1
|
Ruiz Luque J, Cevey ÁC, Pieralisi AV, Poncini C, Erra Díaz F, Azevedo Reis MV, Donato M, Mirkin GA, Goren NB, Penas FN. Fenofibrate Induces a Resolving Profile in Heart Macrophage Subsets and Attenuates Acute Chagas Myocarditis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1793-1807. [PMID: 38648355 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, stands as the primary cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Americas. Macrophages play a crucial role in the heart's response to infection. Given their functional and phenotypic adaptability, manipulating specific macrophage subsets could be vital in aiding essential cardiovascular functions including tissue repair and defense against infection. PPARα are ligand-dependent transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation regulation. However, the role of fenofibrate, a PPARα ligand, in the activation profile of cardiac macrophages as well as its effect on the early inflammatory and fibrotic response in the heart remains unexplored. The present study demonstrates that fenofibrate significantly reduces not only the serum activity of tissue damage biomarker enzymes (LDH and GOT) but also the circulating proportions of pro-inflammatory monocytes (CD11b+ LY6Chigh). Furthermore, both CD11b+ Ly6Clow F4/80high macrophages (MΦ) and recently differentiated CD11b+ Ly6Chigh F4/80high monocyte-derived macrophages (MdMΦ) shift toward a resolving phenotype (CD206high) in the hearts of fenofibrate-treated mice. This shift correlates with a reduction in fibrosis, inflammation, and restoration of ventricular function in the early stages of Chagas disease. These findings encourage the repositioning of fenofibrate as a potential ancillary immunotherapy adjunct to antiparasitic drugs, addressing inflammation to mitigate Chagas disease symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz Luque
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Ágata Carolina Cevey
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Azul Victoria Pieralisi
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Carolina Poncini
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Fernando Erra Díaz
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Marcus Vinicius Azevedo Reis
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Martin Donato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Ariel Mirkin
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| | - Federico Nicolás Penas
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires C1121A6B, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vetter TA, Parthiban P, Stevens JA, Revelo XS, Kohr MJ, Townsend D. Reduced cardiac antioxidant defenses mediate increased susceptibility to workload-induced myocardial injury in males with genetic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 190:24-34. [PMID: 38527667 PMCID: PMC11060907 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing cardiomyocyte injury is a major mechanism in the progression of heart failure, particularly in dystrophic hearts. Due to the poor regenerative capacity of the adult heart, cardiomyocyte death results in the permanent loss of functional myocardium. Understanding the factors contributing to myocyte injury is essential for the development of effective heart failure therapies. As a model of persistent cardiac injury, we examined mice lacking β-sarcoglycan (β-SG), a key component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). The loss of the sarcoglycan complex markedly compromises sarcolemmal integrity in this β-SG-/- model. Our studies aim to characterize the mechanisms underlying dramatic sex differences in susceptibility to cardiac injury in β-SG-/- mice. Male β-SG-/- hearts display significantly greater myocardial injury and death following isoproterenol-induced cardiac stress than female β-SG-/- hearts. This protection of females was independent of ovarian hormones. Male β-SG-/- hearts displayed increased susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress and were significantly protected by angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonism. Increasing general antioxidative defenses or increasing the levels of S-nitrosylation both provided protection to the hearts of β-SG-/- male mice. Here we demonstrate that increased susceptibility to oxidative damage leads to an AT1R-mediated amplification of workload-induced myocardial injury in male β-SG-/- mice. Improving oxidative defenses, specifically by increasing S-nitrosylation, provided protection to the male β-SG-/- heart from workload-induced injury. These studies describe a unique susceptibility of the male heart to injury and may contribute to the sex differences in other forms of cardiac injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Vetter
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Jackie A Stevens
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mark J Kohr
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Greg Marzolf Jr. Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin D, Zhang Y, Liu F, Xu X, Jiang H, Su Z, Xia L. Spatiotemporal development and the regulatory mechanisms of cardiac resident macrophages: Contribution in cardiac development and steady state. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14088. [PMID: 38230805 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac resident macrophages (CRMs) are integral components of the heart and play significant roles in cardiac development, steady-state, and injury. Advances in sequencing technology have revealed that CRMs are a highly heterogeneous population, with significant differences in phenotype and function at different developmental stages and locations within the heart. In addition to research focused on diseases, recent years have witnessed a heightened interest in elucidating the involvement of CRMs in heart development and the maintenance of cardiac function. In this review, we primarily concentrated on summarizing the developmental trajectories, both spatial and temporal, of CRMs and their impact on cardiac development and steady-state. Moreover, we discuss the possible factors by which the cardiac microenvironment regulates macrophages from the perspectives of migration, proliferation, and differentiation under physiological conditions. Gaining insight into the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and regulatory mechanisms of CRMs is of paramount importance in comprehending the involvement of macrophages in cardiac development, injury, and repair, and also provides new ideas and therapeutic methods for treating heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Qin
- Institute of Hematological Disease, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Business, Yancheng Blood Center, Yancheng, China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Institute of Hematological Disease, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu N, Gonzalez BA, Yutzey KE. Macrophage lineages in heart development and regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:1-17. [PMID: 38556420 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
During development, macrophage subpopulations derived from hematopoietic progenitors take up residence in the developing heart. Embryonic macrophages are detectable at the early stages of heart formation in the nascent myocardium, valves and coronary vasculature. The specific subtypes of macrophages present in the developing heart reflect the generation of hematopoietic progenitors in the yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros, fetal liver, and postnatal bone marrow. Ablation studies have demonstrated specific requirements for embryonic macrophages in valve remodeling, coronary and lymphatic vessel development, specialized conduction system maturation, and myocardial regeneration after neonatal injury. The developmental origins of macrophage lineages change over time, with embryonic lineages having more reparative and remodeling functions in comparison to the bone marrow derived myeloid lineages of adults. Here we review the contributions and functions of cardiac macrophages in the developing heart with potential regenerative and reparative implications for cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Brittany A Gonzalez
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuo W, Sun R, Ji Z, Ma G. Macrophage-driven cardiac inflammation and healing: insights from homeostasis and myocardial infarction. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:81. [PMID: 37858035 PMCID: PMC10585879 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early and prompt reperfusion therapy has markedly improved the survival rates among patients enduring myocardial infarction (MI). Nonetheless, the resulting adverse remodeling and the subsequent onset of heart failure remain formidable clinical management challenges and represent a primary cause of disability in MI patients worldwide. Macrophages play a crucial role in immune system regulation and wield a profound influence over the inflammatory repair process following MI, thereby dictating the degree of myocardial injury and the subsequent pathological remodeling. Despite numerous previous biological studies that established the classical polarization model for macrophages, classifying them as either M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 pro-reparative macrophages, this simplistic categorization falls short of meeting the precision medicine standards, hindering the translational advancement of clinical research. Recently, advances in single-cell sequencing technology have facilitated a more profound exploration of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity, opening avenues for the development of targeted interventions to address macrophage-related factors in the aftermath of MI. In this review, we provide a summary of macrophage origins, tissue distribution, classification, and surface markers. Furthermore, we delve into the multifaceted roles of macrophages in maintaining cardiac homeostasis and regulating inflammation during the post-MI period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Renhua Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Yancheng No. 1 People's Hospital, No. 66 South Renmin Road, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Zhenjun Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Banerjee D, Tian R, Cai S. The Role of Innate Immune Cells in Cardiac Injury and Repair: A Metabolic Perspective. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:631-640. [PMID: 37249739 PMCID: PMC10227821 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent technological advances have identified distinct subpopulations and roles of the cardiac innate immune cells, specifically macrophages and neutrophils. Studies on distinct metabolic pathways of macrophage and neutrophil in cardiac injury are expanding. Here, we elaborate on the roles of cardiac macrophages and neutrophils in concomitance with their metabolism in normal and diseased hearts. RECENT FINDINGS Single-cell techniques combined with fate mapping have identified the clusters of innate immune cell subpopulations present in the resting and diseased hearts. We are beginning to know about the presence of cardiac resident macrophages and their functions. Resident macrophages perform cardiac homeostatic roles, whereas infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages contribute to tissue damage during cardiac injury with eventual role in repair. Prior studies show that metabolic pathways regulate the phenotypes of the macrophages and neutrophils during cardiac injury. Profiling the metabolism of the innate immune cells, especially of resident macrophages during chronic and acute cardiac diseases, can further the understanding of cardiac immunometabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durba Banerjee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rong Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen C, Wang J, Liu C, Hu J. Cardiac resident macrophages: key regulatory mediators in the aftermath of myocardial infarction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207100. [PMID: 37457720 PMCID: PMC10348646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a prevalent and highly fatal global disease. Despite significant reduction in mortality rates with standard treatment regimens, the risk of heart failure (HF) remains high, necessitating innovative approaches to protect cardiac function and prevent HF progression. Cardiac resident macrophages (cMacs) have emerged as key regulators of the pathophysiology following MI. cMacs are a heterogeneous population composed of subsets with different lineage origins and gene expression profiles. Several critical aspects of post-MI pathophysiology have been shown to be regulated by cMacs, including recruitment of peripheral immune cells, clearance and replacement of damaged myocardial cells. Furthermore, cMacs play a crucial role in regulating cardiac fibrosis, risk of arrhythmia, energy metabolism, as well as vascular and lymphatic remodeling. Given the multifaceted roles of cMacs in post-MI pathophysiology, targeting cMacs represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Finally, we discuss novel treatment strategies, including using nanocarriers to deliver drugs to cMacs or using cell therapies to introduce exogenous protective cMacs into the heart.
Collapse
|
8
|
Deng T, Shi Z, Xiao Y. Research progress in the cardiac lymphatic system and myocardial repair after myocardial infarction. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:920-929. [PMID: 37587078 PMCID: PMC10930442 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system of the heart plays an important role in the repair process after myocardial injury and may regulate normal tissue homeostasis and natural regeneration via maintaining fluid homeostasis and controlling the inflammatory response. The lymphatic system in the heart is activated after myocardial injury and is involved in the scarring process of the heart. Recent studies on the lymphatic system and myocardial repair of the heart have developed rapidly, and the mechanisms for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic endothelial cell secretion have been elucidated by different animal models. A deep understanding of the structural, molecular, and functional characteristics of the lymphatic system of the heart can help develop therapies that target the lymphatic system in the heart. Summarizing the progress in studies on targets related to myocardial repair and the cardiac lymphatic system is helpful to provide potential new targets and strategies for myocardial repair therapy after myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011.
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Zhaofeng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yichao Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Resident cardiac macrophages: Heterogeneity and function in health and disease. Immunity 2022; 55:1549-1563. [PMID: 36103852 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding tissue macrophage biology has become challenging in recent years due the ever-increasing complexity in macrophage-subset identification and functional characterization. This is particularly important within the myocardium, as we have come to understand that macrophages play multifaceted roles in cardiac health and disease, and heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Here, we review recent progress in the field, focusing on resident cardiac macrophage heterogeneity, origins, and functions at steady state and after injury. We stratify resident cardiac macrophage functions by the ability of macrophages to either directly influence cardiac physiology or indirectly influence cardiac physiology through orchestrating multi-cellular communication with cardiomyocytes and stromal and immune populations.
Collapse
|
10
|
Omatsu-Kanbe M, Fukunaga R, Mi X, Matsuura H. Atypically Shaped Cardiomyocytes (ACMs): The Identification, Characterization and New Insights into a Subpopulation of Cardiomyocytes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070896. [PMID: 35883452 PMCID: PMC9313223 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian heart, no data have yet shown the existence of cardiomyocyte-differentiable stem cells that can be used to practically repair the injured myocardium. Atypically shaped cardiomyocytes (ACMs) are found in cultures of the cardiomyocyte-removed fraction obtained from cardiac ventricles from neonatal to aged mice. ACMs are thought to be a subpopulation of cardiomyocytes or immature cardiomyocytes, most closely resembling cardiomyocytes due to their spontaneous beating, well-organized sarcomere and the expression of cardiac-specific proteins, including some fetal cardiac gene proteins. In this review, we focus on the characteristics of ACMs compared with ventricular myocytes and discuss whether these cells can be substitutes for damaged cardiomyocytes. ACMs reside in the interstitial spaces among ventricular myocytes and survive under severely hypoxic conditions fatal to ventricular myocytes. ACMs have not been observed to divide or proliferate, similar to cardiomyocytes, but they maintain their ability to fuse with each other. Thus, it is worthwhile to understand the role of ACMs and especially how these cells perform cell fusion or function independently in vivo. It may aid in the development of new approaches to cell therapy to protect the injured heart or the clarification of the pathogenesis underlying arrhythmia in the injured heart.
Collapse
|
11
|
Novel insights into embryonic cardiac macrophages. Dev Biol 2022; 488:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
Although best known for their phagocytic and immunological functions, macrophages have increasingly been recognised as key players in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of their host tissues. Early during development, macrophages infiltrate and colonise all tissues within the body, developing symbiotically with their host tissues and acquiring unique functional adaptations based on the tissue microenvironment. These embryonic resident tissue macrophages (RTMs) are ontogenically distinct from the later adult bone marrow-derived monocytes, and in some tissues are self-maintained independently of general circulation at a steady state. In this article, we briefly discuss the ontogeny, maintenance and unique tissue adaptions of RTMs focusing on microglia, Kupffer cells, Langerhans cells, intestinal macrophages, cardiac macrophages and tumour-associated macrophages, and highlight their role in development, homeostasis and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zhe Wei Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-07, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, 31 Third Hospital Ave, #03-03 Bowyer Block C, Singapore 168753, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gao Y, Qian N, Xu J, Wang Y. The Roles of Macrophages in Heart Regeneration and Repair After Injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:744615. [PMID: 34760943 PMCID: PMC8575035 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.744615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although great advances have been made, the problem of irreversible myocardium loss due to the limited regeneration capacity of cardiomyocytes has not been fully solved. The morbidity and mortality of heart disease still remain high. There are many therapeutic strategies for treating heart disease, while low efficacy and high cost remain challenging. Abundant evidence has shown that both acute and chronic inflammations play a crucial role in heart regeneration and repair following injury. Macrophages, a primary component of inflammation, have attracted much attention in cardiac research in recent decades. The detailed mechanisms of the roles of macrophages in heart regeneration and repair are not completely understood, in part because of their complex subsets, various functions, and intercellular communications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress made in the understanding of macrophages, including recent reports on macrophage differentiation, polarization and function, and involvement in heart regeneration and repair. Also, we discuss progress in treatments, which may suggest directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ningjing Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingmiao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Evolving Roles of Cardiac Macrophages in Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157923. [PMID: 34360689 PMCID: PMC8347787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages were first described as phagocytic immune cells responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis by the removal of pathogens that disturb normal function. Historically, macrophages have been viewed as terminally differentiated monocyte-derived cells that originated through hematopoiesis and infiltrated multiple tissues in the presence of inflammation or during turnover in normal homeostasis. However, improved cell detection and fate-mapping strategies have elucidated the various lineages of tissue-resident macrophages, which can derive from embryonic origins independent of hematopoiesis and monocyte infiltration. The role of resident macrophages in organs such as the skin, liver, and the lungs have been well characterized, revealing functions well beyond a pure phagocytic and immunological role. In the heart, recent research has begun to decipher the functional roles of various tissue-resident macrophage populations through fate mapping and genetic depletion studies. Several of these studies have elucidated the novel and unexpected roles of cardiac-resident macrophages in homeostasis, including maintaining mitochondrial function, facilitating cardiac conduction, coronary development, and lymphangiogenesis, among others. Additionally, following cardiac injury, cardiac-resident macrophages adopt diverse functions such as the clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells and debris, a reduction in the inflammatory monocyte infiltration, promotion of angiogenesis, amelioration of inflammation, and hypertrophy in the remaining myocardium, overall limiting damage extension. The present review discusses the origin, development, characterization, and function of cardiac macrophages in homeostasis, cardiac regeneration, and after cardiac injury or stress.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gu X, Li SY, DeFalco T. Immune and vascular contributions to organogenesis of the testis and ovary. FEBS J 2021; 289:2386-2408. [PMID: 33774913 PMCID: PMC8476657 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gonad development is a highly regulated process that coordinates cell specification and morphogenesis to produce sex-specific organ structures that are required for fertility, such as testicular seminiferous tubules and ovarian follicles. While sex determination occurs within specialized gonadal supporting cells, sexual differentiation is evident throughout the entire organ, including within the interstitial compartment, which contains immune cells and vasculature. While immune and vascular cells have been traditionally appreciated for their supporting roles during tissue growth and homeostasis, an increasing body of evidence supports the idea that these cell types are critical drivers of sexually dimorphic morphogenesis of the gonad. Myeloid immune cells, such as macrophages, are essential for multiple aspects of gonadogenesis and fertility, including for forming and maintaining gonadal vasculature in both sexes at varying stages of life. While vasculature is long known for supporting organ growth and serving as an export mechanism for gonadal sex steroids in utero, it is also an important component of fetal testicular morphogenesis and differentiation; additionally, it is vital for ovarian corpus luteal function and maintenance of pregnancy. These findings point toward a new paradigm in which immune cells and blood vessels are integral components of sexual differentiation and organogenesis. In this review, we discuss the state of the field regarding the diverse roles of immune and vascular cells during organogenesis of the testis and ovary and highlight outstanding questions in the field that could stimulate new research into these previously underappreciated constituents of the gonad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gu
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Shu-Yun Li
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Tony DeFalco
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taatjes DJ, Roth J. In focus in HCB. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:1-8. [PMID: 33469707 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jürgen Roth
- University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|