selectively demonstrated seropositivity against BPI fold containing family A member 1 (BPIFA1), BPI fold containing family A member 2 (BPIFA2)/parotid salivary protein (PSP), and lactoperoxidase, 3 salivary-enriched proteins. Moreover, high levels of serum autoantibodies against BPIFA1 and BPIFA2/PSP occurred in 30% and 67% of the APECED patients with sicca symptoms, respectively, and were associated with an earlier age onset of oral dryness (P = 0.001). These findings highlight the complexity of humoral responses in different sicca diseases and provide new insights and biomarkers for APECED-associated sicca (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00001196; NCT00001390; NCT01425892; NCT01386437).
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Burbelo
- 1 Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E M N Ferré
- 2 Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Chaturvedi
- 1 Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J A Chiorini
- 3 Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I Alevizos
- 4 Sjogren's Clinic, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M S Lionakis
- 2 Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B M Warner
- 3 Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,4 Sjogren's Clinic, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Franco-Martínez L, Tvarijonaviciute A, Horvatić A, Guillemin N, Cerón JJ, Escribano D, Eckersall D, Kocatürk M, Yilmaz Z, Lamy E, Martínez-Subiela S, Mrljak V. Changes in salivary analytes in canine parvovirus: A high-resolution quantitative proteomic study. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 60:1-10. [PMID: 30396423 PMCID: PMC7124818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the changes in salivary proteome in parvoviral enteritis (PVE) in dogs through a high-throughput quantitative proteomic analysis. Saliva samples from healthy dogs and dogs with severe parvovirosis that survived or perished due to the disease were analysed and compared by Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) analysis. Proteomic analysis quantified 1516 peptides, and 287 (corresponding to 190 proteins) showed significantly different abundances between studied groups. Ten proteins were observed to change significantly between dogs that survived or perished due to PVE. Bioinformatics' analysis revealed that saliva reflects the involvement of different pathways in PVE such as catalytic activity and binding, and indicates antimicrobial humoral response as a pathway with a major role in the development of the disease. These results indicate that saliva proteins reflect physiopathological changes that occur in PVE and could be a potential source of biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Anita Horvatić
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Eckersall
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Meriç Kocatürk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zeki Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Elsa Lamy
- ICAAM - Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Evora, Portugal
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- ERA Chair FP7, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Cross BW, Ruhl S. Glycan recognition at the saliva - oral microbiome interface. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:19-33. [PMID: 30274839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mouth is a first critical interface where most potentially harmful substances or pathogens contact the host environment. Adaptive and innate immune defense mechanisms are established there to inactivate or eliminate pathogenic microbes that traverse the oral environment on the way to their target organs and tissues. Protein and glycoprotein components of saliva play a particularly important role in modulating the oral microbiota and helping with the clearance of pathogens. It has long been acknowledged that glycobiological and glycoimmunological aspects play a pivotal role in oral host-microbe, microbe-host, and microbe-microbe interactions in the mouth. In this review, we aim to delineate how glycan-mediated host defense mechanisms in the oral cavity support human health. We will describe the role of glycans attached to large molecular size salivary glycoproteins which act as a first line of primordial host defense in the human mouth. We will further discuss how glycan recognition contributes to both colonization and clearance of oral microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Cross
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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9
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Torres SMF, Furrow E, Souza CP, Granick JL, de Jong EP, Griffin TJ, Wang X. Salivary proteomics of healthy dogs: An in depth catalog. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191307. [PMID: 29329347 PMCID: PMC5766244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide an in-depth catalog of the salivary proteome and endogenous peptidome of healthy dogs, evaluate proteins and peptides with antimicrobial properties, and compare the most common salivary proteins and peptides between different breed phylogeny groups. Methods 36 healthy dogs without evidence of periodontal disease representing four breed phylogeny groups, based upon single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes (ancient, herding/sighthound, and two miscellaneous groups). Saliva collected from dogs was pooled by phylogeny group and analyzed using nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Resulting tandem mass spectra were compared to databases for identification of endogenous peptides and inferred proteins. Results 2,491 proteins and endogenous peptides were found in the saliva of healthy dogs with no periodontal disease. All dog phylogeny groups’ saliva was rich in proteins and peptides with antimicrobial functions. The ancient breeds group was distinct in that it contained unique proteins and was missing many proteins and peptides present in the other groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Using a sophisticated nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we were able to identify 10-fold more salivary proteins than previously reported in dogs. Seven of the top 10 most abundant proteins or peptides serve immune functions and many more with various antimicrobial mechanisms were found. This is the most comprehensive analysis of healthy canine saliva to date, and will provide the groundwork for future studies analyzing salivary proteins and endogenous peptides in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M. F. Torres
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Furrow
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Clarissa P. Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Granick
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ebbing P. de Jong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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10
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Hall SC, Hassis ME, Williams KE, Albertolle ME, Prakobphol A, Dykstra AB, Laurance M, Ona K, Niles RK, Prasad N, Gormley M, Shiboski C, Criswell LA, Witkowska HE, Fisher SJ. Alterations in the Salivary Proteome and N-Glycome of Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1693-1705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Hall
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Maria E. Hassis
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Katherine E. Williams
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew E. Albertolle
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Akraporn Prakobphol
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Andrew B. Dykstra
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Megan Laurance
- Library
and Center for Knowledge Management, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Katherine Ona
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Richard K. Niles
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Namrata Prasad
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew Gormley
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Caroline Shiboski
- Department
of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Department
of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Russel/Engleman
Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - H. Ewa Witkowska
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Susan J. Fisher
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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11
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Alves DBM, Bingle L, Bingle CD, Lourenço SV, Silva AA, Pereira DL, Vargas PA. BPI-fold (BPIF) containing/plunc protein expression in human fetal major and minor salivary glands. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e6. [PMID: 28099576 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine expression, not previously described, of PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone) (BPI-fold containing) proteins in major and minor salivary glands from very early fetal tissue to the end of the second trimester and thus gain further insight into the function of these proteins. Early fetal heads, and major and minor salivary glands were collected retrospectively and glands were classified according to morphodifferentiation stage. Expression of BPI-fold containing proteins was localized through immunohistochemistry. BPIFA2, the major BPI-fold containing protein in adult salivary glands, was detected only in the laryngeal pharynx; the lack of staining in salivary glands suggested salivary expression is either very late in development or is only in adult tissues. Early expression of BPIFA1 was seen in the trachea and nasal cavity with salivary gland expression only seen in late morphodifferentiation stages. BPIFB1 was seen in early neural tissue and at later stages in submandibular and sublingual glands. BPIFA1 is significantly expressed in early fetal oral tissue but BPIFB1 has extremely limited expression and the major salivary BPIF protein (BPIFA2) is not produced in fetal development. Further studies, with more sensitive techniques, will confirm the expression pattern and enable a better understanding of embryonic BPIF protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berretta Moreira Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lynne Bingle
- University of Sheffield, School of Clinical Dentistry, Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sheffield, UK
| | - Colin David Bingle
- University of Sheffield, Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Silvia Vanessa Lourenço
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of General Pathology, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia Aparecida Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Lima Pereira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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12
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Salivary BPIFA1 (SPLUNC1) and BPIFA2 (SPLUNC2 A) are modified by head and neck cancer radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 119:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Abstract
As investigations into the innate immune responses that lead to allergic sensitization become better defined, there is a need to determine how allergens could interact with pattern recognition receptors that bind non-proteinaceous moieties. Many important allergens are not covalently bound to lipid or carbohydrate, but have structures belonging to lipid, glycan and glycolipid-binding families. These include ML-domain proteins, lipopolysaccharide-binding/cell permeability-increasing proteins, von Ebner gland lipocalins, salivary lipocalins/major urinary proteins, plant pathogenesis-related proteins PR-5 and -10, uteroglobins, non-specific lipid transfer proteins, large lipid transfer proteins and proteins with chitin and other carbohydrate-binding modules. The binding expected is overviewed with regard to importance of the allergens and their ability to elicit responses proposed from experimental models. The evidence compiled showing that allergens from the same source sensitize for different types of adaptive immune responses supports the concept that individual allergens within these sources have their own distinctive interactions with innate immunity.
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14
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Holmes A, Rodrigues E, van der Wielen P, Lyons K, Haigh B, Wheeler T, Dawes P, Cannon R. Adherence ofCandida albicansto silicone is promoted by the human salivary protein SPLUNC2/PSP/BPIFA2. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:90-8. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Holmes
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - E. Rodrigues
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - P. van der Wielen
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - K.M. Lyons
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - B.J. Haigh
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - T.T. Wheeler
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - P.J.D. Dawes
- Department of Surgical Sciences; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - R.D. Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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15
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Prokopovic V, Popovic M, Andjelkovic U, Marsavelski A, Raskovic B, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Polovic N. Isolation, biochemical characterization and anti-bacterial activity of BPIFA2 protein. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:302-9. [PMID: 24581853 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human BPIFA2 (parotid secretory protein) is a ubiquitous soluble salivary protein, which belongs to the PLUNC family of proteins. Having sequence similarity to bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, PLUNC proteins are probably involved in local antibacterial response at mucosal sites, such as oral cavity. The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize human BPIFA2. DESIGN In this paper, we report one-step affinity chromatography method for BPIFA2 purification from whole human saliva. The isolated BPIFA2 was identified by trypsin mass fingerprinting and characterized by electrophoretic methods. Antibacterial activity of BPIFA2 against model microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown in minimum inhibitory concentration and time kill study assays. RESULTS The protein showed microheterogeneity, both in molecular weight and pI value. BPIFA2 inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa in microgram concentration range determined by minimum inhibitory concentration assay. In the time kill study, 32μg/mL BPIFA2 showed clear bactericidal activity and did not cause any aggregation of bacteria. CONCLUSION Affinity chromatography is well suited for isolation of functional BPIFA2 with a potent bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Prokopovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Popovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Andjelkovic
- Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Marsavelski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brankica Raskovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Gavrovic-Jankulovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalija Polovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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16
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González-Arriagada WA, Santos-Silva AR, Ito FA, Vargas PA, Speight PM, Bingle L, Lopes MA. Expression pattern of PLUNC proteins as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:589-97. [PMID: 22487508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are the most frequent malignant neoplasia of the salivary glands and are histologically classified as low, intermediate, and high grade. At present, histochemical stains such as periodic acid-Schiff or mucicarmine are useful tools in making a diagnosis. Recently, expression of the PLUNC proteins has been described in mucin-producing salivary gland tumors, with the suggestion that they could provide a powerful tool for the diagnosis of difficult cases. METHODS This study evaluates the expression of PLUNC proteins in 30 cases of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Tumors were reviewed and classified according to histological grade. Periodic acid-Schiff, mucicarmine, and immunohistochemical staining for SPLUNC1, LPLUNC1, SPLUNC2, and LPLUNC2 were carried out. Immunostaining was classified as positive or negative. RESULTS The majority of the tumors (63%) were classified as low grade, 13% were intermediate grade, and 23% were high grade. SPLUNC1 (90%) and LPLUNC1 (93%) were positive in the majority of cases, mainly in mucous cells, mucin plugs, and intermediate cells. SPLUNC2 and LPLUNC2 did not present significative expression within the tumors; however, LPLUNC2 was found to stain positively in mast cells in 83% of the samples. CONCLUSIONS SPLUNC1 and LPLUNC1 showed a similar pattern of expression and could prove useful in the diagnosis of high-grade cases because of the differential staining in intermediate and epidermoid cells. The expression of LPLUNC2 in mast cells has not previously been reported, but further studies are necessary to validate this finding and to determine its significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo A González-Arriagada
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Semiology and Oral Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Dual host-defence functions of SPLUNC2/PSP and synthetic peptides derived from the protein. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:1028-32. [PMID: 21787342 DOI: 10.1042/bst0391028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PSP (parotid secretory protein)/SPLUNC2 (short palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 2) is expressed in human salivary glands and saliva. The protein exists as an N-glycosylated and non-glycosylated form and both appear to induce agglutination of bacteria, a major antibacterial function for salivary proteins. Both forms of PSP/SPLUNC2 bind LPS (lipopolysaccharide), suggesting that the protein may also play an anti-inflammatory role. Based on the predicted structure of PSP/SPLUNC2 and the location of known antibacterial and anti-inflammatory peptides in BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein) and LBP (LPS-binding protein), we designed GL13NH2 and GL13K, synthetic peptides that capture these proposed functions of PSP/SPLUNC2. GL13NH3 agglutinates bacteria, leading to increased clearance by macrophages and reduced spread of infection in a plant model. GL13K kills bacteria with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 5-10 μg/ml, kills bacteria in biofilm and retains activity in 150 mM NaCl and 50% saliva. Both peptides block endotoxin action, but only GL13K appears to bind endotoxin. The peptides do not cause haemolysis, haemagglutination in serum, inhibit mammalian cell proliferation or induce an inflammatory response in macrophages. These results suggest that the GL13NH2 and the modified peptide GL13K capture the biological activity of PSP/SPLUNC2 and can serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides.
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18
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Abstract
Proteins of the BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein)-like family contain either one or two tandem copies of a fold that usually provides a tubular cavity for the binding of lipids. Bioinformatic analyses show that, in addition to its known members, which include BPI, LBP [LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-binding protein)], CETP (cholesteryl ester-transfer protein), PLTP (phospholipid-transfer protein) and PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) protein, this family also includes other, more divergent groups containing hypothetical proteins from fungi, nematodes and deep-branching unicellular eukaryotes. More distantly, BPI-like proteins are related to a family of arthropod proteins that includes hormone-binding proteins (Takeout-like; previously described to adopt a BPI-like fold), allergens and several groups of uncharacterized proteins. At even greater evolutionary distance, BPI-like proteins are homologous with the SMP (synaptotagmin-like, mitochondrial and lipid-binding protein) domains, which are found in proteins associated with eukaryotic membrane processes. In particular, SMP domain-containing proteins of yeast form the ERMES [ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-mitochondria encounter structure], required for efficient phospholipid exchange between these organelles. This suggests that SMP domains themselves bind lipids and mediate their exchange between heterologous membranes. The most distant group of homologues we detected consists of uncharacterized animal proteins annotated as TM (transmembrane) 24. We propose to group these families together into one superfamily that we term as the TULIP (tubular lipid-binding) domain superfamily.
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19
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Abstract
Members of the protein family having similarity to BPI (bactericidal/permeability increasing protein) (the BPI-like proteins), also known as the PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) family, have been found in a range of mammals; however, those in species other than human or mouse have been relatively little characterized. Analysis of the BPI-like proteins in cattle presents unique opportunities to investigate the function of these proteins, as well as address their evolution and contribution to the distinct physiology of ruminants. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the nature of the BPI-like locus in cattle, including the duplications giving rise to the multiple BSP30 (bovine salivary protein 30 kDa) genes from an ancestral gene in common with the single PSP (parotid secretory protein) gene found in monogastric species. Current knowledge of the expression of the BPI-like proteins in cattle is also presented, including their pattern of expression among tissues, which illustrate their independent regulation at sites of high pathogen exposure, and the abundance of the BSP30 proteins in saliva and salivary tissues. Finally, investigations of the function of the BSP30 proteins are presented, including their antimicrobial, lipopolysaccharide-binding and bacterial aggregation activities. These results are discussed in relation to hypotheses regarding the physiological role of the BPI-like proteins in cattle, including the role they may play in host defence and the unique aspects of digestion in ruminants.
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20
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Abstract
Although gene expression studies have shown that human PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) proteins are predominantly expressed in the upper airways, nose and mouth, and proteomic studies have indicated they are secreted into airway and nasal lining fluids and saliva, there is currently little information concerning the localization of human PLUNC proteins. Our studies have focused on the localization of three members of this protein family, namely SPLUNC1 (short PLUNC1), SPLUNC2 and LPLUNC1 (long PLUNC1). Western blotting has indicated that PLUNC proteins are highly glycosylated, whereas immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated distinct patterns of expression. For example, SPLUNC2 is expressed in serous cells of the major salivary glands and in minor mucosal glands, whereas SPLUNC1 is expressed in the mucous cells of these glands. LPLUNC1 is a product of a population of goblet cells in the airway epithelium and nasal passages and expressed in airway submucosal glands and minor glands of the oral and nasal cavities. SPLUNC1 is also found in the epithelium of the upper airways and nasal passages and in airway submucosal glands, but is not co-expressed with LPLUNC1. We suggest that this differential expression may be reflected in the function of individual PLUNC proteins.
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21
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Abdolhosseini M, Sotsky JB, Shelar AP, Joyce PBM, Gorr SU. Human parotid secretory protein is a lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: identification of an anti-inflammatory peptide domain. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 359:1-8. [PMID: 21833535 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parotid secretory protein (PSP) (C20orf70) is a salivary protein of unknown function. The protein belongs to the palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC) family of mucosal secretory proteins that are predicted to be structurally similar to lipid-binding and host-defense proteins including bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. However, the PLUNC proteins exhibit significant sequence variation and different biological functions have been proposed for different family members. This study tested the functional implications of the proposed similarity of PSP to the acute phase protein lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). PSP was identified in human saliva and was soluble in 70% ethanol, as shown for other PLUNC proteins. PSP binds lipopolysaccharide and can be eluted by non-ionic detergent, but not by urea or high salt. A synthetic PSP peptide, GL13NH2, which corresponds to a lipopolysaccharide-inhibiting peptide from LBP, inhibited the binding of lipopolysaccharide to both PSP and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Peptides from other regions of PSP and the control peptide polymyxin B showed no effect on the binding of PSP to lipopolysaccharide. GL13NH2 also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of tumor necrosis factor from macrophages. The other PSP peptides had no effect in this assay. PSP peptides had no or only minor effect on macrophage cell viability. These results indicate that PSP is a lipopolysaccharide-binding protein that is functionally related to LBP, as suggested by their predicted structural similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Abdolhosseini
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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22
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Chiang SC, Veldhuizen EJ, Barnes FA, Craven CJ, Haagsman HP, Bingle CD. Identification and characterisation of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like gene repertoire in chickens reveals the absence of a LBP gene. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:285-95. [PMID: 20959152 PMCID: PMC3253384 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Palate, lung and nasal epithelial clone (PLUNC) proteins are structural homologues to the innate defence molecules LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI). PLUNCs make up the largest portion of the wider BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like protein family and are amongst the most rapidly evolving mammalian genes. In this study we systematically identified and characterised BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like protein-encoding genes in the chicken genome. We identified eleven complete genes (and a pseudogene). Five of them are clustered on a >50 kb locus on chromosome 20, immediately adjacent to BPI. In addition to BPI, we have identified presumptive orthologues LPLUNCs 2, 3, 4 and 6, and BPIL-2. We find no evidence for the existence of single domain containing proteins in birds. Strikingly our analysis also suggests that there is no LBP orthologue in chicken. This observation may in part account for the relative resistance to LPS toxicity observed in birds. Our results indicate significant differences between the avian and mammalian repertoires of BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like genes at the genomic and transcriptional levels and provide a framework for further functional analyses of this gene family in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Chiang
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Edwin J.A. Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frances A. Barnes
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - C. Jeremy Craven
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colin D. Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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23
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da Silva AA, Bingle L, Speight PM, Bingle CD, Mauad T, da Silva LFF, Vargas PA. PLUNC protein expression in major salivary glands of HIV-infected patients. Oral Dis 2010; 17:258-64. [PMID: 20860761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse and compare the expression of Palate, Lung, and Nasal Epithelium Clone (PLUNC) proteins in salivary glands from patients with and without AIDS (control group) using autopsy material. METHODS We analysed the expression of PLUNCs using immunohistochemistry in parotid (n = 45), submandibular (n = 47) and sublingual gland (n = 37) samples of AIDS patients [30 with normal histology, 21 with mycobacteriosis, 14 with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 30 with chronic non-specific sialadenitis, and 30 HIV-negative controls. In situ hybridization (ISH) for SPLUNC 2 in the HIV-negative group was performed. RESULTS SPLUNC 1 expression was detected in the mucous acini of submandibular and sublingual glands, and SPLUNC 2 were seen in the serous cells. LPLUNC 1 expression was only positive in the salivary ducts. There was a higher expression of SPLUNC 2 in AIDS patients with CMV infection and mycobacteriosis when compared with all other groups. The intensity of staining for SPLUNC 2 was greater around the lesions than the peripheral ones. ISH for SPLUNC 2 showed perinuclear positivity in the serous cells in all HIV-negative cases. CONCLUSIONS SPLUNC 1 and LPLUNC 1 proteins were similarly expressed in the salivary glands of AIDS patients and non-HIV patients. CMV infection and mycobacteriosis increase SPLUNC 2 expression in serous cells in the salivary gland of AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A da Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
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24
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Ryu JH, Kim CH, Yoon JH. Innate immune responses of the airway epithelium. Mol Cells 2010; 30:173-83. [PMID: 20878312 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier epithelia, especially airway epithelial cells, are persistently exposed to micro-organisms and environmental factors. To protect the host from these microbial challenges, many immune strategies have evolved. The airway epithelium participates in the critical innate immune response through the secretion of immune effectors such as mucin, antimicrobial peptides (AMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to entrap or kill invading microbes. In addition, airway epithelial cells can act as mediators connecting innate and adaptive immunity by producing various cytokines and chemokines. Here, we present an overview of the role of mucosal immunity in airway epithelium, emphasizing the framework of bacterial and viral infections along with regulatory mechanisms of immune effectors in human cells and selected animal models. We also describe pathophysiological roles for immune effectors in human airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
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25
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Shen HD, Tam MF, Huang CH, Chou H, Tai HY, Chen YS, Sheu SY, Thomas WR. Homology modeling and monoclonal antibody binding of the Der f 7 dust mite allergen. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:225-30. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Horng-Der Shen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming F Tam
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Hsien Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hong Chou
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Yun Tai
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Sen Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheh-Yi Sheu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wayne R Thomas
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; West Perth Western Australia Australia
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26
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Haigh BJ, Stewart KW, Whelan JRK, Barnett MPG, Smolenski GA, Wheeler TT. Alterations in the salivary proteome associated with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:241-7. [PMID: 20149214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify changes in the salivary proteome associated with active periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative proteomics (two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was used to investigate whole saliva from individuals with severe periodontitis and their proteomic profiles before and after periodontal treatment were compared. RESULTS A comparison of 128 proteins across all saliva samples identified 15 protein spots with altered abundance. The predominant alteration observed was an increase in the abundance of the S100 proteins S100A8/A9/A6. Of the remaining proteins with altered abundance, haptoglobin, prolactin inducible protein and parotid secretory protein have previously been associated with host defence. CONCLUSION These results highlight the predominant involvement of S100 proteins in the host response during periodontitis, identify host defence components that have not been linked previously to this disease and suggest new potential biomarkers for monitoring disease activity in periodontitis.
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Evans SE, Xu Y, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF. Inducible innate resistance of lung epithelium to infection. Annu Rev Physiol 2010; 72:413-35. [PMID: 20148683 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of innate immunity have focused on leukocytes such as neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. However, epithelial cells play key roles in innate defenses that include providing a mechanical barrier to microbial entry, signaling to leukocytes, and directly killing pathogens. Importantly, all these defenses are highly inducible in response to the sensing of microbial and host products. In healthy lungs, the level of innate immune epithelial function is low at baseline. This is indicated by low levels of spontaneous microbial killing and cytokine release, reflecting low constitutive stimulation in the nearly sterile lower respiratory tract when mucociliary clearance mechanisms are functioning effectively. This contrasts with the colon, where bacteria are continuously present and epithelial cells are constitutively activated. Although the surface area of the lungs presents a large target for microbial invasion, activated lung epithelial cells that are closely apposed to deposited pathogens are ideally positioned for microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Human LPLUNC1 is a secreted product of goblet cells and minor glands of the respiratory and upper aerodigestive tracts. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:505-15. [PMID: 20237794 PMCID: PMC2852594 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Long PLUNC1 (LPLUNC1, C20orf114) is a member of a family of poorly described proteins (PLUNCS) expressed in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, which may function in host defence. Although it is one of the most highly expressed genes in the upper airways and has been identified in sputum and nasal secretions by proteomic studies, localisation of LPLUNC1 protein has not yet been described. We developed affinity purified antibodies and localised the protein in tissues of the human respiratory tract, oro- and nasopharynx. We have complemented these studies with analysis of LPLUNC1 expression in primary human lung cell cultures and used Western blotting to study the protein in cell culture secretions and in BAL. LPLUNC1 is a product of a population of goblet cells in the airway epithelium and nasal passages and is also present in airway submucosal glands and minor glands of the oral and nasal cavities. The protein is not expressed in peripheral lung epithelial cells. LPLUNC1 is present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as two glycosylated isoforms and primary airway epithelial cells produce identical proteins as they undergo mucociliary differentiation. Our results suggest that LPLUNC1 is an abundant, secreted product of goblet cells and minor mucosal glands of the respiratory tract and oral cavity and suggest that the protein functions in the complex milieu that protects the mucosal surfaces in these locations.
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Extending the knowledge in histochemistry and cell biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 133:1-40. [PMID: 19946696 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Central to modern Histochemistry and Cell Biology stands the need for visualization of cellular and molecular processes. In the past several years, a variety of techniques has been achieved bridging traditional light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy with powerful software-based post-processing and computer modeling. Researchers now have various tools available to investigate problems of interest from bird's- up to worm's-eye of view, focusing on tissues, cells, proteins or finally single molecules. Applications of new approaches in combination with well-established traditional techniques of mRNA, DNA or protein analysis have led to enlightening and prudent studies which have paved the way toward a better understanding of not only physiological but also pathological processes in the field of cell biology. This review is intended to summarize articles standing for the progress made in "histo-biochemical" techniques and their manifold applications.
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