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Land R, Fetter R, Liang X, Tzeng CP, Taylor CA, Shen K. Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit Sites scale with somato-dendritic size in neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar106. [PMID: 37556208 PMCID: PMC10559313 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems exhibit dramatic diversity in cell morphology and size. How neurons regulate their biosynthetic and secretory machinery to support such diversity is not well understood. Endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERESs) are essential for maintaining secretory flux, and are required for normal dendrite development, but how neurons of different size regulate secretory capacity remains unknown. In Caenorhabditis elegans, we find that the ERES number is strongly correlated with the size of a neuron's dendritic arbor. The elaborately branched sensory neuron, PVD, has especially high ERES numbers. Asymmetric cell division provides PVD with a large initial cell size critical for rapid establishment of PVD's high ERES number before neurite outgrowth, and these ERESs are maintained throughout development. Maintenance of ERES number requires the cell fate transcription factor MEC-3, C. elegans TOR (ceTOR/let-363), and nutrient availability, with mec-3 and ceTOR/let-363 mutant PVDs both displaying reductions in ERES number, soma size, and dendrite size. Notably, mec-3 mutant animals exhibit reduced expression of a ceTOR/let-363 reporter in PVD, and starvation reduces ERES number and somato-dendritic size in a manner genetically redundant with ceTOR/let-363 perturbation. Our data suggest that both asymmetric cell division and nutrient sensing pathways regulate secretory capacities to support elaborate dendritic arbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Land
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Neurosciences IDP, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Richard Fetter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christopher P. Tzeng
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Caitlin A. Taylor
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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Link F, Borges AR, Jones NG, Engstler M. To the Surface and Back: Exo- and Endocytic Pathways in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720521. [PMID: 34422837 PMCID: PMC8377397 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is one of only a few unicellular pathogens that thrives extracellularly in the vertebrate host. Consequently, the cell surface plays a critical role in both immune recognition and immune evasion. The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coats the entire surface of the parasite and acts as a flexible shield to protect invariant proteins against immune recognition. Antigenic variation of the VSG coat is the major virulence mechanism of trypanosomes. In addition, incessant motility of the parasite contributes to its immune evasion, as the resulting fluid flow on the cell surface drags immunocomplexes toward the flagellar pocket, where they are internalized. The flagellar pocket is the sole site of endo- and exocytosis in this organism. After internalization, VSG is rapidly recycled back to the surface, whereas host antibodies are thought to be transported to the lysosome for degradation. For this essential step to work, effective machineries for both sorting and recycling of VSGs must have evolved in trypanosomes. Our understanding of the mechanisms behind VSG recycling and VSG secretion, is by far not complete. This review provides an overview of the trypanosome secretory and endosomal pathways. Longstanding questions are pinpointed that, with the advent of novel technologies, might be answered in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Link
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola G Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Structure of trypanosome coat protein VSGsur and function in suramin resistance. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:392-400. [PMID: 33462435 PMCID: PMC7116837 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Suramin has been a primary early-stage treatment for African trypanosomiasis for nearly 100 yr. Recent studies revealed that trypanosome strains that express the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) VSGsur possess heightened resistance to suramin. Here, we show that VSGsur binds tightly to suramin but other VSGs do not. By solving high-resolution crystal structures of VSGsur and VSG13, we also demonstrate that these VSGs define a structurally divergent subgroup of the coat proteins. The co-crystal structure of VSGsur with suramin reveals that the chemically symmetric drug binds within a large cavity in the VSG homodimer asymmetrically, primarily through contacts of its central benzene rings. Structure-based, loss-of-contact mutations in VSGsur significantly decrease the affinity to suramin and lead to a loss of the resistance phenotype. Altogether, these data show that the resistance phenotype is dependent on the binding of suramin to VSGsur, establishing that the VSG proteins can possess functionality beyond their role in antigenic variation.
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Ooi CP, Smith TK, Gluenz E, Wand NV, Vaughan S, Rudenko G. Blocking variant surface glycoprotein synthesis alters endoplasmic reticulum exit sites/Golgi homeostasis in Trypanosoma brucei. Traffic 2018; 19:391-405. [PMID: 29533496 PMCID: PMC6001540 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The predominant secretory cargo of bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei is variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), comprising ~10% total protein and forming a dense protective layer. Blocking VSG translation using Morpholino oligonucleotides triggered a precise pre‐cytokinesis arrest. We investigated the effect of blocking VSG synthesis on the secretory pathway. The number of Golgi decreased, particularly in post‐mitotic cells, from 3.5 ± 0.6 to 2.0 ± 0.04 per cell. Similarly, the number of endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) in post‐mitotic cells dropped from 3.9 ± 0.6 to 2.7 ± 0.1 eight hours after blocking VSG synthesis. The secretory pathway was still functional in these stalled cells, as monitored using Cathepsin L. Rates of phospholipid and glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchor biosynthesis remained relatively unaffected, except for the level of sphingomyelin which increased. However, both endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi morphology became distorted, with the Golgi cisternae becoming significantly dilated, particularly at the trans‐face. Membrane accumulation in these structures is possibly caused by reduced budding of nascent vesicles due to the drastic reduction in the total amount of secretory cargo, that is, VSG. These data argue that the total flux of secretory cargo impacts upon the biogenesis and maintenance of secretory structures and organelles in T. brucei, including the ERES and Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terry K Smith
- BSRC, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Gloria Rudenko
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Vagne Q, Sens P. Stochastic Model of Maturation and Vesicular Exchange in Cellular Organelles. Biophys J 2018; 114:947-957. [PMID: 29490254 PMCID: PMC5984994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamical organization of membrane-bound organelles along intracellular transport pathways relies on vesicular exchange between organelles and on the maturation of the organelle's composition by enzymatic reactions or exchange with the cytoplasm. The relative importance of each mechanism in controlling organelle dynamics remains controversial, in particular for transport through the Golgi apparatus. Using a stochastic model, we identify two classes of dynamical behavior that can lead to full maturation of membrane-bound compartments. In the first class, maturation corresponds to the stochastic escape from a steady state in which export is dominated by vesicular exchange, and is very unlikely for large compartments. In the second class, it occurs in a quasi-deterministic fashion and is almost size independent. Whether a system belongs to the first or second class is largely controlled by homotypic fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Vagne
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, Paris, France.
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Cianciaruso C, Phelps EA, Pasquier M, Hamelin R, Demurtas D, Alibashe Ahmed M, Piemonti L, Hirosue S, Swartz MA, De Palma M, Hubbell JA, Baekkeskov S. Primary Human and Rat β-Cells Release the Intracellular Autoantigens GAD65, IA-2, and Proinsulin in Exosomes Together With Cytokine-Induced Enhancers of Immunity. Diabetes 2017; 66:460-473. [PMID: 27872147 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The target autoantigens in several organ-specific autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), are intracellular membrane proteins, whose initial encounter with the immune system is poorly understood. Here we propose a new model for how these proteins can initiate autoimmunity. We found that rat and human pancreatic islets release the intracellular β-cell autoantigens in human T1D, GAD65, IA-2, and proinsulin in exosomes, which are taken up by and activate dendritic cells. Accordingly, the anchoring of GAD65 to exosome-mimetic liposomes strongly boosted antigen presentation and T-cell activation in the context of the human T1D susceptibility haplotype HLA-DR4. Cytokine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress enhanced exosome secretion by β-cells; induced exosomal release of the immunostimulatory chaperones calreticulin, Gp96, and ORP150; and increased exosomal stimulation of antigen-presenting cells. We propose that stress-induced exosomal release of intracellular autoantigens and immunostimulatory chaperones may play a role in the initiation of autoimmune responses in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cianciaruso
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward A Phelps
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miriella Pasquier
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Hamelin
- Proteomics Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Demurtas
- Bio-Electron Microscopy Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Alibashe Ahmed
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michele De Palma
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Steinunn Baekkeskov
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Abstract
Transport of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex is highly selective. As a general rule, such transport is limited to soluble and membrane-associated secretory proteins that have reached properly folded and assembled conformations. To secure the efficiency, fidelity, and control of this crucial transport step, cells use a combination of mechanisms. The mechanisms are based on selective retention of proteins in the ER to prevent uptake into transport vesicles, on selective capture of proteins in COPII carrier vesicles, on inclusion of proteins in these vesicles by default as part of fluid and membrane bulk flow, and on selective retrieval of proteins from post-ER compartments by retrograde vesicle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Barlowe
- Biochemistry Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755;
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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Manna PT, Boehm C, Leung KF, Natesan SK, Field MC. Life and times: synthesis, trafficking, and evolution of VSG. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:251-8. [PMID: 24731931 PMCID: PMC4007029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of the acquired immune response in African trypanosomes is principally mediated by antigenic variation, the sequential expression of distinct variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) at extremely high density on the cell surface. Sequence diversity between VSGs facilitates escape of a subpopulation of trypanosomes from antibody-mediated killing. Significant advances have increased understanding of the mechanisms underpinning synthesis and maintenance of the VSG coat. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis, trafficking, and turnover of VSG, emphasising those unusual mechanisms that act to maintain coat integrity and to protect against immunological attack. We also highlight new findings that suggest the presence of unique or highly divergent proteins that may offer therapeutic opportunities, as well as considering aspects of VSG biology that remain to be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Manna
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Cordula Boehm
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ka Fai Leung
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Senthil Kumar Natesan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Mark C Field
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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9
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The Histochem Cell Biol conspectus: the year 2013 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 141:337-63. [PMID: 24610091 PMCID: PMC7087837 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we provide a brief synopsis of all manuscripts published in Histochem Cell Biol in the year 2013. For ease of reference, we have divided the manuscripts into the following categories: Advances in Methodologies; Molecules in Health and Disease; Organelles, Subcellular Structures and Compartments; Golgi Apparatus; Intermediate Filaments and Cytoskeleton; Connective Tissue and Extracellular Matrix; Autophagy; Stem Cells; Musculoskeletal System; Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems; Gastrointestinal Tract; Central Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System; Excretory Glands; Kidney and Urinary Bladder; and Male and Female Reproductive Systems. We hope that the readership will find this annual journal synopsis of value and serve as a quick, categorized reference guide for “state-of-the-art” manuscripts in the areas of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and cell biology.
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10
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Dong Z, Zuber C, Pierce M, Stanley P, Roth J. Reduction in Golgi apparatus dimension in the absence of a residential protein, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 141:153-64. [PMID: 24078077 PMCID: PMC4085668 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various proteins are involved in the generation and maintenance of the membrane complex known as the Golgi apparatus. We have used mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines Lec4 and Lec4A lacking N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GlcNAcT-V, MGAT5) activity and protein in the Golgi apparatus to study the effects of the absence of a single glycosyltransferase on the Golgi apparatus dimension. Quantification of immunofluorescence in serial confocal sections for Golgi α-mannosidase II and electron microscopic morphometry revealed a reduction in Golgi volume density up to 49 % in CHO Lec4 and CHO Lec4A cells compared to parental CHO cells. This reduction in Golgi volume density could be reversed by stable transfection of Lec4 cells with a cDNA encoding Mgat5. Inhibition of the synthesis of β1,6-branched N-glycans by swainsonine had no effect on Golgi volume density. In addition, no effect on Golgi volume density was observed in CHO Lec1 cells that contain enzymatically active GlcNAcT-V, but cannot synthesize β1,6-branched glycans due to an inactive GlcNAcT-I in their Golgi apparatus. These results indicate that it may be the absence of the GlcNAcT-V protein that is the determining factor in reducing Golgi volume density. No dimensional differences existed in cross-sectioned cisternal stacks between Lec4 and control CHO cells, but significantly reduced Golgi stack hits were observed in cross-sectioned Lec4 cells. Therefore, the Golgi apparatus dimensional change in Lec4 and Lec4A cells may be due to a compaction of the organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Dong
- Division of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zuber
- Division of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pierce
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jürgen Roth
- Division of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Han HM, Bouchet-Marquis C, Huebinger J, Grabenbauer M. Golgi apparatus analyzed by cryo-electron microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:369-81. [PMID: 23954988 PMCID: PMC3787787 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In 1898, the Golgi apparatus was discovered by light microscopy, and since the 1950s, the ultrastructure composition is known by electron microscopic investigation. The complex three-dimensional morphology fascinated researchers and was sometimes even the driving force to develop novel visualization techniques. However, the highly dynamic membrane systems of Golgi apparatus are delicate and prone to fixation artifacts. Therefore, the understanding of Golgi morphology and its function has been improved significantly with the development of better preparation methods. Nowadays, cryo-fixation is the method of choice to arrest instantly all dynamic and physiological processes inside cells, tissues, and small organisms. Embedded in amorphous ice, such samples can be further processed by freeze substitution or directly analyzed in their fully hydrated state by cryo-electron microscopy and tomography. Even though the overall morphology of vitrified Golgi stacks is comparable to well-prepared and resin-embedded samples, previously unknown structural details can be observed solely based on their native density. At this point, any further improvement of sample preparation would gain novel insights, perhaps not in terms of general morphology, but on fine structural details of this dynamic organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Han
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cedric Bouchet-Marquis
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- FEI Company, 5350 NE Dawson Creek Drive, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA
| | - Jan Huebinger
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Grabenbauer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Pavelka M, Roth J. In focus in Bad Ischl: Golgi apparatus 2013. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:233-4. [PMID: 23881162 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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