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Mushtaq U. EP1 receptor: Devil in emperors coat. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1105-1114. [PMID: 37450673 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
EP1 receptor belongs to prostanoid receptors and is activated by prostaglandin E2. The receptor performs contrasting functions in central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues. Although the receptor is neurotoxic and proapoptotic in CNS, it has also been reported to act in an antiapoptotic manner by modulating cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and migration in different types of cancers. The receptor mediates its neurotoxic effects by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels, leading to the activation of its downstream target, protein kinase C, in different neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy. Antagonists ONO-8713, SC51089, and SC51322 against EP1 receptor ameliorate the neurotoxic effect by attenuating the neuroinflammation. The receptor also shows increased expression in different types of cancers and has been found to activate different signaling pathways, which lead to the development, progression, and metastasis of different cancers. The receptor stimulates the cell survival pathway by phosphorylating the AKT and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) signaling pathways. Although there are limited studies about this receptor and not a single clinical trial has been targeting the EP1 receptor for different neurological disorders or cancer, the receptor is appearing as a potential candidate for therapeutic targets. The aim of this article is to review the recent progress in understanding the pathogenic roles of EP1 receptors in different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
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2
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Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 expression in vulvar cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04487-z. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
In recent years, incidence of vulvar cancer has been on the rise, whereas therapeutic options are still restricted. Therefore, new prognosticators and therapeutic targets are essential. Chronic inflammation plays an important role in carcinogenesis and COX-2, and its product prostaglandin E2 and its receptors EP1–4 are known to be important mediators in cancer initiation and progression.
Methods
EP1 expression in vulvar cancer specimens (n = 129) was investigated via immunohistochemistry and evaluated using the well-established immunoreactive score (IRS). Subsequently, the values were correlated with clinicopathological parameters.
Results
Our analysis did not reveal EP1 expression as a negative prognostic factor in overall and disease-free survival. However, in the subgroup of patients with lymph-node metastasis, overall survival was significantly shorter in tumors with high EP1 expression. Moreover, EP1 expression correlated positively with good differentiation of the tumor, but not with p16 status or COX-2 expression.
Conclusions
This study shed first light on EP1 expression in vulvar carcinoma. EP1 expression correlated significantly with the grading of the tumor, suggesting that it influences cell differentiation. Further research on EP1 signaling may lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Smith PG, Roque D, Ching MM, Fulton A, Rao G, Reader JC. The Role of Eicosanoids in Gynecological Malignancies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1233. [PMID: 32982722 PMCID: PMC7479818 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids, bio-active lipid molecules, evoke a multitude of biological effects that directly affect cancer cells and indirectly affect tumor microenvironment. An emerging role has been shown for eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of gynecological malignancies which include cancers of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterine, and ovary. Eicosanoid biosynthesis pathways start at the metabolism of phospholipids by phospholipase A2 then proceeding to one of three pathways: the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), or P450 epoxygenase pathways. The most studied eicosanoid pathways include COX and LOX; however, more evidence is appearing to support further study of the P450 epoxygenase pathway in gynecologic cancers. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the role of COX, LOX and P450 pathways in the pathogenesis of gynecologic malignancies. Vulvar and vaginal cancer, the rarest subtypes, there is association of COX-2 expression with poor disease specific survival in vulvar cancer and, in vaginal cancer, COX-2 expression has been found to play a role in mucosal inflammation leading to disease susceptibility and transmission. Cervical cancer is associated with COX-2 levels 7.4 times higher than in healthy tissues. Additionally, HPV elevates COX-2 levels through the EGFR pathway and HIV promotes elevated COX-2 levels in cervical tissue as well as increases PGE2 levels eliciting inflammation and progression of cancer. Evidence supports significant roles for both the LOX and COX pathways in uterine cancer. In endometrial cancer, there is increased expression of 5-LOX which is associated with adverse outcomes. Prostanoids in the COX pathway PGE2 and PGF2α have been shown to play a significant role in uterine cancer including alteration of proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and the inflammatory microenvironment. The most studied gynecological malignancy in regard to the potential role of eicosanoids in tumorigenesis is ovarian cancer in which all three pathways have shown to be associated or play a role in ovarian tumorigenesis directly on the tumor cell or through modulation of the tumor microenvironment. By identifying the gaps in knowledge, additional pathways and targets could be identified in order to obtain a better understanding of eicosanoid signaling in gynecological malignancies and identify potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige G. Smith
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dana Roque
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mc Millan Ching
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy Fulton
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gautam Rao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jocelyn C. Reader
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Abstract
Among prostaglandins, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (PGE2) is considered especially important for decidualization, ovulation, implantation and pregnancy. Four major PGE2 receptor subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), mediate various PGE2 effects via their coupling to distinct signaling pathways. This review summarizes up-to-date literatures on the role of prostaglandin E2 receptors in female reproduction, which could provide a broad perspective to guide further research in this field. PGE2 plays an indispensable role in decidualization, ovulation, implantation and pregnancy. However, the precise mechanism of Prostaglandin E2 (EP) receptors in the female reproductive system is still limited. More investigations should be performed on the mechanism of EP receptors in the pathological states, and the possibility of EP agonists or antagonists clinically used in improving reproductive disorders.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXibs) inhibit the progression of endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer. However, concerning the adverse effects of NSAIDs and COXibs, it is still urgent and necessary to explore novel and specific anti-inflammation targets for potential chemoprevention. The signaling of cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin E2-prostaglandin E2 receptors (COX-2-PGE2-EPs) is the central inflammatory pathway involved in the gynecological carcinogenesis. METHODS Literature searches were performed to the function of COX-2-PGE2-EPs in gynecological malignancies. RESULTS This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of COX-2-PGE2-EPs signaling in endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer. Many studies demonstrated the upregulated expression of the whole signaling pathway in gynecological malignancies and some focused on the function of COX-2 and cAMP-linked EP2/EP4 and EP3 signaling pathway in gynecological cancer. By contrast, roles of EP1 and the exact pathological mechanisms have not been completely clarified. The studies concerning EP receptors in gynecological cancers highlight the potential advantage of combining COX enzyme inhibitors with EP receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents in gynecological cancers. CONCLUSION EPs represent promising anti-inflammation biomarkers for gynecological cancer and may be novel treatment targets in the near future.
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Dyatlova AS, Lin'kova NS, Polyakova VO, Samoshkin NG, Kvetnoi IM. ARID1A, Prostaglandin E2, and Its Receptor as Possible Predictors of Malignant Transformation of the Endometrium in Endometriosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:504-507. [PMID: 31494765 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the expression of ARID1A, prostaglandin E2 synthase, and prostaglandin E2 receptor in the endometrium and ovarian, peritoneal, and intestinal endometrioid heterotopies in women with endometriosis of young and middle reproductive age. ARID1A protein is a tumor suppressor, its expression reduced in different types of cancer. Prostaglandin E2 synthase and prostaglandin E2 receptor are involved in the signaling cascade of inflammatory reactions presumably underlying the development of endometriosis. In endometrioid heterotopies, expression of ARID1A was reduced in 1.2-4.0 times, the expression of prostaglandin E2 synthase and prostaglandin E2 receptor was reduced in 2.9-5.2 times These findings suggest that ARID1A, prostaglandin E2 synthase, and prostaglandin E2 receptor can be used as predictors of malignant transformation of endometrioid heterotopies in women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Dyatlova
- Department of Biogerontology, Research Center St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N S Lin'kova
- Department of Biogerontology, Research Center St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia. .,Department of Therapy, Geriatrics, and Anti-Age Medicine, Academy of Postgraduate Education, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V O Polyakova
- Department of Biogerontology, Research Center St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,D. O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N G Samoshkin
- D. O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I M Kvetnoi
- Department of Biogerontology, Research Center St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,D. O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Gheorghisan-Galateanu AA, Gheorghiu ML. HORMONAL THERAPY IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS: AN UPDATE. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2019; 15:276-281. [PMID: 31508191 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2019.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Medical therapy of endometriosis is under continuous reevaluation. Hereby we updated the drugs currently available or under investigation for the hormonal treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Gheorghisan-Galateanu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Bucharest, Romania.,"C.I. Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M L Gheorghiu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Dept. of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.,"C.I. Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
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Yuan L, Chen X, Liu Z, Wu D, Lu J, Bao G, Zhang S, Wang L, Wu Y. Novel SLCO2A1 mutations cause gender differentiated pachydermoperiostosis. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:/journals/ec/aop/ec-18-0326.xml. [PMID: 30352415 PMCID: PMC6223238 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare familial disorder with reduced penetrance for females. The genetic mutations associated with PHO have been identified in HPGD and SLCO2A1 which involved in prostaglandin E2 metabolism. Here we report 5 PHO patients from 4 non-consanguineous families. Two heterozygous mutations in solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1) were identified in two brothers by whole-exome sequencing. Three heterozygous mutations and 1 homozygous mutation were identified in other 3 PHO families by Sanger sequencing. However, there was no mutation in HPGD. These findings confirmed that homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of SLCO2A1 were the pathogenic cause of PHO. A female individual shared the same mutations in SLCO2A1 with her PHO brother but did not have any typical PHO symptoms. The influence of sex hormones on the pathogenesis of PHO and its implication were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General SurgeryTangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xihui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of MicrobiologyAir Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- Department of General SurgeryTangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Bao
- Department of General SurgeryTangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAir Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Ye Y, Vattai A, Ditsch N, Kuhn C, Rahmeh M, Mahner S, Ripphahn M, Immler R, Sperandio M, Jeschke U, von Schönfeldt V. Prostaglandin E 2 receptor 3 signaling is induced in placentas with unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:749-761. [PMID: 29700097 PMCID: PMC5958745 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although an inflammatory microenvironment is required for successful implantation, an inflammatory overreaction is one of the causes of unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses (uRPL). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a pivotal role in regulating immune balance during early pregnancy, and it can stimulate inflammatory reactions via prostaglandin E2 receptor 3 (EP3). However, the role of PGE2 receptor signaling in the uRPL remains unknown. We aimed to investigate whether EP3 signaling is involved in the mechanism of uRPL. Via immunohistochemistry we could show that the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, EP3 and G protein alpha inhibitor 1 (Gi1) was enhanced in the decidua of the uRPL group in comparison to the control group in first-trimester placentas. In vitro, we demonstrated that sulprostone (an EP1/EP3 agonist) inhibited the secretion of beta-hCG and progesterone in JEG-3 cells and the secretion of beta-hCG in HTR-8/SVneo cells while it induced the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in JEG-3 cells. In addition, PGE2/sulprostone was able to stimulate the expression of Gi1, phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and p53. L-798,106 (an EP3-specific antagonist) suppressed the expression of EP3 and p-ERK1/2 without affecting the secretion of beta-hCG. Elevated activation of EP3 signaling in first-trimester placentas plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment, the hormone secretion of extravillous trophoblasts and the remodeling of extracellular matrix in the fetal-maternal interface. L-798,106 might be a 'potential therapeutic candidate' for the treatment of uRPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rahmeh
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Ripphahn
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Immler
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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In focus in HCB. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:111-112. [PMID: 29333584 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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