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Hu Y, Gao X, Zhao Y, Liu S, Luo K, Fu X, Li J, Sheng J, Tian Y, Fan Y. Flavonoids in Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie Ameliorate Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Related Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087191. [PMID: 37108354 PMCID: PMC10139007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amomum tsaoko (AT) is a dietary botanical with laxative properties; however, the active ingredients and mechanisms are still unclear. The active fraction of AT aqueous extract (ATAE) for promoting defecation in slow transit constipation mice is the ethanol-soluble part (ATES). The total flavonoids of ATES (ATTF) were the main active component. ATTF significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacillus and reduced the dominant commensals, such as Lachnospiraceae, thereby changing the gut microbiota structure and composition. Meanwhile, ATTF changed the gut metabolites mainly enriched in pathways such as the serotonergic synapse. In addition, ATTF increased the serum serotonin (5-HT) content and mRNA expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5-HT2A), Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), which are involved in the serotonergic synaptic pathway. ATTF increased Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1), which promotes the release of 5-HT, and Myosin light chain 3(MLC3), which promotes smooth muscle motility. Notably, we established a network between gut microbiota, gut metabolites, and host parameters. The dominant gut microbiota Lactobacillus and Bacillus, prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) and laxative phenotypes showed the most significant associations. The above results suggest that ATTF may relieve constipation by regulating the gut microbiota and serotonergic synaptic pathway and has great potential for laxative drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shuangfeng Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kailian Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiang Fu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuanhong Fan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Aromatic Bioengineering Technology Research Center, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
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Li H. Intercellular crosstalk of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:598-613. [PMID: 34344577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular crosstalk among various liver cells plays an important role in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) precedes fibrosis and accumulating evidence suggests that the crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells is critical in the development and progression of liver fibrosis. LSECs dysfunction, a key event in the progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis, and subsequently obstruction of hepatic sinuses and increased intrahepatic vascular resistance (IHVR) contribute to development of portal hypertension (PHT) and cirrhosis. More importantly, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which is closely related to the crosstalk between LSECs and immune liver cells like CD8+ T cells, promotes advances tumorigenesis, especially HCC. However, the connections within the crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells during the progression from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis to HCC have yet to be discussed. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge of how different crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), macrophoges, immune cells in liver and extra cellular matrix (ECM) contribute to the physiological function and the progrssion from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis, or even to HCC. Then we examine current treatment strategies for LSECs crosstalk in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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Alvarez MDL, Lorenzetti F. Role of eicosanoids in liver repair, regeneration and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114732. [PMID: 34411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are lipid signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of ω-6 fatty acids, usually arachidonic acid. There are three major pathways, including the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and P450 cytochrome epoxygenase (CYP) pathway. Prostanoids, which include prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (Tx), are formed via the COX pathway, leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX) by the action of 5-LOX, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by CYP. Although eicosanoids are usually associated with pro-inflammatory responses, non-classic eicosanoids, as LX, have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Eicosanoids like PGE2, LTB4 and EETs have been involved in promoting liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. PGE2 and LTB4 have also been reported to participate in the regenerative phase after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), while cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LT) contribute to the inflammatory process associated with I/R and are also involved in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, LX, another product of 5-LOX, have the opposite effect, acting as pro-resolving mediators in these pathologies. In liver cancer, most studies show that eicosanoids, with the exception of LX, promote the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and favor metastasis. This review summarizes the synthesis of different eicosanoids in the liver and discusses key findings from basic research linking eicosanoids to liver repair, regeneration and cancer and the impact of targeting eicosanoid cascade. In addition, studies in patients are presented that explore the potential use of eicosanoids as biomarkers and show correlations between eicosanoid production and the course and prognosis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Luján Alvarez
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS) Sede Regional Rosario, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Av. Pellegrini 1618 (S2000BUG), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lorenzetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina
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4
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Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension. PANVASCULAR MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7153457 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The bases of our current knowledge on the physiology of the hepatic portal system are largely owed to the work of three pioneering vascular researchers from the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries: A. Vesalius, W. Harvey, and F. Glisson. Vesalius is referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy, and in his influential book, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, he elaborated the first anatomical atlas of the hepatic portal venous system (Vesalius 2013). Sir William Harvey laid the foundations of modern cardiovascular research with his Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Harvey 1931) in which he established the nature of blood circulation. Finally, F. Glisson characterized the gastrointestinal-hepatic vascular system (Child 1955). These physiological descriptions were later complemented with clinical observations. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Morgagni, Puckelt, Cruveilhier, and Osler were the first to make the connection between common hepatic complications – ascites, splenomegaly, and gastrointestinal bleeding – and obstruction of the portal system (Sandblom 1993). These were the foundations that allowed Gilbert, Villaret, and Thompson to establish an early definition of portal hypertension at the beginning of the twentieth century. In this period, Thompson performed the first direct measurement of portal pressure by laparotomy in some patients (Gilbert and Villaret 1906; Thompson et al. 1937). Considering all these milestones, and paraphrasing Sir Isaac Newton, if hepatologists have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. Nowadays, our understanding of the pathogenesis of portal hypertension has largely improved thanks to the progress in preclinical and clinical research. However, this field is ever-changing and hepatologists are continually identifying novel pathological mechanisms and developing new therapeutic strategies for this clinical condition. Hence, the aim of this chapter is to summarize the current knowledge about this clinical condition.
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Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Ishimura K. Co-localization of prostaglandin F synthase, cyclooxygenase-1 and prostaglandin F receptor in mouse Leydig cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:317-22. [PMID: 17674023 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to promote better understanding of the physiological roles of prostaglandin F(2alpha) in the mouse testis, we investigated the protein expression and the cellular localization of the enzymes cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin F synthase that are essential for the production of prostaglandin F(2alpha), and the binding site, which is the prostaglandin F(2alpha )receptor (FP). Western blot exhibited the expression of FP protein in wild type mouse testis, and that of prostaglandin F synthase and cyclooxygenase-1 proteins in the both of wild type mouse and FP-deficient mouse testes. The expression of prostaglandin F synthase and cyclooxygenase-1 were detected intensely in Leydig cell-rich fraction, and that of FP was detected equally in Leydig cell-rich fraction and the other fraction. Immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-1 and prostaglandin F synthase demonstrated their co-localization in mouse Leydig cells. Histochemistry for FP demonstrated the localization in Leydig cells and in spermatids of seminiferous tubules. Double histochemical staining confirmed the co-localization of cyclooxygenase-1, prostaglandin F synthase and FP in the Leydig cells. These findings indicate that prostaglandin F(2alpha) may have an effect on the functions of Leyding cells in an autocrine fashion. It implies that prostaglandin F synthase and FP are involved in the control of testosterone release from Leydig cells and in spermatogenesis via the local pathway and the hypothalamo-hypophysial-testis pathway, and affect the testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Sato TA, Mitchell MD. Preferential production of prostaglandin D2 by lipopolysaccharide stimulated human choriodecidual explants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 74:87-92. [PMID: 16380246 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that the progression of a pregnancy to term is, in part, the result of a relative maternal Th2 immunological state. Prostaglandins (PG) are critical mediators throughout pregnancy. Recent studies have demonstrated that one PG, PGD2, may be a mediator of a Th2 immunological state. To date, very little is known about the factors that regulate of PGD2 production by human gestational tissues. Placentae were collected from women undergoing Caesarean sections at term. Amnion was separated from the choriodecidua and choriodecidual explants established. Explants were allowed to equilibrate overnight in media containing 10% fetal calf serum. The following day, media were replaced with serum free media and then after an additional 24-h, media were collected and the wet weight of the tissues determined. Production rates of PGs were determined using radioimmunoassays. At all concentrations tested, LPS significantly enhanced PGD2 production by human choriodecidual explants compared to PGE2 and PGF2alpha production. Neutralization of TNF-alpha and IL-10 further increased the production of LPS stimulated PGD2 production. We suggest that a novel stimulatory pathway that drives the production of PGD2 has been uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sato
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mitchell MD, Chang MC, Chaiworapongsa T, Lan HY, Helliwell RJA, Romero R, Sato TA. Identification of 9alpha,11beta-prostaglandin F2 in human amniotic fluid and characterization of its production by human gestational tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4244-8. [PMID: 15840748 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 9alpha,11beta-Prostaglandin F(2) (9alpha,11beta-PGF(2)) can contract uterine smooth muscle with a potency equal to PGF(2alpha). Its presence in the human uterus and production by human gestational tissues is unknown. OBJECTIVE These studies were performed to determine whether the PGD(2)-derived 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) is both present in human amniotic fluid and synthesized by human gestational tissues and if so, whether labor-related substances could regulate its production. RESULTS Detectable concentrations of 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) were found in amniotic fluid samples and appeared to increase in late gestation. All gestational tissues studied synthesized 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2), with the placenta having the highest basal production rate, followed by the amnion and then the choriodecidua. IL-1beta and TNFalpha caused concentration-dependent increases in 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) production in human amnion and choriodecidual explants. Moreover, treatment of choriodecidual and placental explants with lipopolysaccharide resulted in a significant increase in 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) production rates, reaching a maximum of 13-fold in the choriodecidua. Studies examining the effects of the addition of exogenous PGD(2) strongly indicated that the choriodecidua has significant ability to convert PGD(2) to 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2), whereas the amnion has little. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate for the first time that 9alpha,11beta-PGF(2) is present in human amniotic fluid and that it is produced by human gestational tissues and up-regulated by bacterial cell wall components and proinflammatory cytokines. We suggest that this prostaglandin may play a part in the mechanisms of human labor at term and preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray D Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Scher JU, Pillinger MH. 15d-PGJ2: the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin? Clin Immunol 2005; 114:100-9. [PMID: 15639643 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is the most recently discovered prostaglandin. This cyclopentanone, the dehydration end product of PGD2, differs from other prostaglandins in several respects. There is no specific prostaglandin synthase (PGS) leading to 15d-PGJ2 production and no specific 15d-PGJ2 receptor has been identified to date. Instead, 15d-PGJ2 has been shown to act via PGD2 receptors (DP1 and DP2) and through interaction with intracellular targets. In particular, 15d-PGJ2 is recognized as the endogenous ligand for the intranuclear receptor PPARgamma. This property is responsible for many of the 15d-PGJ2 anti-inflammatory functions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of 15d-PGJ2 synthesis, biology and main effects both in molecular physiology and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose U Scher
- The Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Mohammed NA, El-Aleem SA, El-Hafiz HA, McMahon RFT. Distribution of constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) cyclooxygenase in postviral human liver cirrhosis: a possible role for COX-2 in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:350-4. [PMID: 15047734 PMCID: PMC1770276 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prostaglandins produced by the action of cyclooxygenases (COX) are important mediators of systemic vasodilatation and inflammation in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of COX-1 and COX-2 in postviral cirrhosis. METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of the constitutive (COX-1) and the inducible (COX-2) isoenzymes was investigated in 15 patients with cirrhosis after hepatitis B and C infection; three normal control livers were also analysed. RESULTS COX-2 was absent from normal liver but was highly expressed in cirrhosis, mainly in the inflammatory, sinusoidal, vascular endothelial, and biliary epithelial cells. Low amounts of COX-1 were expressed in both normal and cirrhotic livers, exclusively in sinusoidal and vascular endothelial cells, with no differences seen between normal and cirrhotic livers. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 is overexpressed in liver cirrhosis, and possibly contributes to prostaglandin overproduction, which may be a major component of the inflammation and hyperdynamic circulation associated with cirrhosis. Because COX-2 is thought to contribute to tumour development, high COX-2 production could be a contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma development in cirrhosis. The finding of COX-2 and not COX-1 upregulation in cirrhosis could provide a possible new role for selective COX-2 inhibitors in reducing inflammation and minimising the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Mohammed
- Departments of Tropical Medicine and General Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - S A El-Aleem
- Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - H A El-Hafiz
- Departments of Tropical Medicine and General Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - R F T McMahon
- Laboratory Medicine Academic Group, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Helliwell RJA, Adams LF, Mitchell MD. Prostaglandin synthases: recent developments and a novel hypothesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:101-13. [PMID: 14683687 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells are continuously exposed to cues, which signal cell survival or death. Fine-tuning of these conflicting signals is essential for tissue development and homeostasis, and defective pathways are linked to many disease processes, especially cancer. It is well established that prostaglandins (PGs), as signalling molecules, are important regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. PG production has been a focus of many researchers interested in the mechanisms of parturition. Previously, investigators have focussed on the committed step of PG biosynthesis, the conversion by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS; also termed cyclo-oxygenase, COX) of arachidonic acid (AA) (substrate) to PGH2, the common precursor for biosynthesis of the various prostanoids. However, recently the genes encoding the terminal synthase enzymes involved in converting PGH2 to each of the bioactive PGs, including the major uterotonic PGs, PGE2 (PGE synthase) and PGF2alpha (PGF synthase), have been cloned and characterized. This review highlights how the regulation of the expression and balance of key enzymes can produce, from a single precursor, prostanoids with varied and often opposing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J A Helliwell
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Nakashima K, Ueno N, Kamei D, Tanioka T, Nakatani Y, Murakami M, Kudo I. Coupling between cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin F(2alpha) synthase. Detection of an inducible, glutathione-activated, membrane-bound prostaglandin F(2alpha)-synthetic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1633:96-105. [PMID: 12880869 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Distinct functional coupling between cyclooxygenases (COXs) and specific terminal prostanoid synthases leads to phase-specific production of particular prostaglandins (PGs). In this study, we examined the coupling between COX isozymes and PGF synthase (PGFS). Co-transfection of COXs with PGFS-I belonging to the aldo-keto reductase family into HEK293 cells resulted in increased production of PGF(2alpha) only when a high concentration of exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) was supplied. However, this enzyme failed to produce PGF(2alpha) from endogenous AA, even though significant increase in PGF(2alpha) production occurred in cells transfected with COX-2 alone. This poor COX/PGFS-I coupling was likely to arise from their distinct subcellular localization. Measurement of PGF(2alpha)-synthetic enzyme activity in homogenates of several cells revealed another type of PGFS activity that was membrane-bound, glutathione (GSH)-activated, and stimulus-inducible. In vivo, membrane-bound PGFS activity was elevated in the lung of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Taken together, our results suggest the presence of a novel, membrane-associated form of PGFS that is stimulus-inducible and is likely to be preferentially coupled with COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nakashima
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Toida K, Watanabe K, Ishimura K. Immunocytochemical localization of prostaglandin F synthase II in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 2003; 969:27-35. [PMID: 12676361 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F synthase has at least two isozymes, i.e. prostaglandin F synthase I and II. Recently, we demonstrated immunocytochemically that prostaglandin F synthase I was localized in neuronal dendrites and somata, and in endothelial cells of blood vessels in the whole area of rat spinal cord. In the present study, we immunocytochemically localized prostaglandin F synthase II in ependymal cells and tanycytes surrounding the central canal and in endothelial cells of blood vessels, but not in any neuronal elements at all segmental levels of the rat spinal cord. Immunoelectron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed these findings and further revealed that strong immunoreactivity was found in the basal processes of the tanycytes. Our present and recent studies using antibodies against the two isozymes of prostaglandin F synthase clearly indicated that they were localized differentially in ependymal (prostaglandin F synthase II) and neuronal elements (prostaglandin F synthase I), but were co-localized in blood vessels in the rat spinal cord. The distinct localization of the two isozymes suggests that prostaglandin F(2) has different transcellular biological actions via different cell groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Tokushima, School of Medicine, Kuramoto, 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan.
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13
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Graupera M, García-Pagán JC, Abraldes JG, Peralta C, Bragulat M, Corominola H, Bosch J, Rodés J. Cyclooxygenase-derived products modulate the increased intrahepatic resistance of cirrhotic rat livers. Hepatology 2003; 37:172-81. [PMID: 12500202 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In cirrhotic livers, increased resistance to portal flow, in part due to an exaggerated response to vasoconstrictors, is the primary factor in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Our aim was to evaluate the response of the intrahepatic circulation of cirrhotic rat livers to the alpha(1)-adrenergic vasoconstrictor methoxamine and the mechanisms involved in its regulation. A portal perfusion pressure dose-response curve to methoxamine was performed in control and cirrhotic rat livers preincubated with vehicle, the nitric oxide synthase blocker N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), indomethacin cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, L-NNA + indomethacin, or the thromboxane (TX) A(2) receptor blocker SQ 29,548. TXA(2) production, COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression, and immunostaining for TXA(2) synthase were evaluated. Cirrhotic livers exhibited a hyperresponse to methoxamine associated with overexpression of COX-2 and TXA(2) synthase as well as with increased production of TXA(2). The hyperresponse to methoxamine of cirrhotic livers disappeared by COX inhibition with indomethacin but not after NO inhibition. SQ 29,548 also corrected the hyperresponse of cirrhotic livers to methoxamine. In conclusion, COX-derived prostanoids, mainly TXA(2), play a major role in regulating the response of cirrhotic livers to methoxamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Graupera
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Institut Malalties Digestives, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) F2 is synthesized via three pathways from PGE2, PGD2, or PGH2 by PGE 9-ketoreductase, PGD 11-ketoreductase, or PGH 9-, 11-endoperoxide reductase, respectively. The enzymological and molecular biological properties of these enzymes have been reported in work over the last 30 years. Here, these three pathways of PGF synthesis by these enzymes are reviewed, and the physiological roles of the enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuko Watanabe
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences and Arts, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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15
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Dieter P, Scheibe R, Jakobsson PJ, Watanabe K, Kolada A, Kamionka S. Functional coupling of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 to discrete prostanoid synthases in liver macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:488-92. [PMID: 11027502 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The profile of released prostanoids after addition of exogenous arachidonic acid to resident liver macrophages is different from the profile obtained in lipopolysaccharide-pretreated cells. In resident and lipopolysaccharide-pretreated cells, AA leads to a release of thromboxane B(2), prostaglandin F(2alpha), E(2), and D(2). A specifically enhanced formation of prostaglandin E(2) is obtained in lipopolysaccharide-pretreated cells. Resident liver macrophages express cyclooxygenase 1, and thromboxane A(2)-, prostaglandin F(2alpha)-, E(2)-, and D(2)-synthase. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide induces-in addition to cyclooxygenase 2-an enhanced expression of the prostaglandin E(2) synthase. In resident liver macrophages, the formation of prostanoids from exogenous arachidonic acid is completely inhibited by SC560 (a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 1), but remains unchanged with SC236 (a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2). In lipopolysaccharide-pretreated liver macrophages, the formation of thromboxane B(2), prostaglandin F(2alpha) and D(2) is equally inhibited by SC560 and SC236 by about 50%. In contrast, the formation of prostaglandin E(2) is inhibited to a greater extent by SC560 (75%) compared to SC236 (26%). We conclude from these data, that in lipopolysaccharide-pretreated liver macrophages (i) cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 couple both to discrete prostanoid synthases, (ii) the functional coupling of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 to the thromboxane A(2)-, prostaglandin F(2alpha)-, and D(2)-synthase is almost identical, and (iii) the enhanced prostaglandin E(2) synthesis is due to an enhanced expression of the prostaglandin E(2) synthase, which is coupled more efficiently to cyclooxygenase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dieter
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, D-01307, Germany
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Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Toida K, Tsuruo Y, Watanabe K, Ishimura K. Immunocytochemical localization of lung-type prostaglandin F synthase in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 2000; 877:391-5. [PMID: 10986358 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F synthase, producing prostaglandin F(2 alpha) and 9 alpha,11 beta-prostaglandin F(2), has at least two isozymes, lung-type and liver-type ones. The present study including double immunolabelling with microtubule-associated protein 2 indicated that the lung-type isozyme was present in neuronal dendrites and somata of gray matter (relatively intense in lamina I and II in dorsal horn, and IX in ventral horn) and vascular endothelial cells in the rat spinal cord at all segmental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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