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Tao Y, Cheng Z, Wang C, Liu T, Yan M, Huang X, Jian S, Sun L, Chen Z. Perceived stress and psychological disorders in healthcare professionals: a multiple chain mediating model of effort-reward imbalance and resilience. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1320411. [PMID: 38155891 PMCID: PMC10753578 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1320411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare professionals have shown more psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression due to the nature of work, which can cause job burnout, decrease the quality of medical services, and even endanger medical safety. The aim of the study is to explore the serial multiple mediating role of effort- reward imbalance and resilience between perceived stress and psychological disorders among healthcare professionals. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in China from February to April 2023. A total of 2098 healthcare professionals at a tertiary general hospital was investigated by the following self-reported questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), The Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), Healthcare professionals Resilience Scale (MSRS). Results Anxiety and depression are interrelated (r = 0.362, p < 0.01), and they were positively related to perceived stress (r = 0.640/0.607, p < 0.01) and ERI (r = 0.422/0.383, p < 0.01), and negatively related to resilience (r = -0.343/-0.320, p < 0.01). After controlling demographic factors, the variance in anxiety and depression was explained by perceived stress was 37.7 and 35.0%. Bootstrap analyses examining the pathway of perceived stress-ERI-resilience-anxiety revealed significant direct effects [B = 0.560, 95%CI (0.528, 0.591)], as well as indirect effects mediated independently by ERI [B = 0.045, 95%CI (0.029, 0.060)], resilience [B = 0.031, 95%CI (0.017, 0.047)], or a combination of both [B = 0.004, 95%CI (0.002, 0.007)]. Similarly, in the path of perceived stress-ERI-resilience-anxiety-depression, significant direct effects were found [B = -0.310, 95%CI(0.265, 0.351)], along with indirect effects mediated individually by ERI [B = 0.033, 95%CI(0.013, 0.052)], resilience [B = 0.014, 95%CI (0.001, 0.028)], and anxiety [B = 0.218, 95%CI (0.190, 0.246)], or by both or three together (B = 0.032). Conclusion This study proved the hypothesis that ERI and resilience played a mediating role in perceived stress and psychological disorders, revealed the potential mechanism of anxiety in stress and depression, and proposed a solution for perceived stress to psychological distress, which can provide a basis for the intervention of healthcare professionals in the face of mental health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Tao
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mi Yan
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shasha Jian
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongtao Chen
- Health Management Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Alizadeh G, Gholipour K, Azami-Aghdash S, Dehnavieh R, JafarAbadi MA, Azmin M, Khodayari-Zarnaq R. Social, Economic, Technological, and Environmental Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis. Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:78. [PMID: 35706860 PMCID: PMC9188896 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_105_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Today, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in both sexes. There are several risk factors for heart diseases; some controllable, others not. However, socioeconomic, technological, and environmental factors can impact CVD as well as exclusive risk factors. Accurate identification and assessment of these factors are often difficult. In the present systematic review, we aimed to explore factors affecting CVD. Methods Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane) and gray literature were searched. The included studies described at least one determinant of CVD. The framework method was applied to analyze the qualitative data. Results A total of 64 studies from 26 countries were included. The contextual determinants of CVD were categorized into 45 determinants, 15 factors, and 4 main social, economic, technological, and environmental categories. The 15 potentially reversible factors were identified as sociodemographic, violence, smoking, occupation, positive childhood experience, social inequalities, psychological distress, eating habits, neighborhood, family income, rapid technology, environmental pollution, living environments, noise, and disaster. Conclusions Devolution and more efficient health policies are required to achieve further sustained reduction in CVD mortality, increase life expectancy, and reduce its associated risk factors. Policymakers should fully address the value of social, economic, technological, and environmental factors. In fact, a prevention agenda should be developed and updated collaboratively in terms of the determinant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisoo Alizadeh
- Department of Health policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamal Gholipour
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Dehnavieh
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari JafarAbadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Azmin
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq
- Department of Health policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Takaesu Y, Shimura A, Komada Y, Futenma K, Ishii M, Sugiura K, Watanabe K, Inoue Y. Association of sleep duration on workdays or free days and social jetlag with job stress. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:244-249. [PMID: 34008308 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of sleep problems on job stress in office workers. METHODS This study included 4645 office workers from 29 companies who completed the study questionnaires between April 2017 and April 2019 in Japan. Sleep duration was assessed based on the participants' subjective sleep schedule on workdays and free days. The midpoint of sleep on free days (sleep-corrected) and social jetlag were calculated in accordance with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. To assess job stress, we used the 57-item Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with high job stress in office workers: a sleep duration <6 h on workdays (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.46-2.15, P < 0.001), a sleep duration <6 h on free days (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.05-1.87, P = 0.022), a sleep duration of at least 8 h on free days (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06-1.60, P = 0.011), and more than 2 h of social jetlag (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.70, P = 0.022). CONCLUSION This study suggests that insufficient sleep, long sleep durations on free days, and social jetlag may be associated with high job stress in office workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Takaesu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Shimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Komada
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Futenma
- Department of Sleep Disorders, Ureshinogaoka Samariyabito Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Miho Ishii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Ko Sugiura
- Department of Economics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of R&D, Children and Future Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Watanabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Angehrn A, Fletcher AJ, Carleton RN. "Suck It Up, Buttercup": Understanding and Overcoming Gender Disparities in Policing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147627. [PMID: 34300078 PMCID: PMC8304614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Women police officers report elevated symptoms of mental disorders when compared to men police officers. Researchers have indicated that the occupational experience of policing differs greatly among men and women. Indeed, police culture is characterized by hegemonic masculinity, which appears to negatively impact both men and women. The current study examined the contrast between the experiences of men and women police officers. Police officers (n = 17; 9 women) in Saskatchewan participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic network analysis identified themes related to the experience of policing for both men and women police officers. There were six organizing themes identified in relation to the global theme of Gendered Experiences: (1) Discrimination; (2) Sexual Harassment; (3) Motherhood and Parental Leave; (4) Identity; (5) Stereotypically Feminine Attributes; and (6) Hegemonic Masculinity. Pervasive gender norms appear detrimental for both men and women police officers, as well as the communities they serve. The current results, coupled with the emerging disposition for progress expressed by police services, offer opportunities to develop tailored and focused interventions and policies to support police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Angehrn
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Amber J. Fletcher
- Department of Sociology and Social Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
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Shirif AZ, Kovačević S, Brkljačić J, Teofilović A, Elaković I, Djordjevic A, Matić G. Decreased Glucocorticoid Signaling Potentiates Lipid-Induced Inflammation and Contributes to Insulin Resistance in the Skeletal Muscle of Fructose-Fed Male Rats Exposed to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137206. [PMID: 34281257 PMCID: PMC8269441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern lifestyle brings both excessive fructose consumption and daily exposure to stress which could lead to metabolic disturbances and type 2 diabetes. Muscles are important points of glucose and lipid metabolism, with a crucial role in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis. We investigated whether 9-week fructose-enriched diet, with and without exposure to 4-week unpredictable stress, disturbs insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle of male rats and evaluated potential contributory roles of muscle lipid metabolism, glucocorticoid signaling and inflammation. The combination of fructose-enriched diet and stress increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α and -δ and stimulated lipid uptake, lipolysis and β-oxidation in the muscle of fructose-fed stressed rats. Combination of treatment also decreased systemic insulin sensitivity judged by lower R-QUICKI, and lowered muscle protein content and stimulatory phosphorylations of insulin receptor supstrate-1 and Akt, as well as the level of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucocorticoid receptor. At the same time, increased levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B, nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, were observed in the muscle of fructose-fed stressed rats. Based on these results, we propose that decreased glucocorticoid signaling in the skeletal muscle can make a setting for lipid-induced inflammation and the development of insulin resistance in fructose-fed stressed rats.
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McAllister MJ, Martaindale MH. Women demonstrate lower markers of stress and oxidative stress during active shooter training drill. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 6:100046. [PMID: 35757370 PMCID: PMC9216655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that police officers are frequently engaged in a variety of high stress situations during their normal daily tasks, such as civilian encounters where force is needed or domestic violence situations, that cause significant increases in a variety of physiological and psychological stress markers. Chronic exposure to stressors increases risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. The purpose of this study was to compare male and female salivary and blood markers of stress in response to an active shooter training drill (ASD) to determine if acute stress differentially impacts men and women to better understand if interventions should be targeted. Thirty-one participants (males = 15 [mean age: 23], females = 16 [mean age: 21]) participated in an ASD involving professional actors playing the role of one active gunman, as well as four victims. The ASD lasted approximately 50 seconds. Blood samples were collected 15 min prior as well as after the ASD and analyzed for epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Saliva samples were collected 30 and 5 min prior to the ASD and 5 and 30 min after the ASD, and were analyzed for cortisol, α-amylase, uric acid, and secretory immunoglobulin-A (SIgA). Our analysis revealed that acute (~50 sec) psychological stress in the form of an ASD resulted in significant increases in blood and salivary stress and oxidative stress markers in both men and women. However, four of the seven markers were lower in female participants (cortisol, uric acid, H2O2, and α-amylase presented significant main effects for sex). In addition, SIgA was significantly lower in women compared to men 30 min prior to, and five min post ASD. These findings suggest females may be at a lower risk to stress induced oxidative stress and CVD. Acute psychological stress results in significant increases in blood and saliva stress and oxidative stress markers. Stress markers were attenuated in female participants. Blood oxidative stress was lower in female participants.
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Cho E, Chen M, Toh SM, Ang J. Roles of effort and reward in well-being for police officers in Singapore: The effort-reward imbalance model. Soc Sci Med 2021; 277:113878. [PMID: 33836435 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite the growing body of research on the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model, evidence is scarce for the generalizability of the model across various national and occupational contexts. Also, studies that examine a wider variety of health and well-being outcomes of ERI are warranted, especially in vocations in which effort and stress is known to be high and reward is usually limited - such as policing. OBJECTIVE The current study examined the relationship between the ERI perception and four employee well-being outcomes (self-reported physical health, sickness absence, job satisfaction, and work-life effectiveness) among a sample of police officers in Singapore. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data collected from a large representative sample of uniformed police officers from Singapore were used (N = 8729). Missing data were handled with the multiple imputation method and logistic regression analyses were used to test hypotheses. RESULTS In line with the theory, employees characterized by high intrinsic effort and low reward (ERI > 1) reported significantly elevated odds ratios of poor physical health (OR = 1.25), job dissatisfaction (OR = 1.53), and work-life ineffectiveness (OR = 1.31). Contrary to expectations, an unusual relationship was observed such that police officers who were overcommitted exhibited lower odds ratios of the suboptimal outcomes. Interestingly, police officers in the low effort-low reward condition exhibited the worst outcomes, whereas officers in the high effort-high reward condition reported optimal outcomes. Findings were generally consistent across genders and age groups. CONCLUSIONS This research bolsters the core proposition of the ERI model and emphasizes the importance of social and occupational contexts in the study of ERI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunae Cho
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | | | - Shi Min Toh
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Singapore Police Force, Singapore
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Diurnal Cortisol Variation According to High-Risk Occupational Specialty Within Police: Comparisons Between Frontline, Tactical Officers, and the General Population. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61:e260-e265. [PMID: 31167225 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare diurnal salivary cortisol among high-risk occupational police specialties and the general population (n = 18,698). METHODS Tactical and frontline officers provided salivary cortisol samples for 2 days (four times: wake, 30 minutes, 11 hours, and 17 hours post-awakening) and were compared with a general population sample of group field studies utilizing similar methodology. Samples were analyzed for free cortisol concentrations (nmol/L) using chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS Repeated-measures mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significantly greater salivary diurnal cortisol among tactical than frontline officers. Furthermore, both tactical and frontline officers had higher cortisol levels on average at all time points than the general population sample. CONCLUSION Results suggest that diurnal cortisol response may be associated with level of risk exposure in hazardous occupational subspecialties within policing compared with the general population.
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Korre M, Loh K, Eshleman EJ, Lessa FS, Porto LG, Christophi CA, Kales SN. Recruit fitness and police academy performance: a prospective validation study. Occup Med (Lond) 2019; 69:541-548. [PMID: 31424077 PMCID: PMC7781240 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police academies need fit recruits to successfully engage in training activities. In a previous retrospective study, we documented that recruits with poor fitness at entry to the academy had significantly lower graduation rates, and we also suggested evidence-based entry-level fitness recommendations. AIMS To validate our findings in a prospective cohort of police recruits. METHODS Recruits entering Massachusetts municipal police academies during 2015-16 were followed prospectively until they dropped out, failed or successfully graduated their academy classes. Entry-level fitness was quantified at the start of each training class using: body composition, push-ups, sit-ups, sit-and-reach and 1.5-mile run time. The primary outcome of interest was the odds of failure (not successfully graduating from an academy). We used logistic regression to assess the probability of not graduating, based on entry-level fitness. RESULTS On average, successful graduates were leaner and possessed better overall entry-level fitness. After adjusting for age, gender and body mass index, several fitness measures were strongly associated with academy failure: fewer sit-ups completed (OR 9.6 (95% CI 3.5-26.3) (≤15 versus 41-60)); fewer push-ups completed (OR 6.7 (95% CI 2.5-17.5) (≤20 versus 41-60)); and slower run times (OR 18.4 (95% CI 6.8-50.2) (1.5 miles in > 15 min 20 s versus 10 min 37 s to 12 min 33 s)). The prospective study results supported previously suggested minimum entry-level fitness (95% graduation rate) and target (98% graduation rate) recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Push-ups completed and 1.5-mile run time at police academy entry were successfully validated as predictors of successful academy graduation, while sit-ups were also a strong independent predictor in the prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Korre
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - K. Loh
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Occupational Medicine, Northwest Permanente Physicians and Surgeons, PC, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - E. J. Eshleman
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F. S. Lessa
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Workers’ Health Coordination, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - L. G. Porto
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Faculty of Physical Education of the University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, DF 70910-970, Brazil
| | - C. A. Christophi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
| | - S. N. Kales
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Gendron P, Lajoie C, Laurencelle L, Trudeau F. Cardiovascular health profile among Québec male and female police officers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2018; 74:331-340. [PMID: 29727597 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2018.1472063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To document the cardiovascular health profile of Québec police officers (PO). Participants answered an online questionnaire evaluating the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and symptoms. Two thousand, ninety-nine (2,099) male (age: 40.8 ± 9.2 years) and 756 female (age: 37.9 ± 7.9 years) PO participated in this study. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and diagnosed hypertension was respectively 21.1, and 14.3% in male and 7.3 and 4.1% in female PO. According to 2013 American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, 27.0 and 48.0% of male and 12.1 and 56.7% of female PO were categorized as being at moderate and high CVD risk, respectively. These findings suggest that Québec police departments should help PO to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle to decrease CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gendron
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
- Département d'anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Claude Lajoie
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Louis Laurencelle
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - François Trudeau
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
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11
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Shusko M, Benedetti L, Korre M, Eshleman EJ, Farioli A, Christophi CA, Kales SN. Recruit Fitness as a Predictor of Police Academy Graduation. Occup Med (Lond) 2018; 67:555-561. [PMID: 29016876 PMCID: PMC6317156 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqx127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suboptimal recruit fitness may be a risk factor for poor performance, injury, illness, and lost time during police academy training. Aims To assess the probability of successful completion and graduation from a police academy as a function of recruits’ baseline fitness levels at the time of academy entry. Methods Retrospective study where all available records from recruit training courses held (2006–2012) at all Massachusetts municipal police academies were reviewed and analysed. Entry fitness levels were quantified from the following measures, as recorded at the start of each training class: body composition, push-ups, sit-ups, sit-and-reach, and 1.5-mile run-time. The primary outcome of interest was the odds of not successfully graduating from an academy. We used generalized linear mixed models in order to fit logistic regression models with random intercepts for assessing the probability of not graduating, based on entry-level fitness. The primary analyses were restricted to recruits with complete entry-level fitness data. Results The fitness measures most strongly associated with academy failure were lesser number of push-ups completed (odds ratio [OR] = 5.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3–11.7, for 20 versus 41–60 push-ups) and slower run times (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.8–7.8, [1.5 mile run time of ≥15′20″] versus [12′33″ to 10′37″]). Conclusions Baseline pushups and 1.5-mile run-time showed the best ability to predict successful academy graduation, especially when considered together. Future research should include prospective validation of entry-level fitness as a predictor of subsequent police academy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shusko
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - L Benedetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Korre
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E J Eshleman
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Farioli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - C A Christophi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
| | - S N Kales
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Salinas CR, Webb HE. Occupational stress and coping mechanisms in crime scene personnel. Occup Med (Lond) 2018; 68:239-245. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C R Salinas
- Honours Programme, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - H E Webb
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
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Diurnal and Reactivity Measures of Cortisol in Response to Intensive Resilience and Tactical Training Among Special Forces Police. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:e242-8. [PMID: 27218280 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Special Forces Police are called to the most dangerous situations that require skills and equipment beyond the training available to a patrol officer. We recruited a platoon of special forces (n = 18) and examined their basal and reactivity levels of cortisol in relation to occupational duties. Moreover, we measured the impact of a multiday program of intensive resilience and tactical training in improving cortisol responses to stressful situations. Participants were significantly more likely to exhibit basal cortisol levels higher than the civilian norms across all of the 5 days of intensive training. However, anticipatory cortisol, measured directly before exposure to critical incident scenarios, was significantly lower in Day 5 than in Day 1 of the training period. This study demonstrates that measuring cortisol is an objective method of examining training effects and possible long-term occupational health outcomes.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between shiftwork and diurnal salivary cortisol among 319 police officers (77.7% men). METHODS Information on shiftwork was obtained from the City of Buffalo, NY electronic payroll records. Saliva was collected using Salivettes at seven time points and analyzed for free cortisol concentrations (nmol/L) using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. Mean slopes and areas under the curve were compared across shift schedule using analysis of variance (ANOVA)/analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS Officers working primarily on the night shift had a significantly shallower slope. Mean slope (nmol/L/minutes) of the cortisol curve varied significantly across shifts (day: -0.00332 ± 0.00017, afternoon: -0.00313 ± 0.00018, night: -0.00257 ± 0.0002); adjusted P = 0.023. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that night shiftwork is a workplace factor that may alter the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to the circadian cues responsible for the pattern of the diurnal cortisol curve.
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Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Hein M, Chung SJ, Anderson AA. Evaluation of Stress Experienced by Emergency Telecommunications Personnel Employed in a Large Metropolitan Police Department. Workplace Health Saf 2017; 65:287-294. [DOI: 10.1177/2165079916667736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Emergency telecommunications personnel (ETCP) form the hub of police agencies and persistently deal with distressing situations on a daily basis, making them highly susceptible to psychological and physiological ailments. To date, few studies have examined the necessity or feasibility of implementing a resilience training intervention for ETCP. In this study, the authors assessed baseline psychological data from the ETCP of a large police department to determine the differences in baseline measures for ETCP and police officers. Participants included ETCP ages 29 to 64 years ( n = 19). Results showed that ETCP self-reported greater levels of psychological stress compared with police officers ( p < .05) for the majority of measures; ETCP experience excessive levels of stress and greater prevalence of chronic disease. Consideration should be given to piloting resilience interventions within this group to manage stress; improve health, performance, and decision making; and decrease the prevalence of chronic disease.
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Abstract
Blood lipids disorders are prevalent in the world. Some of their risk factors are modifiable such as mental and physical stress which existed in some places such as work environment.Objective of this study was to determine the effects of psychological and physical stress on the lipid profiles. It was a historical cohort study. The people who were employed as general worker were participated. The study was conducted with flexible interview for getting history, lipid profile examination, and a checklist including occupational and nonoccupational risk factors and using the health issues. According to the type of stress exposures, the study population was divided into 5 groups. Groups were followed for lipid profiles. These groups were exposed to psychological stress, physical stress or both of them; mild psychological stress (group 1), mild physical work without psychological stress (group 2), mild psychological stress and mild physical work (group 3), moderate physical work without psychological stress (group 4), and heavy physical work without psychological stress (group 5). Data were analyzed with SPSS 16. ANOVA, χ, and exact test were calculated with considering P < .05 as significant level. Relative risks were calculated with confidence interval 95%. The means of lipid profiles were in normal ranges. The relative risks for triglycerides more than 200 mg/dL was 1.57 (1.02-2.42) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) more than 130 mg/dL was 14.54 (3.54-59.65) in group 1. The relative risks for high density lipoprotein (HDL) less than 45 mg/dL was 14.61 (8.31-25.68) in group 1 and 16.00 (8.30-30.83) in group 3. After multinomial logistic regression they had significant differences. Psychological stress was a risk factor for lipid disorders, and suitable physical activity was protective in this situation.
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Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Hartley TA, Charles LE, Andrew ME, Ma CC, Burchfiel CM. Highly Rated and most Frequent Stressors among Police Officers: Gender Differences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE : AJCJ 2016; 41:645-662. [PMID: 28260848 PMCID: PMC5330309 DOI: 10.1007/s12103-016-9342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This descriptive study examined the top five most frequent and highly rated occupational stressors from the Spielberger Police Stress Survey among 365 police officers enrolled in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) Study (2004-2009). Prevalence, frequency, and rating of stressors were compared across gender. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence and prevalence ratio (PR) of events. Analysis of variance was used to compare mean frequency of occurrence and mean stress ratings by gender. Many reported stressors dealt with violent situations. Responding to family disputes (83 %) was reported as the most frequent stressor and exposure to battered children (27 %) was the most highly rated stressor (mean rating: 67.6 ± 35.3). Killing someone in the line of duty (mean rating: 66.3 ± 43.0) and experiencing a fellow officer being killed (mean rating: 65.3 ± 40.6) were highly rated but infrequent (0.27 % and 3.6 %, respectively). Male officers tended to report more frequent stressors which took away from their time off duty such as court appearances (PR = 1.26, 1.04-1.52) and working second jobs (PR = 2.37, 1.57-3.57). In contrast, female officers reported experiencing a 37 % higher prevalence of lack of support from supervisor (PR = 0.63, 0.48-0.82) relative to male officers. Results of the present study are discussed within the context of specific police stressors and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tara A Hartley
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Claudia C Ma
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cecil M Burchfiel
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Elliot D, Garg B, Kuehl K, DeFrancesco C, Sleigh A. Why Are Women Law Enforcement Officers More Burned-Out and What Might Help Them? OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE & HEALTH AFFAIRS 2016; 3. [PMID: 26807428 PMCID: PMC4721598 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6879.1000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Elliot
- Division of Health Promotion & Sports Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Bharti Garg
- Division of Health Promotion & Sports Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Kerry Kuehl
- Division of Health Promotion & Sports Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Carol DeFrancesco
- Division of Health Promotion & Sports Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Andriana Sleigh
- Division of Health Promotion & Sports Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
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James GD, Murnock CG. Denial is associated with higher ambulatory blood pressure across the menstrual cycle. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 42:504-6. [PMID: 25473817 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2014.969311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies show that stress perception is associated with increased daily ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and that denying the negative effects of stress increases BP as well. Whether these effects persist over the menstrual cycle is unknown. AIM To examine the effects of measures of stress and stress denial on ambulatory work and home BP during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Seventy-one women (age = 34.9 ± 7.7 years) employed as secretaries or technicians wore an ambulatory BP monitor during the follicular (between day 7-10; Mean = 8 ± 2) and luteal (between day 19-25; Mean = 22 ± 2) phases of their cycle. During each phase, relationships between BPs averaged at work and home and various stress measures and demographic and anthropometric variables were examined using stepwise regression. RESULTS Ambulatory BPs did not change from the follicular to luteal phase. Stress denial was generally associated with higher ambulatory BP (p < 0.05) over the menstrual cycle, while other parameters had varying effects in different situations (work and home) and cycle phases. CONCLUSION Stress denial has a persistent effect on BP, regardless of menstrual phase; however, shifts in the hormonal environment throughout the menstrual cycle may mediate other somatic and behavioural associations with BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D James
- a Department of Anthropology and.,b Decker School of Nursing and Department of Bioengineering , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
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Garbarino S, Cuomo G, Chiorri C, Magnavita N. Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002791. [PMID: 23872288 PMCID: PMC3717472 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Law and order enforcement tasks may expose special force police officers to significant psychosocial risk factors. The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between job stress and the presence of mental health symptoms while controlling sociodemographical, occupational and personality variables in special force police officers. METHOD At different time points, 292 of 294 members of the 'VI Reparto Mobile', a special police force engaged exclusively in the enforcement of law and order, responded to our invitation to complete questionnaires for the assessment of personality traits, work-related stress (using the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) and the Effort-Reward-Imbalance (ERI) models) and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and burnout. RESULTS Regression analyses showed that lower levels of support and reward and higher levels of effort and overcommitment were associated with higher levels of mental health symptoms. Psychological screening revealed 21 (7.3%) likely cases of mild depression (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI≥10). Officers who had experienced a discrepancy between work effort and rewards showed a marked increase in the risk of depression (OR 7.89, 95% CI 2.32 to 26.82) when compared with their counterparts who did not perceive themselves to be in a condition of distress. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that work-related stress may play a role in the development of mental health problems in police officers. The prevalence of mental health symptoms in the cohort investigated here was low, but not negligible in the case of depression. Since special forces police officers have to perform sensitive tasks for which a healthy psychological functioning is needed, the results of this study suggest that steps should be taken to prevent distress and improve the mental well-being of these workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garbarino
- State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of the Interior, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuomo
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Chiorri
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology Area, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Associations between Psychological Distress and Body Mass Index among Law Enforcement Officers: The National Health Interview Survey 2004-2010. Saf Health Work 2013; 4:52-62. [PMID: 23515237 PMCID: PMC3601297 DOI: 10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between psychological distress and obesity among law enforcement officers (LEOs) in the United States. METHODS Self-reported data on psychological distress based on six key questions were obtained from LEOs who participated in the National Health Interview Survey (2004-2010). We used Prochaska's cut-point of a Kessler 6 score ≥ 5 for moderate/high mental distress in our analysis. Mean levels of body mass index (BMI) were compared across three levels of psychological distress. RESULTS The average age of LEOs (n = 929) was 39.3 years; 25% were female. Overall, 8.1% of LEOs had moderate or high psychological distress; 37.5% were obese (BMI ≥ 30). Mean BMI increased with increasing psychological distress (no distress, BMI = 27.2 kg/m(2); mild distress, 27.6 kg/m(2); and moderate/high distress, 33.1 kg/m(2); p = 0.016) after adjustment for age, race, income, and education level among female officers only. Physical activity modified the association between psychological distress and BMI but only among male LEOs (interaction p = 0.002). Among male LEOs reporting low physical activity, psychological distress was positively associated with BMI (30.3 kg/m(2) for no distress, 30.7 for mild distress, 31.8 for moderate/high distress; p = 0.179) after adjustment, but not significantly. This association was not significant among males reporting high physical activity. CONCLUSION Mean BMI significantly increased as psychological distress increased among female LEOs. A longitudinal study design may reveal the directionality of this association as well as the potential role that physical activity might play in this association.
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Garbarino S, Chiorri C, Magnavita N. Personality traits of the Five-Factor Model are associated with work-related stress in special force police officers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:295-306. [PMID: 23463443 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The police work is particularly stressful. The aim of this work was to clarify whether the personality factors are associated with perceived stress levels or reactivity to environmental stressors in a special body of police. METHODS The police officers in charge of guaranteeing public order at the L'Aquila G8 meeting were subjected to a control of their levels of work-related stress in anticipation of the event. Personality was assessed by the Italian version of the Five-Factor Model questionnaire, while stress was measured three times (during routine work in January 2009, preparation and imminence of the event, in April and July 2009, respectively) with the demand/control/support model of Karasek and the effort/reward imbalance model of Siegrist. A total of 289 of 294 officers took part in the survey. RESULTS Some personality traits of the Five-Factor Model were associated with stress levels and stress reactivity. Neuroticism (low emotional stability) showed the strongest associations with job strain (demand/control ratio) (β = 0.115, p < 0.05) and effort/reward imbalance (β = 0.270, p < 0.001) and was associated with most of the stress variables. High agreeableness was associated with low effort/reward imbalance (β = -0.157, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Personality factors may mitigate or increase the strain induced by environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garbarino
- State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of the Interior, Rome, Italy
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Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Moon M, Budde L, Tseng HC, Clark MK. The Effect of Work Shift and Sleep Duration on Various Aspects of Police Officers’ Health. Workplace Health Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.3928/21650799-20120416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Moon M, Budde L, Tseng HC, Clark MK. The effect of work shift and sleep duration on various aspects of police officers' health. Workplace Health Saf 2012; 60:215-22. [PMID: 22515415 DOI: 10.1177/216507991206000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Police officers are prone to cardiovascular disease, overweight, and obesity. Because night-shift work affects sleep, a modifiable risk factor linked to chronic disease, the researchers explored the relationship among shift work, sleep, and wellness for police officers. Sleep, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, stress, fatigue, and body mass index were used to compare officers who worked primarily day shifts to those who worked primarily evening or night shifts, and officers who slept less than 6 hours per day to those who slept at least 6 hours per day. A cross-sectional study of 85 male officers, 20 to 63 years old, was completed at three Midwestern police departments. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep. A questionnaire was used to collect officer demographics and work hours. Other measurements included serum CRP, height, weight, perceived stress, and vital exhaustion. The relative risk of sleeping less than 6 hours per day for officers who primarily worked non-day shifts, compared to those who worked day shifts, was 14.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98-102.95, p < .001), and the relative risk of overall poor sleep quality for officers who slept less than 6 hours per day, compared to those who slept more hours, was 2.44 (95% CI, 1.15-5.20, p = .027). CRP was not associated with shift or sleep duration, even when adjusted for officers' ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Ramey
- The University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Myong JP, Kim HR, Jung-Choi K, Baker D, Choi B. Disparities of metabolic syndrome prevalence by age, gender and occupation among Korean adult workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2012; 50:115-122. [PMID: 22293725 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Occupation can influence the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Age and gender could interact with the association between occupation and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the Korean working population and determine whether the prevalence differed according to occupation, age and gender. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Korean adults using the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). The analysis included 3,288 workers over 19 yr old. The prevalence odds ratios (PORs) of metabolic syndrome among representative types of occupations were estimated after stratification for age and gender by logistic regression. Female manual workers had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than female non-manual workers among those younger than age 50 (POR=1.95, 95%CI=1.12-3.40). However, female manual workers aged 50 and older had a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome than female non-manual workers (POR=0.36, 95%CI=0.22-0.59). Manual occupations can be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, but this correlation is limited to younger female workers. The effects of occupation on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome were different between older and younger workers, which could be due to longitudinal transition of socio-cultural structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Pyo Myong
- Department. of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Catholic Industrial Medical Center, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Occupational stress can affect physiological and psychological homeostasis. In addition, the occupational challenges associated with firefighting and law enforcement have been linked to increased mortality ratios for ischemic heart disease when compared with other population cohorts. Laboratory studies have shown that the exacerbation of stress hormones (eg, catecholamines) following dual challenge (physical and psychological stress) may affect immune system responses, which may partially explain the link between cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Physical fitness has been shown to attenuate both cardiovascular and inflammatory cytokine responses following physical and/or psychological stress; however, criteria for safe and effective occupation-specific fitness levels have not been established. In addition, firefighters and police officers have high overweight and obesity rates, which also contribute significantly to the development of cardiovascular disease. Future investigation on the possible interaction (additive or synergistic) of obesity and psychological stress on the development of cardiovascular diseases in these professions is warranted, and a criterion for fitness level should be established for safe and effective participation in occupation-related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida (CJH)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (EOA)
| | - Edmund O. Acevedo
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida (CJH)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (EOA)
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Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Downing NR, Culp KR. Relationship of Cardiovascular Disease to Stress and Vital Exhaustion in an Urban, Midwestern Police Department. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/216507991105900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among 336 officers of a Midwestern police force. Instruments used included the Perceived Stress Scale, the Maastricht Questionnaire (measuring vital exhaustion), and a general Health Risk Appraisal. Rates of CVD, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were 3%, 28%, and 43%, respectively. The relative risk of hypercholesterolemia for male officers, compared to female officers, was 1.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 3.56). The officers' average body mass index was 28.6 ( SD = 4.9), with 80% being overweight or obese. The average vital exhaustion score was higher for female officers than male officers ( p < .05). Bivariate relationships of CVD with perceived stress, vital exhaustion, and age were statistically significant (p < .05). When controlling for age, odds ratios were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.39; p< .05) for perceived stress and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.53; p < .01) for vital exhaustion.
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Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Downing NR, Culp KR. Relationship of cardiovascular disease to stress and vital exhaustion in an urban, midwestern police department. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:221-7. [PMID: 21534494 DOI: 10.3928/08910162-20110418-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study explored risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among 336 officers of a Midwestern police force. Instruments used included the Perceived Stress Scale, the Maastricht Questionnaire (measuring vital exhaustion), and a general Health Risk Appraisal. Rates of CVD, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were 3%, 28%, and 43%, respectively. The relative risk of hypercholesterolemia for male officers, compared to female officers, was 1.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 3.56). The officers' average body mass index was 28.6 (SD = 4.9), with 80% being overweight or obese. The average vital exhaustion score was higher for female officers than male officers (p < .05). Bivariate relationships of CVD with perceived stress, vital exhaustion, and age were statistically significant (p < .05). When controlling for age, odds ratios were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.39; p < .05) for perceived stress and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.53; p < .01) for vital exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Ramey
- University of Iowa, College of Nuring and College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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