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Zubaľ M, Výmolová B, Matrasová I, Výmola P, Vepřková J, Syrůček M, Tomáš R, Vaníčková Z, Křepela E, Konečná D, Bušek P, Šedo A. Fibroblast activation protein as a potential theranostic target in brain metastases of diverse solid tumours. Pathology 2023; 55:806-817. [PMID: 37419841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases are a very common and serious complication of oncological diseases. Despite the vast progress in multimodality treatment, brain metastases significantly decrease the quality of life and prognosis of patients. Therefore, identifying new targets in the microenvironment of brain metastases is desirable. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a transmembrane serine protease typically expressed in tumour-associated stromal cells. Due to its characteristic presence in the tumour microenvironment, FAP represents an attractive theranostic target in oncology. However, there is little information on FAP expression in brain metastases. In this study, we quantified FAP expression in samples of brain metastases of various primary origin and characterised FAP-expressing cells. We have shown that FAP expression is significantly higher in brain metastases in comparison to non-tumorous brain tissues, both at the protein and enzymatic activity levels. FAP immunopositivity was localised in regions rich in collagen and containing blood vessels. We have further shown that FAP is predominantly confined to stromal cells expressing markers typical of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We have also observed FAP immunopositivity on tumour cells in a portion of brain metastases, mainly originating from melanoma, lung, breast, and renal cancer, and sarcoma. There were no significant differences in the quantity of FAP protein, enzymatic activity, and FAP+ stromal cells among brain metastasis samples of various origins, suggesting that there is no association of FAP expression and/or presence of FAP+ stromal cells with the histological type of brain metastases. In summary, we are the first to establish the expression of FAP and characterise FAP-expressing cells in the microenvironment of brain metastases. The frequent upregulation of FAP and its presence on both stromal and tumour cells support the use of FAP as a promising theranostic target in brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zubaľ
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Výmolová
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Matrasová
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Výmola
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vepřková
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Syrůček
- Department of Pathology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Tomáš
- Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdislava Vaníčková
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Křepela
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dora Konečná
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bušek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kirienko M, Centonze G, Sabella G, Sollai M, Sollini M, Lan X, Chen H, Terracciano L, Seregni E, Milione M. FAP expression in alpha cells of Langherhans insulae-implications for FAPI radiopharmaceuticals' use. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:3042-3049. [PMID: 37140668 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiopharmaceuticals targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) alpha are increasingly studied for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We discovered FAP expression at immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the alpha cells of the Langerhans insulae of few patients. Therefore, we planned an investigation aimed at describing FAP expression in the pancreas and discussing the implications for radioligand applications. METHODS We retrospectively included 40 patients from 2 institutions (20 pts each) according to the following inclusion/exclusion criteria: (i) pathology proven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors (NET), 10 pts per each group at each center; (ii) and availability of paraffin-embedded tissue; and (iii) clinical-pathological records. We performed IHC analysis and applied a semiquantitative visual scoring system (0, negative staining; 1, present in less than 30%; 2, present in more than 30% of the area). FAP expression was assessed according to histology-NET (n = 20) vs ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 20)-and to previous treatments within the adenocarcinoma group. The local ethics committee approved the study (No. INT 21/16, 28 January 2016). RESULTS The population consisted of 24 males and 16 females, with a median age of 68 and a range of 14-84 years; 8/20 adenocarcinoma patients received chemotherapy. In all the Langerhans insulae (40/40), pancreatic alpha cells were found to express FAP, with a score of 2. No difference was found among NET (20/20) and adenocarcinoma (20/20), nor according to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the adenocarcinoma cohort (received or not received). CONCLUSION Pancreatic Langerhans islet alpha cells normally express FAP. This is not expected to influence the diagnostic accuracy of FAP-targeting tracers. In the therapeutic setting, our results suggest the need to better elucidate FAPI radioligands' effects on the Langerhans insulae function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kirienko
- Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Venzian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- 1st Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sabella
- 1st Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Sollai
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Sollini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072, Milan, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Haojun Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Seregni
- Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Venzian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- 1st Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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van Gurp L, Fodoulian L, Oropeza D, Furuyama K, Bru-Tari E, Vu AN, Kaddis JS, Rodríguez I, Thorel F, Herrera PL. Generation of human islet cell type-specific identity genesets. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2020. [PMID: 35440614 PMCID: PMC9019032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of surrogate cells with stable functional identities is crucial for developing cell-based therapies. Efforts to produce insulin-secreting replacement cells to treat diabetes require reliable tools to assess islet cellular identity. Here, we conduct a thorough single-cell transcriptomics meta-analysis to identify robustly expressed markers used to build genesets describing the identity of human α-, β-, γ- and δ-cells. These genesets define islet cellular identities better than previously published genesets. We show their efficacy to outline cell identity changes and unravel some of their underlying genetic mechanisms, whether during embryonic pancreas development or in experimental setups aiming at developing glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells, such as pluripotent stem-cell differentiation or in adult islet cell reprogramming protocols. These islet cell type-specific genesets represent valuable tools that accurately benchmark gain and loss in islet cell identity traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon van Gurp
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leon Fodoulian
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenichiro Furuyama
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eva Bru-Tari
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anh Nguyet Vu
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Iván Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Imaging Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) with FAPi PET. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030523. [PMID: 35327325 PMCID: PMC8945705 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) surrounding tumor cells is a complex and highly dynamic system that promotes tumorigenesis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key elements in TME playing a pivotal role in cancer cells’ proliferation and metastatic spreading. Considering the high expression of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) on the cell membrane, CAFs emerged as appealing TME targets, namely for molecular imaging, leading to a pan-tumoral approach. Therefore, FAP inhibitors (FAPis) have recently been developed for PET imaging and radioligand therapy, exploring the clinical application in different tumor sub-types. The present review aimed to describe recent developments regarding radiolabeled FAP inhibitors and evaluate the possible translation of this pan-tumoral approach in clinical practice. At present, the application of FAPi-PET has been explored mainly in single-center studies, generally performed in small and heterogeneous cohorts of oncological patients. However, preliminary results were promising, in particular in low FDG-avid tumors, such as primary liver and gastro-entero-pancreatic cancer, or in regions with an unfavorable tumor-to-background ratio at FDG-PET/CT (i.e., brain), and in radiotherapy planning of head and neck tumors. Further promising results have been obtained in the detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis, especially in ovarian and gastric cancer. Data regarding the theranostics approach are still limited at present, and definitive conclusions about its efficacy cannot be drawn at present. Nevertheless, the use of FAPi-based radio-ligand to treat the TME has been evaluated in first-in-human studies and appears feasible. Although the pan-tumoral approach in molecular imaging showed promising results, its real impact in day-to-day clinical practice has yet to be confirmed, and multi-center prospective studies powered for efficacy are needed.
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Jaenisch SE, Abbott CA, Gorrell MD, Bampton P, Butler RN, Yazbeck R. Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase Activity Is a Potential Biomarker for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e00452. [PMID: 35060938 PMCID: PMC8806366 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 is part of a larger family of proteases referred to as DPPs. DPP4 has been suggested as a possible biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Circulating DPP4 (cDPP4) enzyme activity was investigated as a potential biomarker for IBD. In addition, DPP enzyme activity and gene expression were quantified in colonic tissue of patients with IBD and non-IBD. METHODS In study 1, DPP enzyme activity was quantified in plasma samples from 220 patients with IBD (Crohn's disease [CD] n = 130 and ulcerative colitis [UC] n = 90) and non-IBD controls (n = 26) using a colorimetric assay. In study 2, tissue and plasma samples were collected from 26 patients with IBD and 20 non-IBD controls. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) was quantified in all patients. Colonic DPP4, DPP8, DPP9, and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. cDPP and cFAP enzyme activity was also measured. Sensitivity and specificity were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS In study 1, total cDPP activity was found to differentiate patients with CD with active disease (n = 18) from those in remission (n = 19; sensitivity 78% and specificity 63%). In study 2, total cDPP and cFAP activity was 28% and 48% lower in patients with elevated CRP (>10 mg/L), respectively, compared with patients with normal CRP. Gene expression of DPP4, FAP, and DPP8 was also significantly higher in colonic biopsies from patients with IBD compared with non-IBD patients (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Our findings implicate the DPP enzyme family in intestinal inflammation and suggest future biomarker applications to differentiate the pathophysiological aspects of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E. Jaenisch
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Abbott
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Bampton
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross N. Butler
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Yazbeck
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Potential for a theranostic approach targeting cancer associated fibroblasts. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), a serine protease expressed on luminal and apical cell membrane, is identical to the lymphocyte cell surface protein CD26. DPP4 rapidly deactivates hormones and cytokines by cleaving their NH2-terminal dipeptides. Its functions are based on membrane digestion and/or binding of bioactive peptides, signal molecules, and extracellular matrix components. The soluble form is also present in body fluids such as serum, urine, semen, and synovial fluid. The extremely broad distribution of CD26/DPP4 indicates its divergent roles depending on cell type and activated conditions. The cellular localization was earlier examined by enzyme histochemistry and subsequently by immunohistochemistry. Although immunohistochemical analyses are higher in specificity and easier to use at electron microscopic levels than enzyme histochemistry, the immunoreaction is considerably affected by the animal species, types of tissue sections, and specificity of antibodies. Understanding of the functional significance and advancement of its clinical use (diagnosis and treatment of diseases) require precise information on the cellular distribution including subcellular localization and pathological changes. This short review summarizes in particular immunohistochemical findings on CD26/DPP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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Takahashi R, Ishizawa T, Sato M, Inagaki Y, Takanka M, Kuriki Y, Kamiya M, Ushiku T, Urano Y, Hasegawa K. Fluorescence Imaging Using Enzyme-Activatable Probes for Real-Time Identification of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:714527. [PMID: 34490111 PMCID: PMC8417470 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.714527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radical resection is the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer, which is a life-threatening disease. However, it is often not easy to accurately identify the extent of the tumor before and during surgery. Here we describe the development of a novel method to detect pancreatic tumors using a tumor-specific enzyme-activatable fluorescence probe. Methods Tumor and non-tumor lysate or small specimen collected from the resected specimen were selected to serve as the most appropriate fluorescence probe to distinguish cancer tissues from noncancerous tissues. The selected probe was sprayed onto the cut surface of the resected specimen of cancer tissue to acquire a fluorescence image. Next, we evaluated the ability of the probe to detect the tumor and calculated the tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) by comparing the fluorescence image with the pathological extent of the tumor. Finally, we searched for a tumor-specific enzyme that optimally activates the selected probe. Results Using a library comprising 309 unique fluorescence probes, we selected GP-HMRG as the most appropriate activatable fluorescence probe. We obtained eight fluorescence images of resected specimens, among which four approximated the pathological findings of the tumor, which achieved the highest TBR. Finally, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) or a DPP-IV-like enzyme was identified as the target enzyme. Conclusion This novel method may enable rapid and real-time visualization of pancreatic cancer through the enzymatic activities of cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryugen Takahashi
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ishizawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumitsu Sato
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Inagaki
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Takanka
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yugo Kuriki
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor emerges as a novel and highly promising agent for diagnostic and possibly theranostic application in various malignant and non-malignant diseases. FAPI impresses with its selective expression in several pathologies, ligand induced internalization, and presence in a large variety of malignancies. Current studies indicate that FAPI is equal or even superior to the current standard oncological tracer fluorodeoxyglucose in several oncological diseases. It seems to present lower background activity, stronger uptake in tumorous lesions and thus sharper contrasts. For improved comprehension of fibroblast activation, protein expression and clinicopathologic conditions, further studies are of essence.
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Colorectal cancer cell intrinsic fibroblast activation protein alpha binds to Enolase1 and activates NF-κB pathway to promote metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:543. [PMID: 34035230 PMCID: PMC8149633 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) is a marker of cancer-associated fibroblast, which is also expressed in cancer epithelial cells. However, the role of FAP in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remains to be elucidated. Here we investigate the expression pattern of FAP in CRC tissues and cells to prove that FAP is upregulated in CRC cells. Loss- of and gain-of-function assays identified FAP promotes migration and invasion instead of an effect on cell proliferation. Microarray assays are adopted to identify the different expressed genes after FAP knockdown and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) is used to exploit the involved signaling pathway. Our works reveal FAP exerts a function dependent on NF-κB signaling pathway and FAP expression is associated with NF-κB signaling pathway in clinical samples. Our work shows FAP is secreted by CRC cells and soluble FAP could promote metastasis. To investigate the mechanism of FAP influencing the NF-κB signaling pathway, LC/MS is performed to identify the proteins interacting with FAP. We find that FAP binds to ENO1 and activates NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on ENO1. Blocking ENO1 could partially reverse the pro-metastatic effect mediated by FAP. We also provide evidences that both FAP and ENO1 are associated with CRC stages, and high levels of FAP and ENO1 predict a poor survival in CRC patients. In summary, our work could provide a novel mechanism of FAP in CRC cells and a potential strategy for treatment of metastatic CRC.
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Abstract
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important peptide hormone secreted by L-cells in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrients. It is produced by the differential cleavage of the proglucagon peptide. GLP-1 elicits a wide variety of physiological responses in many tissues that contribute to metabolic homeostasis. For these reasons, therapies designed to either increase endogenous GLP-1 levels or introduce exogenous peptide mimetics are now widely used in the management of diabetes. In addition to GLP-1 production from L-cells, recent reports suggest that pancreatic islet alpha cells may also synthesize and secrete GLP-1. Intra-islet GLP-1 may therefore play an unappreciated role in islet health and glucose regulation, suggesting a potential functional paracrine role for islet-derived GLP-1. In this review, we assess the current literature from an islet-centric point-of-view to better understand the production, degradation, and actions of GLP-1 within the endocrine pancreas in rodents and humans. The relevance of intra-islet GLP-1 in human physiology is discussed regarding the potential role of intra-islet GLP-1 in islet health and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre CRCHUM, Montréal, Canada
| | - Janyne Johnson
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter E. Light
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- CONTACT Peter E. Light Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 2E1, Canada
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Krepela E, Vanickova Z, Hrabal P, Zubal M, Chmielova B, Balaziova E, Vymola P, Matrasova I, Busek P, Sedo A. Regulation of Fibroblast Activation Protein by Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 in Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031046. [PMID: 33494271 PMCID: PMC7864518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proline-specific serine protease fibroblast activation protein (FAP) can participate in the progression of malignant tumors and represents a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target. Recently, we demonstrated an increased expression of FAP in glioblastomas, particularly those of the mesenchymal subtype. Factors controlling FAP expression in glioblastomas are unknown, but evidence suggests that transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) can trigger mesenchymal changes in these tumors. Here, we investigated whether TGFbeta promotes FAP expression in transformed and stromal cells constituting the glioblastoma microenvironment. We found that both FAP and TGFbeta-1 are upregulated in glioblastomas and display a significant positive correlation. We detected TGFbeta-1 immunopositivity broadly in glioblastoma tissues, including tumor parenchyma regions in the immediate vicinity of FAP-immunopositive perivascular stromal cells. Wedemonstrate for the first time that TGFbeta-1 induces expression of FAP in non-stem glioma cells, pericytes, and glioblastoma-derived endothelial and FAP+ mesenchymal cells, but not in glioma stem-like cells. In glioma cells, this effect is mediated by the TGFbeta type I receptor and canonical Smad signaling and involves activation of FAP gene transcription. We further present evidence of FAP regulation by TGFbeta-1 secreted by glioma cells. Our results provide insight into the previously unrecognized regulation of FAP expression by autocrine and paracrine TGFbeta-1 signaling in a broad spectrum of cell types present in the glioblastoma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evzen Krepela
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
| | - Zdislava Vanickova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
| | - Petr Hrabal
- Department of Pathology, Military University Hospital Prague, 169 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Zubal
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
| | - Barbora Chmielova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
| | - Eva Balaziova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
| | - Petr Vymola
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
| | - Ivana Matrasova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
| | - Petr Busek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.S.); Tel.: +420-22496-5825 (P.B.); +420-22496-5735 (A.S.)
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (E.K.); (Z.V.); (M.Z.); (B.C.); (E.B.); (P.V.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.S.); Tel.: +420-22496-5825 (P.B.); +420-22496-5735 (A.S.)
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13
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Barengolts E, Smith ED. Considerations for Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Patients with Diabetes Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. Endocr Pract 2021; 26:1186-1195. [PMID: 33471720 PMCID: PMC7836311 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2020-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To review data implicating microbiota influences on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with diabetes. Methods: Primary literature review included topics: “COVID-19,” “SARS,” “MERS,” “gut micro-biota,” “probiotics,” “immune system,” “ACE2,” and “metformin.” Results: Diabetes was prevalent (~11%) among COVID-19 patients and associated with increased mortality (about 3-fold) compared to patients without diabetes. COVID-19 could be associated with worsening diabetes control and new diabetes diagnosis that could be linked to high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors (coronavirus point of entry into the host) in the endocrine pancreas. A pre-existing gut microbiota imbalance (dysbiosis) could contribute to COVID-19–related complications in patients with diabetes. The COVID-19 virus was found in fecal samples (~55%), persisted for about 5 weeks, and could be associated with diarrhea, suggesting a role for gut dysbiosis. ACE2 expressed on enterocytes and colonocytes could serve as an alternative route for acquiring COVID-19. Experimental models proposed some probiotics, including Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. salivarius, as vectors for delivering or enhancing efficacy of anti-coronavirus vaccines. These Lactobacillus probiotics were also beneficial for diabetes. The potential mechanisms for interconnections between coronavirus, diabetes, and gut microbiota could be related to the immune system, ACE2 pathway, and metformin treatment. There were suggestions but no proof supporting probiotics benefits for COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The data suggested that the host environment including the gut microbiota could play a role for COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. It is a challenge to the scientific community to investigate the beneficial potential of the gut microbiota for strengthening host defense against coronavirus in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barengolts
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois..
| | - Emily Daviau Smith
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Avrahami D, Wang YJ, Schug J, Feleke E, Gao L, Liu C, Naji A, Glaser B, Kaestner KH. Single-cell transcriptomics of human islet ontogeny defines the molecular basis of β-cell dedifferentiation in T2D. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101057. [PMID: 32739450 PMCID: PMC7471622 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dedifferentiation of pancreatic β-cells may reduce islet function in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the prevalence, plasticity and functional consequences of this cellular state remain unknown. METHODS We employed single-cell RNAseq to detail the maturation program of α- and β-cells during human ontogeny. We also compared islets from non-diabetic and T2D individuals. RESULTS Both α- and β-cells mature in part by repressing non-endocrine genes; however, α-cells retain hallmarks of an immature state, while β-cells attain a full β-cell specific gene expression program. In islets from T2D donors, both α- and β-cells have a less mature expression profile, de-repressing the juvenile genetic program and exocrine genes and increasing expression of exocytosis, inflammation and stress response signalling pathways. These changes are consistent with the increased proportion of β-cells displaying suboptimal function observed in T2D islets. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the molecular program underlying islet cell maturation during human ontogeny and the loss of transcriptomic maturity that occurs in islets of type 2 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Avrahami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yue J Wang
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eseye Feleke
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Long Gao
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Department of Surgery and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Ballal S, Yadav MP, Moon ES, Kramer VS, Roesch F, Kumari S, Tripathi M, ArunRaj ST, Sarswat S, Bal C. Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, dosimetry of [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi, and the head-to-head comparison with [ 18F]F-FDG PET/CT in patients with various cancers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:1915-1931. [PMID: 33244617 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE [68Ga]Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitors ([68Ga]Ga-FAPi) have shown promising preclinical and clinical results in PET imaging. The present study aimed to evaluate the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and dosimetry of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi, another modified FAPi tracer, and performed a head-to-head comparison with [18F]F-FDG PET/CT scans in patients with various cancers. METHODS In this prospective study, patients underwent both [18F]F-FDG and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi PET/CT scans 60 min post-injection (p.i.). Dosimetry studies were conducted in three patients using [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi serial time-point imaging. The absorbed dose was calculated using OLINDA/EXM 2.2 software. Quantification of the uptake of the tracers was assessed using standardized uptake values corrected for lean body mass (SUL). RESULTS Fifty-four patients (mean age; 48.4 years) with 14 types of cancers involving 37% breast, 24% lung, 7.4% head and neck (H&N), and remaining 31.6% patients with other histologies were evaluated prospectively. Physiological uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi was observed in the liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart contents, and to a lesser extent in the lacrimals, oral mucosa, salivary glands, and thyroid glands. Uptake in the target lesions on [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi scan was initiated at 10 min, and no additional lesions were detected in the delayed acquisition time points. The pancreas was the organ with the highest absorbed dose (5.46E-02 mSv/MBq). While the patient-based comparison between the radiotracers revealed complete concordance in the detection of primary, pleural thickening, bone and liver metastases, and second primary malignancy, discordant findings were observed in the detection of lymph node (7.5%), lung nodules (5.6%), and brain metastases (2%). According to the site of primary disease, patients with H&N cancers demonstrated the highest SULpeak and average (avg) values on [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA-FAPi which was similar to the values of [18F]F-FDG [(SULpeak: 15.4 vs. 14.2; P-0.680) (SULavg: 8.3 vs. 7.9; P-0.783)]. The lowest uptake was observed in lung cancers with both the radiotracers [(SULpeak: 5.8 vs. 7.4; P-0.238) (SULavg: 4.9 vs. 5.3; P-0.313)]. A significantly higher SULpeak and SULavg for brain metastases to normal brain parenchyma ratios were observed on [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi in contrast to the [18F]F-FDG values {SULpeak: median: 59.3 (IQR: 33.5-130.8) versus 1.5 (1-2.3); P-0.028}. Except for brain metastases, comparable SULpeak and average values were noted between the radiotracers in all other regions of metastases with no significant difference. CONCLUSION [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi is a promising alternative among the FAPI class of molecules and performed well as compared to standard-of-care radiotracer [18F]F-FDG in the diagnosis of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Ballal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, PIN: 110029, India
| | - Madhav Prasad Yadav
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, PIN: 110029, India
| | - Euy Sung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Frank Roesch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Samta Kumari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, PIN: 110029, India
| | - Madhavi Tripathi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, PIN: 110029, India
| | | | - Sulochana Sarswat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, PIN: 110029, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Bal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, PIN: 110029, India.
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16
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Brennen WN, J Thorek DL, Jiang W, Krueger TE, Antony L, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Overcoming stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses via fibroblast activation protein-targeted therapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 13:155-175. [PMID: 33148078 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contributes to disease progression through multiple mechanisms, including immune suppression mediated in part by fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-expressing cells. Herein, a review of FAP biology is presented, supplemented with primary data. This includes FAP expression in prostate cancer and activation of latent reservoirs of TGF-β and VEGF to produce a positive feedback loop. This collectively suggests a normal wound repair process subverted during cancer pathophysiology. There has been immense interest in targeting FAP for diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic purposes. Until recently, this development has outpaced an understanding of the biology; impeding optimal translation into the clinic. A summary of these applications is provided with an emphasis on eliminating tumor-infiltrating FAP-positive cells to overcome stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Timothy E Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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17
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Röhrich M, Naumann P, Giesel FL, Choyke PL, Staudinger F, Wefers A, Liew DP, Kratochwil C, Rathke H, Liermann J, Herfarth K, Jäger D, Debus J, Haberkorn U, Lang M, Koerber SA. Impact of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT Imaging on the Therapeutic Management of Primary and Recurrent Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:779-786. [PMID: 33097632 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.253062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer, and early detection and accurate staging are critical to prolonging survival. PDAC typically has a prominent stroma including cancer-associated fibroblasts that express fibroblast activation protein (FAP). FAP is a new target molecule for PET imaging of various tumors. In this retrospective study, we describe the clinical impact of PET/CT imaging using 68Ga-labeled FAP-inhibitors (68Ga-FAPI PET/CT) in 19 patients with PDAC (7 primary, 12 progressive/recurrent). Methods: All patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT (ceCT) for TNM staging before 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging. PET scans were acquired 60 min after administration of 150-250 MBq of 68Ga-labeled FAP-specific tracers. To characterize 68Ga-FAPI uptake over time, additional scans after 10 or 180 min were acquired in 6 patients. SUVmax and SUVmean values of PDAC manifestations and healthy organs were analyzed. The tumor burden according to 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT was compared with TNM staging based on ceCT and changes in oncologic management were recorded. Results: Compared with ceCT, 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT results led to changes in TNM staging in 10 of 19 patients. Eight of 12 patients with recurrent/progressive disease were upstaged, 1 was downstaged, and 3 had no change. In newly diagnosed PDAC, 1 of 7 patients was upstaged, and the staging of 6 patients did not change. Changes in oncologic management occurred in 7 patients. Markedly elevated uptake of 68Ga-FAPI in PDAC manifestations after 1 h was seen in most cases. Differentiation from pancreatitis based on static imaging 1 h after injection was challenging. With respect to imaging after multiple time points, PDAC and pancreatitis showed a trend for differential uptake kinetics. Conclusion: 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT led to restaging in half of the patients with PDAC and most patients with recurrent disease compared with standard of care imaging. The clinical value of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Röhrich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Naumann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fabian Staudinger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Wefers
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dawn P Liew
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rathke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Liermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Herfarth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine Virgin Islands, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research DZL, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Lang
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, GermanyMember of the German Center for Lung Research DZL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan A Koerber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Gouverneur A, Lair A, Arnaud M, Bégaud B, Raschi E, Pariente A, Salvo F. DPP-4 inhibitors and venous thromboembolism: an analysis of the WHO spontaneous reporting database. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:365-367. [PMID: 32333868 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gouverneur
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé Publique, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Athénaïs Lair
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé Publique, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mickael Arnaud
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Bégaud
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emanuel Raschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antoine Pariente
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé Publique, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesco Salvo
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé Publique, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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19
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Šimková A, Bušek P, Šedo A, Konvalinka J. Molecular recognition of fibroblast activation protein for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140409. [PMID: 32171757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a non-classical serine protease expressed predominantly in conditions accompanied by tissue remodeling, particularly cancer. Due to its plasma membrane localization, FAP represents a promising molecular target for tumor imaging and treatment. The unique enzymatic activity of FAP facilitates development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools based on molecular recognition of FAP by substrates and small-molecule inhibitors, in addition to conventional antibody-based strategies. In this review, we provide background on the pathophysiological role of FAP and discuss its potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of the structural patterns crucial for substrate and inhibitor recognition by the FAP active site and determinants of selectivity over the related proteases dipeptidyl peptidase IV and prolyl endopeptidase. We also review published data on targeting of the tumor microenvironment with FAP antibodies, FAP-targeted prodrugs, activity-based probes and small-molecule inhibitors. We describe use of a recently developed, selective FAP inhibitor with low-nanomolar potency in inhibitor-based targeting strategies including synthetic antibody mimetics based on hydrophilic polymers and inhibitor conjugates for PET imaging. In conclusion, recent advances in understanding of the molecular structure and function of FAP have significantly contributed to the development of several tools with potential for translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Šimková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Bušek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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20
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Panaro BL, Coppage AL, Beaudry JL, Varin EM, Kaur K, Lai JH, Wu W, Liu Y, Bachovchin WW, Drucker DJ. Fibroblast activation protein is dispensable for control of glucose homeostasis and body weight in mice. Mol Metab 2018; 19:65-74. [PMID: 30477988 PMCID: PMC6323180 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP), an enzyme structurally related to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), has garnered interest as a potential metabolic drug target due to its ability to cleave and inactivate FGF-21 as well as other peptide substrates. Here we investigated the metabolic importance of FAP for control of body weight and glucose homeostasis in regular chow-fed and high fat diet-fed mice. Methods FAP enzyme activity was transiently attenuated using a highly-specific inhibitor CPD60 and permanently ablated by genetic inactivation of the mouse Fap gene. We also assessed the FAP-dependence of CPD60 and talabostat (Val-boroPro), a chemical inhibitor reportedly targeting both FAP and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 Results CPD60 robustly inhibited plasma FAP activity with no effect on DPP-4 activity. Fap gene disruption was confirmed by assessment of genomic DNA, and loss of FAP enzyme activity in plasma and tissues. CPD60 did not improve lipid tolerance but modestly improved acute oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance in a FAP-dependent manner. Genetic inactivation of Fap did not improve glucose or lipid tolerance nor confer resistance to weight gain in male or female Fap−/− mice fed regular chow or high-fat diets. Moreover, talabostat markedly improved glucose homeostasis in a FAP- and FGF-21-independent, DPP-4 dependent manner. Conclusion Although pharmacological FAP inhibition improves glucose tolerance, the absence of a metabolic phenotype in Fap−/−mice suggest that endogenous FAP is dispensable for the regulation of murine glucose homeostasis and body weight. These findings highlight the importance of characterizing the specificity and actions of FAP inhibitors in different species and raise important questions about the feasibility of mouse models for targeting FAP as a treatment for diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Acute inhibition of FAP enzyme activity improves glucose tolerance in mice. Fap knockout mice exhibit normal glucose and lipid tolerance. Fap knockout mice do not resist obesity after high fat feeding. Talabostat robustly lowers glucose in a FAP and FGF21-independent manner. Talabostat, but not CPD60, requires DPP4 to exert its full metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Panaro
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andrew L Coppage
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jack H Lai
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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21
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Puré E, Blomberg R. Pro-tumorigenic roles of fibroblast activation protein in cancer: back to the basics. Oncogene 2018; 37:4343-4357. [PMID: 29720723 PMCID: PMC6092565 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell-surface serine protease that acts on various hormones and extracellular matrix components. FAP is highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancers, and is often used as a marker for pro-tumorigenic stroma. It has also been proposed as a molecular target of cancer therapies, and, especially in recent years, a great deal of research has gone into design and testing of diverse FAP-targeted treatments. Yet despite this growing field of research, our knowledge of FAP's basic biology and functional roles in various cancers has lagged behind its use as a tumor-stromal marker. In this review, we summarize and analyze recent advances in understanding the functions of FAP in cancer, most notably its prognostic value in various tumor types, cellular effects on various cell types, and potential as a therapeutic target. We highlight outstanding questions in the field, the answers to which could shape preclinical and clinical studies of FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Puré
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Dvořáková P, Bušek P, Knedlík T, Schimer J, Etrych T, Kostka L, Stollinová Šromová L, Šubr V, Šácha P, Šedo A, Konvalinka J. Inhibitor-Decorated Polymer Conjugates Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8385-8393. [PMID: 28953383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are directly involved in cancer pathogenesis. Expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is upregulated in stromal fibroblasts in more than 90% of epithelial cancers and is associated with tumor progression. FAP expression is minimal or absent in most normal adult tissues, suggesting its promise as a target for the diagnosis or treatment of various cancers. Here, we report preparation of a polymer conjugate (an iBody) containing a FAP-specific inhibitor as the targeting ligand. The iBody inhibits both human and mouse FAP with low nanomolar inhibition constants but does not inhibit close FAP homologues dipeptidyl peptidase IV, dipeptidyl peptidase 9, and prolyl oligopeptidase. We demonstrate the applicability of this iBody for the isolation of FAP from cell lysates and blood serum as well as for its detection by ELISA, Western blot, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Our results show the iBody is a useful tool for FAP targeting in vitro and potentially also for specific anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of The Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná 7, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bušek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Knedlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of The Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Schimer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of The Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Stollinová Šromová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského nám 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of The Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of The Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Pleshkan VV, Alekseenko IV, Tyulkina DV, Kyzmich AI, Zinovyeva MV, Sverdlov ED. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a possible target of an antitumor strategy. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416816030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Busek P, Balaziova E, Matrasova I, Hilser M, Tomas R, Syrucek M, Zemanova Z, Krepela E, Belacek J, Sedo A. Fibroblast activation protein alpha is expressed by transformed and stromal cells and is associated with mesenchymal features in glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13961-13971. [PMID: 27492457 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are deadly neoplasms resistant to current treatment modalities. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a protease which is not expressed in most of the normal adult tissues but is characteristically present in the stroma of extracranial malignancies. FAP is considered a potential therapeutic target and is associated with a worse patient outcome in some cancers. The FAP localization in the glioma microenvironment and its relation to patient survival are unknown. By analyzing 56 gliomas and 15 non-tumorous brain samples, we demonstrate increased FAP expression in a subgroup of high-grade gliomas, in particular on the protein level. FAP expression was most elevated in the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma. It was neither associated with glioblastoma patient survival in our patient cohort nor in publicly available datasets. FAP was expressed in both transformed and stromal cells; the latter were frequently localized around dysplastic blood vessels and commonly expressed mesenchymal markers. In a mouse xenotransplantation model, FAP was expressed in glioma cells in a subgroup of tumors that typically did not express the astrocytic marker GFAP. Endogenous FAP was frequently upregulated and part of the FAP+ host cells coexpressed the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. In summary, FAP is expressed by several constituents of the glioblastoma microenvironment, including stromal non-malignant mesenchymal cells recruited to and/or activated in response to glioma growth. The limited expression of FAP in healthy tissues together with its presence in both transformed and stromal cells suggests that FAP may be a candidate target for specific delivery of therapeutic agents in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Busek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Balaziova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Matrasova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Hilser
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Tomas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Roentgenova 2, 150 30, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Syrucek
- Department of Pathology, Na Homolce Hospital, Roentgenova 2, 150 30, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Zemanova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Krepela
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Belacek
- Institute of Biophysics and Bioinformatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovská 1, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Busek P, Vanickova Z, Hrabal P, Brabec M, Fric P, Zavoral M, Skrha J, Kmochova K, Laclav M, Bunganic B, Augustyns K, Van Der Veken P, Sedo A. Increased tissue and circulating levels of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzymatic activity in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2016; 16:829-38. [PMID: 27320722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is frequently heralded by an impairment of glucose homeostasis. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) are aminopeptidases that regulate several bioactive peptides involved in glucoregulation, and are frequently dysregulated in cancer. The present study analyzes blood plasma levels and the quantity and localization of DPP-IV and FAP in PDAC tissues. METHODS DPP-IV and FAP concentration and enzymatic activity were evaluated in the plasma from 93 PDAC, 39 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 29 control subjects, and in matched paired non-tumorous and tumor tissues from 48 PDAC patients. The localization of DPP-IV and FAP was determined using immunohistochemistry and catalytic histochemistry. RESULTS The enzymatic activity and concentration of DPP-IV was higher in PDAC tumor tissues compared to non-tumorous pancreas. DPP-IV was expressed in cancer cells and in the fibrotic stroma by activated (myo)fibroblasts including DPP-IV(+)FAP(+) cells. FAP was expressed in stromal cells and in some cancer cells and its expression was increased in the tumors. Plasmatic DPP-IV enzymatic activity, and in particular the ratio between DPP-IV enzymatic activity and concentration in PDAC with recent onset DM was higher compared to T2DM. In contrast, the plasmatic FAP enzymatic activity was lower in PDAC compared to T2DM and controls and rose after tumor removal. CONCLUSIONS DPP-IV-like enzymatic activity is upregulated in PDAC tissues. PDAC patients with recent onset diabetes or prediabetes have increased plasmatic DPP-IV enzymatic activity. These changes may contribute to the frequently observed association of PDAC and recent onset impairment of glucoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Busek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry & Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdislava Vanickova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry & Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hrabal
- Department of Pathology, Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Brabec
- Department of Nonlinear Modeling, Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Premysl Fric
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Zavoral
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skrha
- 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Kmochova
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Laclav
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohus Bunganic
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UAMC University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UAMC University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry & Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. The Histochemistry and Cell Biology omnium-gatherum: the year 2015 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:239-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Pleshkan VV, Alekseenko IV, Tyulkina DV, Kyzmich AI, Zinovyeva MV, Sverdlov ED. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a possible target of the antitumor strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.18821/0208-0613-2016-34-3-90-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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