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Kent RN, Jewett ME, Buck TP, Said M, Hold LA, Crawford EA, Killian ML, Abraham AC, Huang AH, Baker BM. Engineered Microenvironmental Cues from Fiber-Reinforced Hydrogel Composites Drive Tenogenesis and Aligned Collagen Deposition. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400529. [PMID: 38441411 PMCID: PMC11281874 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Effective tendon regeneration following injury is contingent on appropriate differentiation of recruited cells and deposition of mature, aligned, collagenous extracellular matrix that can withstand the extreme mechanical demands placed on the tissue. As such, myriad biomaterial approaches have been explored to provide biochemical and physical cues that encourage tenogenesis and template aligned matrix deposition in lieu of dysfunctional scar tissue formation. Fiber-reinforced hydrogels present an ideal biomaterial system toward this end given their transdermal injectability, tunable stiffness over a range amenable to tenogenic differentiation of progenitors, and capacity for modular inclusion of biochemical cues. Here, tunable and modular, fiber-reinforced, synthetic hydrogels are employed to elucidate salient microenvironmental determinants of tenogenesis and aligned collagen deposition by tendon progenitor cells. Transforming growth factor β3 drives a cell fate switch toward pro-regenerative or pro-fibrotic phenotypes, which can be biased toward the former by culture in softer microenvironments or inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK activity. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that topographical anisotropy in fiber-reinforced hydrogels critically mediates the alignment of de novo collagen fibrils, reflecting native tendon architecture. These findings inform the design of cell-free, injectable, synthetic hydrogels for tendon tissue regeneration and, likely, that of a range of load-bearing connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Kent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Maggie E. Jewett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Trevor P. Buck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mohamed Said
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - LeeAnn A. Hold
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Eileen A. Crawford
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Adam C. Abraham
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alice H. Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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2
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Immortalized murine tenocyte cells: a novel and innovative tool for tendon research. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1566. [PMID: 36709227 PMCID: PMC9884217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary tenocytes rapidly undergo senescence and a phenotypic drift upon in vitro monolayer culture, which limits tendon research. The Ink4a/Arf locus encodes the proteins p16Ink4a/Arf and p14ARF (p19ARF in mice) that regulate cell cycle progression and senescence. We here established an immortalized cell line using tenocytes isolated from Ink4a/Arf deficient mice (Ink4a/Arf-/-). These cells were investigated at three distinct time points, at low (2-5), intermediate (14-17) and high (35-44) passages. Wild-type cells at low passage (2-5) served as controls. Ink4a/Arf-/- tenocytes at all stages were comparable to wild-type cells regarding morphology, expression of tenogeneic genes (collagen type 1, 3 and 5, Scleraxis, Tenomodulin and Tenascin-C), and surface markers (CD29, CD44 and CD105) and form 3D tendon-like structures. Importantly, Ink4a/Arf-/- tenocytes maintained their phenotypic features and proliferation potential in culture for more than 40 passages and also following freeze-thaw cycles. In contrast, wild-type tenocytes underwent senescence starting in passage 6. These data define Ink4a/Arf-/- tenocytes as novel tool for in vitro tendon research and as valuable in vitro alternative to animal experiments.
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Yoshimoto Y, Uezumi A, Ikemoto-Uezumi M, Tanaka K, Yu X, Kurosawa T, Yambe S, Maehara K, Ohkawa Y, Sotomaru Y, Shukunami C. Tenogenic Induction From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Unveils the Trajectory Towards Tenocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:780038. [PMID: 35372337 PMCID: PMC8965463 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.780038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is integrated by tendons that are characterized by the expression of scleraxis (Scx), a functionally important transcription factor. Here, we newly developed a tenocyte induction method using induced pluripotent stem cells established from ScxGFP transgenic mice by monitoring fluorescence, which reflects a dynamic differentiation process. Among several developmentally relevant factors, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) was the most potent inducer for differentiation of tenomodulin-expressing mature tenocytes. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed 11 distinct clusters, including mature tenocyte population and tenogenic differentiation trajectory, which recapitulated the in vivo developmental process. Analysis of the scRNA-seq dataset highlighted the importance of retinoic acid (RA) as a regulatory pathway of tenogenic differentiation. RA signaling was shown to have inhibitory effects on entheseal chondrogenic differentiation as well as TGF-β2-dependent tenogenic/fibrochondrogenic differentiation. The collective findings provide a new opportunity for tendon research and further insight into the mechanistic understanding of the differentiation pathway to a tenogenic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chisa Shukunami, ; Akiyoshi Uezumi,
| | - Madoka Ikemoto-Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xinyi Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kurosawa
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsei Yambe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotomaru
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chisa Shukunami, ; Akiyoshi Uezumi,
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4
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Hiraki HL, Matera DL, Rose MJ, Kent RN, Todd CW, Stout ME, Wank AE, Schiavone MC, DePalma SJ, Zarouk AA, Baker BM. Magnetic Alignment of Electrospun Fiber Segments Within a Hydrogel Composite Guides Cell Spreading and Migration Phenotype Switching. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:679165. [PMID: 34222216 PMCID: PMC8242362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.679165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins provide mechanical structure and adhesive scaffolding to resident cells within stromal tissues. Aligned ECM fibers play an important role in directing morphogenetic processes, supporting mechanical loads, and facilitating cell migration. Various methods have been developed to align matrix fibers in purified biopolymer hydrogels, such as type I collagen, including flow-induced alignment, uniaxial tensile deformation, and magnetic particles. However, purified biopolymers have limited orthogonal tunability of biophysical cues including stiffness, fiber density, and fiber alignment. Here, we generate synthetic, cell-adhesive fiber segments of the same length-scale as stromal fibrous proteins through electrospinning. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) embedded in synthetic fiber segments enable magnetic field induced alignment of fibers within an amorphous bulk hydrogel. We find that SPION density and magnetic field strength jointly influence fiber alignment and identify conditions to control the degree of alignment. Tuning fiber length allowed the alignment of dense fibrous hydrogel composites without fiber entanglement or regional variation in the degree of alignment. Functionalization of fiber segments with cell adhesive peptides induced tendon fibroblasts to adopt a uniaxial morphology akin to within native tendon. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of this hydrogel composite to direct multicellular migration from MCF10A spheroids and find that fiber alignment prompts invading multicellular strands to separate into disconnected single cells and multicellular clusters. These magnetic fiber segments can be readily incorporated into other natural and synthetic hydrogels and aligned with inexpensive and easily accessible rare earth magnets, without the need for specialized equipment. 3D hydrogel composites where stiffness/crosslinking, fiber density, and fiber alignment can be orthogonally tuned may provide insights into morphogenetic and pathogenic processes that involve matrix fiber alignment and can enable systematic investigation of the individual contribution of each biophysical cue to cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison L. Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel L. Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael J. Rose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert N. Kent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Connor W. Todd
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mark E. Stout
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anya E. Wank
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria C. Schiavone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel J. DePalma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexander A. Zarouk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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5
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Meeremans M, Van de Walle GR, Van Vlierberghe S, De Schauwer C. The Lack of a Representative Tendinopathy Model Hampers Fundamental Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651164. [PMID: 34012963 PMCID: PMC8126669 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overuse tendon injuries are a major cause of musculoskeletal morbidity in both human and equine athletes, due to the cumulative degenerative damage. These injuries present significant challenges as the healing process often results in the formation of inferior scar tissue. The poor success with conventional therapy supports the need to search for novel treatments to restore functionality and regenerate tissue as close to native tendon as possible. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based strategies represent promising therapeutic tools for tendon repair in both human and veterinary medicine. The translation of tissue engineering strategies from basic research findings, however, into clinical use has been hampered by the limited understanding of the multifaceted MSC mechanisms of action. In vitro models serve as important biological tools to study cell behavior, bypassing the confounding factors associated with in vivo experiments. Controllable and reproducible in vitro conditions should be provided to study the MSC healing mechanisms in tendon injuries. Unfortunately, no physiologically representative tendinopathy models exist to date. A major shortcoming of most currently available in vitro tendon models is the lack of extracellular tendon matrix and vascular supply. These models often make use of synthetic biomaterials, which do not reflect the natural tendon composition. Alternatively, decellularized tendon has been applied, but it is challenging to obtain reproducible results due to its variable composition, less efficient cell seeding approaches and lack of cell encapsulation and vascularization. The current review will overview pros and cons associated with the use of different biomaterials and technologies enabling scaffold production. In addition, the characteristics of the ideal, state-of-the-art tendinopathy model will be discussed. Briefly, a representative in vitro tendinopathy model should be vascularized and mimic the hierarchical structure of the tendon matrix with elongated cells being organized in a parallel fashion and subjected to uniaxial stretching. Incorporation of mechanical stimulation, preferably uniaxial stretching may be a key element in order to obtain appropriate matrix alignment and create a pathophysiological model. Together, a thorough discussion on the current status and future directions for tendon models will enhance fundamental MSC research, accelerating translation of MSC therapies for tendon injuries from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Meeremans
- Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catharina De Schauwer
- Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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6
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Jackson JE, Kopecki Z, Anderson PJ, Cowin AJ. In vitro analysis of the effect of Flightless I on murine tenocyte cellular functions. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:170. [PMID: 32398080 PMCID: PMC7216515 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healing of tendons after injury involves the proliferation of tenocytes and the production of extracellular matrix; however, their capacity to heal is limited by poor cell density and limited growth factor activity. Flightless I (Flii) has previously been identified as an important regulator of cellular proliferation and migration, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of differential Flii gene expression on tenocyte function in vitro. METHODS The role of Flii on tenocyte proliferation, migration, and contraction was assessed using established assays. Tenocytes from Flii+/-, wild-type, and Flii overexpressing mice were obtained and the effect of differential Flii expression on migration, proliferation, contraction, and collagen synthesis determined in vitro. Statistical differences were determined using unpaired Student's t test and statistical outliers were identified using the Grubbs' test. RESULTS Flii overexpressing tenocytes showed significantly improved migration and proliferation as well as increased collagen I secretion. Explanted tendons from Flii overexpressing mice also showed significantly elevated tenocyte outgrowth compared to Flii+/- mice. In contrast to its role in dermal wound repair, Flii positively affects cellular processes in tendons. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Flii could be a novel target for modulating tenocyte activity and improving tendon repair. This could have significant clinical implications as novel therapeutic targets for improved healing of tendon injuries are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Jackson
- Regenerative Medicine, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zlatko Kopecki
- Regenerative Medicine, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Allison J Cowin
- Regenerative Medicine, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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7
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Sorushanova A, Delgado LM, Wu Z, Shologu N, Kshirsagar A, Raghunath R, Mullen AM, Bayon Y, Pandit A, Raghunath M, Zeugolis DI. The Collagen Suprafamily: From Biosynthesis to Advanced Biomaterial Development. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801651. [PMID: 30126066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein that has found many applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. First, an overview of the family of collagens and their respective structures, conformation, and biosynthesis is provided. The advances and shortfalls of various collagen preparations (e.g., mammalian/marine extracted collagen, cell-produced collagens, recombinant collagens, and collagen-like peptides) and crosslinking technologies (e.g., chemical, physical, and biological) are then critically discussed. Subsequently, an array of structural, thermal, mechanical, biochemical, and biological assays is examined, which are developed to analyze and characterize collagenous structures. Lastly, a comprehensive review is provided on how advances in engineering, chemistry, and biology have enabled the development of bioactive, 3D structures (e.g., tissue grafts, biomaterials, cell-assembled tissue equivalents) that closely imitate native supramolecular assemblies and have the capacity to deliver in a localized and sustained manner viable cell populations and/or bioactive/therapeutic molecules. Clearly, collagens have a long history in both evolution and biotechnology and continue to offer both challenges and exciting opportunities in regenerative medicine as nature's biomaterial of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sorushanova
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Luis M Delgado
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Zhuning Wu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Naledi Shologu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Aniket Kshirsagar
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Rufus Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Bayon
- Sofradim Production-A Medtronic Company, Trevoux, France
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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8
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Shimada A, Ideno H, Arai Y, Komatsu K, Wada S, Yamashita T, Amizuka N, Pöschl E, Brachvogel B, Nakamura Y, Nakashima K, Mizukami H, Ezura Y, Nifuji A. Annexin A5 Involvement in Bone Overgrowth at the Enthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1532-1543. [PMID: 29694681 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of enthesis formation in mature animals. Here, we report that annexin A5 (Anxa5) plays a critical role in the regulation of bone ridge outgrowth at the entheses. We found that Anxa5 is highly expressed in the entheses of postnatal and adult mice. In Anxa5-deficient (Anxa5-/- ) mice, the sizes of bone ridge outgrowths at the entheses of the tibias and femur were increased after age 7 weeks. Bone overgrowth was not observed at the fibrous enthesis where the fibrocartilage layer does not exist. More ALP-expressing cells were observed in the fibrocartilage layer in Anxa5-/- mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. Calcein and Alizarin Red double labeling revealed more mineralized areas in Anxa5-/- mice than WT mice. To examine the effects of mechanical forces, we performed tenotomy in which transmission of contractile forces by the tibial muscle was impaired by surgical muscle release. In tenotomized mice, bone overgrowth at the enthesis in Anxa5-/- mice was decreased to a level comparable to that in WT mice at 8 weeks after the operation. The tail-suspended mice also showed a decrease in bone overgrowth to similar levels in Anxa5-/- and WT mice at 8 weeks after hindlimb unloading. These results suggest that bone overgrowth at the enthesis requires mechanical forces. We further examined effects of Anxa5 gene knockdown (KD) in primary cultures of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and tenocytes in vitro. Anxa5 KD increased ALP expression in tenocytes and chondrocytes but not in osteoblasts, suggesting that increased ALP activity in the fibrocartilaginous tissue in Anxa5-/- mice is directly caused by Anxa5 deletion in tenocytes or fibrocartilage cells. These data indicate that Anxa5 prevents bone overgrowth at the enthesis, whose formation is mediated through mechanical forces and modulating expression of mineralization regulators. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Shimada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ideno
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Arai
- Nihon University, School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yamashita
- Division of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ernst Pöschl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nifuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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9
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Denduluri SK, Scott B, Lamplot JD, Yin L, Yan Z, Wang Z, Ye J, Wang J, Wei Q, Mohammed MK, Haydon RC, Kang RW, He TC, Athiviraham A, Ho SH, Shi LL. Immortalized Mouse Achilles Tenocytes Demonstrate Long-Term Proliferative Capacity While Retaining Tenogenic Properties. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:280-9. [PMID: 26959762 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the cellular processes underlying tendon healing can allow researchers to improve long-term outcomes after injury. However, conducting meaningful studies to uncover the injury healing mechanism at cellular and molecular levels remains challenging. This is due to the inherent difficulty in isolating, culturing, and expanding sufficient primary tenocytes, due to their limited proliferative capacity and short lifespan. In this study, we sought to establish a novel line of immortalized mouse Achilles tenocytes (iMATs) with primary tenocyte properties, but increased proliferative capacity suitable for extensive in vitro experimentation. We show that isolated primary mouse Achilles tenocytes (pMATs) can be effectively immortalized using a piggyBac transposon expressing SV40 large T antigen flanked by FLP recombination target site (FRT). The resulting iMATs exhibit markedly greater proliferation and survival, which can be reversed with FLP recombinase. Furthermore, iMATs express the same set of tendon-specific markers as that of primary cells, although in lower levels, and respond similarly to exogenous stimulation with bone morphogenetic protein 13 (BMP13) as has been previously reported with pMATs. Taken together, our results suggest that iMATs acquire long-term proliferative capacity while maintaining tenogenic properties. We believe that iMATs are a suitable model for studying not only the native cellular processes involved in injury and healing, but also potential therapeutic agents that may augment the stability of tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahitya K Denduluri
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bryan Scott
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph D Lamplot
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Liangjun Yin
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jing Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.,2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Maryam K Mohammed
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rex C Haydon
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard W Kang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aravind Athiviraham
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sherwin H Ho
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lewis L Shi
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Dex S, Lin D, Shukunami C, Docheva D. Tenogenic modulating insider factor: Systematic assessment on the functions of tenomodulin gene. Gene 2016; 587:1-17. [PMID: 27129941 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tenomodulin (TNMD, Tnmd) is a gene highly expressed in tendon known to be important for tendon maturation with key implications for the residing tendon stem/progenitor cells as well as for the regulation of endothelial cell migration in chordae tendineae cordis in the heart and in experimental tumour models. This review aims at providing an encompassing overview of this gene and its protein. In addition, its known expression pattern as well as putative signalling pathways will be described. A chronological overview of the discovered functions of this gene in tendon and other tissues and cells is provided as well as its use as a tendon and ligament lineage marker is assessed in detail and discussed. Last, information about the possible connections between TNMD genomic mutations and mRNA expression to various diseases is delivered. Taken together this review offers a solid synopsis on the up-to-date information available about TNMD and aids at directing and focusing the future research to fully uncover the roles and implications of this interesting gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dex
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Dasheng Lin
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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11
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Wada S, Ideno H, Shimada A, Kamiunten T, Nakamura Y, Nakashima K, Kimura H, Shinkai Y, Tachibana M, Nifuji A. H3K9MTase G9a is essential for the differentiation and growth of tenocytes in vitro. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:13-20. [PMID: 25812847 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell differentiation is controlled by specific transcription factors. The functions and expression levels of these transcription factors are regulated by epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications and cytosine methylation of the genome. In tendon tissue, tendon-specific transcription factors have been shown to play functional roles in the regulation of tenocyte differentiation. However, the effects of epigenetic modifications on gene expression and differentiation in tenocytes are unclear. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic regulation of tenocyte differentiation, focusing on the enzymes mediating histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation. In primary mouse tenocytes, six H3K9 methyltransferase (H3K9MTase) genes, i.e., G9a, G9a-like protein (GLP), PR domain zinc finger protein 2 (PRDM2), SUV39H1, SUV39H2, and SETDB1/ESET were all expressed, with increased mRNA levels observed during tenocyte differentiation. In mouse embryos, G9a and Prdm2 mRNAs were expressed in tenocyte precursor cells, which were overlapped with or were adjacent to cells expressing a tenocyte-specific marker, tenomodulin. Using tenocytes isolated from G9a-flox/flox mice, we deleted G9a by infecting the cells with Cre-expressing adenoviruses. Proliferation of G9a-null tenocytes was significantly decreased compared with that of control cells infected with GFP-expressing adenoviruses. Moreover, the expression levels of tendon transcription factors gene, i.e., Scleraxis (Scx), Mohawk (Mkx), Egr1, Six1, and Six2 were all suppressed in G9a-null tenocytes. The tendon-related genes Col1a1, tenomodulin, and periostin were also downregulated. Consistent with this, Western blot analysis showed that tenomodulin protein expression was significantly suppressed by G9a deletion. These results suggested that expression of the H3K9MTase G9a was essential for the differentiation and growth of tenocytes and that H3K9MTases may play important roles in tendinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
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12
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The Histochemistry and Cell Biology pandect: the year 2014 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 143:339-68. [PMID: 25744491 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review encompasses a brief synopsis of the articles published in 2014 in Histochemistry and Cell Biology. Out of the total of 12 issues published in 2014, two special issues were devoted to "Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Microscopy." The present review is divided into 11 categories, providing an easy format for readers to quickly peruse topics of particular interest to them.
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