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Sun Y, Xian Y, Lin H, Sun X. Enhancing the Management of Non-Specific Neck Pain through Gamification: Design and Efficacy of a Health Application. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:640. [PMID: 39061722 PMCID: PMC11273543 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11070640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-specific neck pain (CNNP) poses a substantial health and economic burden in China. This study introduces a gamified motion-sensing health application framework to address the limitations of existing health applications. The gamified cervical spine somatic exercise application employs motion capture technology alongside the smartphone's built-in sensors to simulate accurate somatic interactions. Controlled experiments and data analyses demonstrated that the application significantly outperformed traditional text and video interventions in relieving participants' neck pain by increasing their average daily activity and compliance with the cervical spine exercise routine. The neck pain level of the participants is quantified by the Neck Disability Index (NDI). The results from the controlled experiments demonstrate that this gamified approach significantly decreases the Neck Disability Index (NDI) score from 1.54 to 1.24, highlighting its ability to alleviate neck pain and increase user compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xing Sun
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
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Osborne D, Jadhakhan F, Falla D. The effects of neck exercise in comparison to passive or no intervention on quantitative sensory testing measurements in adults with chronic neck pain: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303166. [PMID: 38701102 PMCID: PMC11068209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous systematic reviews have identified the benefits of exercise for chronic neck pain on subjective reports of pain, but not with objective measures such as quantitative sensory testing (QST). A systematic review was conducted to identify the effects of neck specific exercise on QST measures in adults with chronic neck pain to synthesise existing literature and provide clinical recommendations. METHODS The study protocol was registered prospectively with PROSPERO (PROSPERO CRD42021297383). For both randomised and non-randomised trials, the following databases and trial registries were searched: AMED, CINAHL, Embase, Google Scholar, Medline, PEDro, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index from Web of Science Core Collection, clinicaltrials.gov, GreyOpen, and ISRCTN registry. These searches were conducted from inception to February 2022 and were updated until September 2023. Reference lists of eligible studies were screened. Study selection was performed independently by two reviewers, with data extraction and quality appraisal completed by one reviewer and independently ratified by a second reviewer. Due to high heterogeneity, narrative synthesis was performed with results grouped by exercise type. FINDINGS Three trials were included. Risk of bias was rated as moderate and the certainty of evidence as low or moderate for all studies. All exercise groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement at an intermediate-term follow-up, with progressive resistance training combined with graded physical training demonstrating the highest certainty of evidence. Fixed resistance training demonstrated statistically significant improvement in QST measures at a short-term assessment. INTERPRETATION Fixed resistance training is effective for short-term changes in pain sensitivity based on low-quality evidence, whilst moderate-quality evidence supports progressive resistance training combined with graded physical training for intermediate-term changes in pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Osborne
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ferozkhan Jadhakhan
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, City South Campus, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Jones LB, Jadhakhan F, Falla D. The influence of exercise on pain, disability and quality of life in office workers with chronic neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 117:104216. [PMID: 38219373 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is recommended for office workers with neck pain. However, recent reviews evaluated the effectiveness of workplace interventions only. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of exercise on pain, disability, and quality of life (QoL) in office workers with chronic neck pain. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS Electronic databases were searched from inception to April 30, 2022, to identify studies in which participants were adults aged ≥18 years undergoing any form of neck exercises (e.g., strengthening, motor control) or physical activity (e.g., aerobic exercise) performed for a minimum of two-weeks without any other additional treatment besides advice or education. Two reviewers independently screened papers and determined the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS Eight randomised controlled trials met the eligibility criteria. Seven studies reported a significant decrease in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for neck pain intensity and five studies reported a significant decrease in Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores following strengthening exercises. Only one study assessed the effect of strengthening exercises on QoL and reported no significant effect. All eight included studies had a high risk of bias and the overall certainty of evidence was low. Meta-analyses demonstrated a significant decrease of neck pain intensity and disability for strengthening exercises compared to a control (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION There is low certainty of evidence that strengthening of the neck, shoulder and scapular musculature is effective at reducing neck pain and disability in office workers. Further research evaluating the effect of exercise on QoL is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Broady Jones
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ferozkhan Jadhakhan
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Horike K, Ukezono M. Efficacy of chronic neck pain self-treatment using press needles: a randomized controlled clinical trial. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1301665. [PMID: 38586186 PMCID: PMC10995221 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1301665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic neck pain is common among Japanese individuals, but few receive treatment. This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture using press needles in the self-treatment of chronic neck pain and preliminarily identify the characteristics of patients likely to benefit from this treatment. Methods Fifty participants with chronic neck pain were allocated to receive either press needle or placebo treatment for 3 weeks. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and motion-related VAS (M-VAS) scores for neck pain, Neck Disability Index score, and pressure pain threshold were measured at baseline, after the first session, at the end of the last session, and 1 week after the last session. Changes in the outcomes were analyzed using analysis of variance, and the relationships between the variables were evaluated using structural equation modeling. Results Intervention results as assessed by VAS score revealed no significant differences in the ANOVA. A between-groups comparison of M-VAS scores at the end of the last session and baseline showed a significant difference (press needle: -21.64 ± 4.47, placebo: -8.09 ± 3.81, p = 0.025, d = -0.65). Structural equation modeling revealed a significant pain-reducing effect of press needle treatment (β = -0.228, p = 0.049). Severity directly affected efficacy (β = -0.881, p < 0.001). Pain duration, baseline VAS and Neck Disability Index scores were variables explaining severity, while age and occupational computer use were factors affecting severity. Conclusion Self-treatment with press needles for chronic neck pain did not significantly reduce the VAS score compared to placebo but reduced the motion-related pain as assessed by M-VAS score. A direct association was observed between pain severity and the effectiveness of press needles, and the impact of age and computer were indirectly linked by pain severity. Clinical Trial Registration Identifier UMIN-CTR, UMIN000044078.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Horike
- Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo, Japan
- Product Development Department, Sompo Care Inc., Shinagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ukezono
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
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Özlü A, Ünver G, Tuna Hİ, Erdoğan A. Effects of Interactive Telerehabilitation Practices in Office Workers with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: Randomized Controlled Study. Telemed J E Health 2024; 30:438-447. [PMID: 37498517 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2023.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Aim of this study is to investigate the effects of interactive telerehabilitation exercises in office workers with chronic nonspecific neck pain. Methods: Office workers (n = 120) were randomly divided into three groups between February and July 2022, taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and office ergonomics training was given to all of the participants. Group 1 participants were given an interactive telerehabilitation program (strengthening, motor control, and posture correction exercises) for 45 min per day, 3 days a week, for a total of 6 weeks. Group 2 participants were trained to do the home exercise program on their own for 45 min per day, 3 days a week, for a total of 6 weeks. Only office ergonomics training was given to Group 3 patients. Results: Statistically significant improvement in pain (p < 0.001), range of motion (ROM) (p < 0.001), neck disability status (p < 0.001), functional status (p < 0.001), and quality of life (p < 0.001) of 6-week interactive telerehabilitation application in office workers was found. Discussion: In addition to office ergonomics training, interactive telerehabilitation program is the most effective method on pain, ROM, and neck disability compared with home exercise program and office ergonomics training alone, and studies are needed on the long-term effectiveness of telerehabilitation applications and telerehabilitation treatment diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Özlü
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya Health Services University, Kutahya Turkey
| | - Gamze Ünver
- Internal Medicine, Nursing Faculty of Health Sciences, Kutahya Health Services University, Kutahya Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Erdoğan
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
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Barğı G, Suner-Keklik S. Effects of short-term upper extremity exercise training in office workers during COVID-19 restrictions: A randomized controlled trial. Work 2024; 78:1187-1199. [PMID: 38489203 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, physical inactivity and inactivity-related health problems have deepened in many individuals, including office workers. It is not yet known whether there are exercise programs through telerehabilitation that will provide rapid relief in a short time in office workers who apply part or full-time teleworking system. OBJECTIVE To comparatively investigate influences of short-term upper extremity exercise trainings (UEET) on pain, musculoskeletal discomforts (MSD), physical activity (PA), mood, and quality of life (QOL) in office workers during COVID-19 restrictions. METHODS Thirty office workers were divided into exercise (EG) (UEET and walking advice) and control (CG) (walking advice) groups. The UEET was applied for at least 20-40 minutes/day, 5-7 days/week for a one week between February 2022 and June 2022. Office workers' pain, MSD, PA level, mood and QOL were measured. RESULTS Baseline characteristics of groups (EG: 37.8±7.04 years, CG: 41.6±7.97 years) were similar (p > 0.05). Following UEET, scores of office workers in EG on total step count, vigorous PA, moderate-intensity PA, walking, total PA, physical functioning, and body pain subscales of QOL significantly increased compared to scores of office workers in CG, while scores on neck, back and hip discomforts and anxiety and depression significantly decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS One-week UEET and walking advice can improve office workers' daily step counts, MSD, PA levels, mood, and QOL. Office workers who have a busy work schedule may do these UEET and walking exercises in break times to relieve perception of discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Barğı
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Suner-Keklik
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Health Science Faculty, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Colman D, Demoulin C, Vanderthommen M, Saive O, Durieux N, Cagnie B, Kaux JF, Grosdent S. Exercise therapy including the cervical extensor muscles in individuals with neck pain: A systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2023; 37:1579-1610. [PMID: 37424506 DOI: 10.1177/02692155231184973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the use (dosage parameters and combination with other therapeutic interventions) of cervical extensor muscle exercises and their effect on pain, disability (primary outcomes), range of motion, endurance and strength (secondary outcomes) in people with neck pain. DATA SOURCES An extensive literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier) and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) up to May 2023. The reference lists of all included studies and relevant reviews were screened for additional studies. REVIEW METHODS Randomised controlled trials reporting the use of cervical extensor muscle exercises (alone or combined) applied to adults with idiopathic or traumatic neck pain were included. Study selection, data extraction and critical appraisal (PEDro assessment scale) were performed by two blinded reviewers. Data extraction included dosage parameters, other modalities combined with these exercises and outcomes. RESULTS Thirty-five randomised controlled trails (eight of which were complementary analyses) with 2409 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty-six were of moderate to high quality. In most studies, cervical extensor muscle exercises were combined with various other therapeutic modalities and applied at different dosages. Only two studies (one high and one low quality) specifically assessed their effectiveness. The high-quality study showed significant improvements in neck pain and disability, pressure point threshold and neck mobility after both low load and high load training for 6 weeks. CONCLUSION The results suggest cervical extensor muscle exercises may reduce neck pain and disability; however firm conclusions cannot be drawn because of the few studies that addressed this question and the heterogeneity of the dosage parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Colman
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Demoulin
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Vanderthommen
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Saive
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nancy Durieux
- Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health & Education-RUCHE, Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language Therapy and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Barbara Cagnie
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Grosdent
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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8
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Cho WS, Park CB, Kim BG. Effects of exercise therapy on pain and disability in patients with non-specific neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:213-220. [PMID: 37949563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses have only focused on patients with chronic non-specific neck pain (NNP), analyzing exercise therapy (ET) only as therapeutic exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively review the effects of ET through a meta-analysis comprising a wide range of ETs that are not limited to therapeutic exercise. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of ET on pain and disability in patients with NNP. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHOD The studies selected for this study were based on the PICO-SD tool as follows: P (patient)-acute, subacute, and chronic NNP patents, I (intervention)-ET, C (comparison)-control and other therapy groups, O (outcome)-pain and disability, and SD (study design)-randomized controlled trial. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were included. The effects of ET on pain and disability in patients with chronic NNP were significantly different (pain: SMD -1.47, 95% CI: -1.89 to -1.06, I2: 94%; disability: SMD -1.79, 95% CI: -2.31 to -1.27, I2: 94%). The effects of ET on pain (ET vs control: SMD: -1.60, 95% CI: -2.09 to -1.11, I2: 94%; ET vs sham therapy: SMD: -8.75, 95% CI: -10.71 to -6.79) and disability (ET vs control: SMD: -2.16, 95% CI: -2.80 to -1.52, I2: 94%; ET vs sham therapy: SMD: -1.73, 95% CI: -2.42 to -1.05) in NNP patients were significantly different. CONCLUSIONS This study verified the efficacy of ET in improving pain and disability in patients with chronic NNP. However, evidence supporting the efficacy of ET in patients with acute and subacute NNP is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Su Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nambu University, Gwangju, 62271, South Korea
| | - Chi Bok Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nambu University, Gwangju, 62271, South Korea
| | - Byeong Geun Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nambu University, Gwangju, 62271, South Korea; Bareun Physiotherapy Research Institute, Gwangju, 62271, South Korea.
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Guo W, Xing H, Gong X, He L, Zhang Z, Jia C. Effects of Yi Jin Jing on juvenile cervical spondylopathy in China: A parallel, randomized, assessor-blinded clinical trial. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:1234-1241. [PMID: 37794534 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_410_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Cervical spondylopathy is a common musculo-articular disorder, multiple exercises are recommended. Chinese fitness exercises are prevalent and used to treat various diseases. Aim To explore the efficacy of Chinese fitness exercise Yi Jin Jing exercise in intervening the cervical spondylopathy in adolescents. Patients and Methods The study was conducted in 60 adolescent patients with cervical spondylopathy, with 30 patients in each group. Methods The study was conducted in 60 adolescent patients with cervical spondylopathy, with 30 patients in each group. The observation group was required to take Yi Jin Jing exercise, and the control group took the brisk walking exercise. The first week was the preparatory period for the patients, and then the participants were required to do exercises three times a week for at least 30 minutes in the later 3 weeks. Before and after treatment, Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores, pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and cervical curvature in both groups were observed, and the incidence of adverse events in both groups was recorded during the trial. Results The NDI and VAS scores in both groups statistically decreased after intervention and mildly increased at follow-up, while the reduction in scores of the Yi Jin Jing group was more significant. Cervical curvature in both groups improved on day 28 compared to day 0. There were no adverse reactions during the evaluation period. Conclusion The Chinese health-care qigong Yi Jin Jing exercise is more effective than brisk walking in improving the cervical range of motion and relieving pain in adolescents with cervical spondylopathy. Trial registration/Protocol registration: Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2000030723).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Xing
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Gong
- Deparment of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - L He
- Deparment of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Baiyun Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - C Jia
- Deparment of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Nie C, Chen K, Zhu YU, Song H, Lyu F, Jiang J, Xia X, Zheng C. Comparison of time-dependent resistance isometric exercise and active range of motion exercise in alleviating the sensitization of postoperative axial pain after cervical laminoplasty. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 62:102669. [PMID: 36201875 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative axial pain (PAP) is a significant complication after cervical laminoplasty. OBJECTIVE To investigate pain sensitization in PAP patients and effects of time-dependent resistance isometric exercise compared to active range-of-motion exercise on PAP. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. METHODS 211 patients undergoing postoperative 12-week exercises were evaluated for pressure pain threshold (PPT), temporal summation (TS) and both cross-sectional area and fatty infiltration of paraspinal muscles preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. There patients underwent Numeric rating pain scale (NRS) and neck disability index (NDI) 3 and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS At postoperative 3-month assessments, fewer patients undergoing isometric exercise showed PAP compared to range-of-motion exercise group (14/98 vs. 34/113; P = 0.006), and pain-related assessments in the former were lower than the latter (NRS at rest: 0.3 ± 0.8 vs. 0.7 ± 1.4, P = 0.014; NRS with movements: 0.4 ± 1.0 vs. 1.0 ± 1.7, P = 0.015; NDI: 2.4 ± 6.3 vs. 6.7 ± 10.9, P = 0.002). Postoperative cross-sectional area was smaller in isometric exercise group (603.5 ± 190.2) than in range-of-motion exercise group (678.7 ± 215.5) (P = 0.033), and the former showed higher local-area PPT and lower TS than the latter (PPT: 3.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.1 ± 1.6, P = 0.002; TS: 1.8 ± 0.9 vs. 2.2 ± 1.0, P = 0.003). PAP patients showed lower local-area PPT and greater TS than those without PAP in both isometric (PPT: 2.8 ± 0.7 vs. 4.0 ± 1.9, P = 0.019; TS: 2.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.7 ± 0.9, P = 0.011) and range-of-motion (PPT: 2.2 ± 0.9 vs. 3.6 ± 1.7, P < 0.001; TS: 2.8 ± 0.8 vs. 1.9 ± 0.9, P < 0.001) exercise groups. CONCLUSIONS Both peripheral and central sensitization are involved in PAP. Time-dependent isometric exercise has more positive effects on PAP than range-of-motion exercise because of its advantages in improving pain sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Nie
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Y U Zhu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, 10212, USA
| | - Huan Song
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Feizhou Lyu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xinlei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chaojun Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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11
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Song JS, Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Wong V, Spitz RW, Bell ZW, Loenneke JP. Training-induced hypoalgesia and its potential underlying mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104858. [PMID: 36096206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that a single bout of exercise can reduce pain sensitivity (i.e., exercise-induced hypoalgesia) in healthy individuals. However, exercise-induced hypoalgesia is often impaired in individuals with chronic pain. This might suggest that repeated bouts of exercise (i.e., exercise training) are needed in order to induce a reduction in pain sensitivity (i.e., training-induced hypoalgesia) among individuals with chronic pain, given that a single bout of exercise seems to be insufficient to alter pain. However, the effect of repeated bouts of exercise on pain sensitivity and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the existing literature on training-induced hypoalgesia, as well as discuss potential mechanisms of training-induced hypoalgesia and offer considerations for future research. Existing literature suggests that training interventions may induce hypoalgesic adaptations potentially driven by central nervous system and immune system factors. However, the limited number of randomized controlled trials available, along with the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms, provides a rationale for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA.
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12
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Kang T, Kim B. Cervical and scapula-focused resistance exercise program versus trapezius massage in patients with chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30887. [PMID: 36181044 PMCID: PMC9524908 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise in comparison with those of common exercise on chronic neck pain (CNP) to provide useful clinical guidelines for reducing pain or increasing cervical range of motion (ROM), upper trapezius tone, disability level, and quality of life (QOL). METHODS The subjects were randomized into a cervical and scapula-focused resistance exercise group (CSREG, n = 21) or trapezius massage group (TMG, n = 20). All groups received a 4-week, five times per week CSRE or TM program for CNP. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, cervical ROM, myotonometer measures (upper trapezius tone, stiffness, and elasticity), neck disability index (NDI), and short form-36 (SF-36) were identified as the primary outcomes. RESULTS Within-group changes in VAS, cervical ROM, myotonometer measures, NDI, and SF-36 were significant in the CSREG and TMG (P < .05). The between-group changes in VAS, cervical rotation, myotonometer (upper trapezius tone and stiffness), NDI, and SF-36 after intervention showed significant differences between the CSREG and TMG (P < .05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the CSRE program is effective in improving pain, cervical ROM, upper trapezius tone, disability level, and QOL in patients with CNP. More comprehensive studies with longer follow-up durations are needed to better understand the potential effects of the CSRE program in patients with CNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Kang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Woosuk University, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomryong Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Design Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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13
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Sadeghi A, Rostami M, Ameri S, Karimi Moghaddam A, Karimi Moghaddam Z, Zeraatchi A. Effectiveness of isometric exercises on disability and pain of cervical spondylosis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:108. [PMID: 35710510 PMCID: PMC9205102 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Neck pain and disability is a significant public health problem with only very few evidence-based treatment option. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of isometric exercise on pain and disability of cervical spondylosis. Methods Twenty four patients with cervical osteoarthritis and neck pain (22 females and 2 males; mean age, 46.70 ± 13.71 years) were recruited and randomly allocated into 2 arms: neck isometric exercises (n = 12) and conservative management without exercise (n = 12). The Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) were used to assess participants at baseline and after 4 weeks. Results Basic characteristics, NDI score and NPAD score were not significantly different between groups at baseline. The exercise arm demonstrated significantly lower scores regarding NDI (mean, 17.41 vs. 25.58; P-value = 0.035) and NPAD (mean, 25.33 vs. 66.67; P < 0.001), compared to the control arm after 4 weeks. The exercise arm also showed significant within group reduction considering NDI and NPAD scores after 4 weeks (Both, P < 0.001). Conclusion Our findings suggested that isometric exercises might be a beneficial treatment for improving pain and disability caused by cervical spondylosis. Trial registration This study was registered at irct.ir (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials) with the code IRCT20220206053950N1, 07.05.2022, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sadeghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vali-E-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mina Rostami
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sahand Ameri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vali-E-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Karimi Moghaddam
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Vali-E-Asr Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Karimi Moghaddam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vali-E-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zeraatchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Valiasr-E-Asr Hospital, Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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14
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Stassen G, Baulig L, Müller O, Schaller A. Attention to Progression Principles and Variables of Exercise Prescription in Workplace-Related Resistance Training Interventions: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials. Front Public Health 2022; 10:832523. [PMID: 35400069 PMCID: PMC8990091 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.832523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe workplace is an important setting for adult health promotion including exercise training such as resistance training (RT). Since the reporting of exercise training interventions is generally inconsistent, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the attention to principles of RT progression and variables of RT exercise prescription in workplace-related RT interventions.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in the databases LIVIVO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science (2000–2020). Controlled trials with apparently healthy “employees” and a main focus on RT were included. RT principles and variables were extracted and rated by two reviewers (reported, not reported, or unclear). Sum scores for each RT intervention and percentages regarding each principle and variable were calculated.ResultsOverall, 21 articles were included (18 primary studies, 3 protocols). Summarized narratively, the interventions showed different positive effects on strength- or performance-related and/or health- or complaint-related outcomes. The reporting of the RT principles and variables was varied [progressive overload: 94% of the studies, specificity: 78%, variation (periodization): 39%, muscle action: 94%, loading: 94%, volume; 67%, exercise selection: 89%, exercise order: 47%, rest periods between sets: 33%, rest periods between exercises: 27%, repetition velocity: 44%, and frequency: 100%].ConclusionSeveral key RT principles and variables were reported inconsistently, reducing reproducibility and pointing to the need for standardized RT intervention reporting in workplace-related interventions. Exercise science and workplace promotion should be further linked, since accurate reporting is a prerequisite for transferring robust findings into practice.
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15
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Ortego G, Lluch E, Herrero P, Boudreau SA, Doménech-García V. Profiling and Association over Time between Disability and Pain Features in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Longitudinal Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051346. [PMID: 35268437 PMCID: PMC8911229 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To longitudinally investigate the relationships between neck/arm disability and pain profile measures in individuals with chronic nonspecific neck pain (NSNP) at baseline, one month, and six months after a standardized physiotherapy intervention. A secondary aim was to compare pain sensitivity of individuals with chronic NSNP at baseline to healthy controls. METHODS A total of sixty-eight individuals with chronic NSNP and healthy controls were recruited. Neck disability index (NDI), the 11-item disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire (QuickDASH), temporal summation (TS), pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), pain intensity and pain extent were assessed in individuals with chronic NSNP. For the cross-sectional assessment, TS and PPTs were compared to healthy controls. RESULTS After following a standardized physiotherapy intervention, local and distal PPTs to the neck region decreased at one and six month follow-ups, respectively. Pain extent decreased at one and six months. Furthermore, a positive correlation between neck/arm disability and pain intensity was found at baseline, whereas moderate positive correlations (e.g., between NDI and pain extent) at baseline, one and six month follow-ups and negative correlations at six months (e.g., between arm disability and PPTs) were found. DISCUSSION Overall, these findings indicate that pain sensitivity can worsen following treatment despite reduced pain extent and unchanged neck disability and pain intensity scores over a six-month period in individuals with chronic NSNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Ortego
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov. A23 km 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain; (G.O.); (V.D.-G.)
| | - Enrique Lluch
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Speciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Brussels “Pain in Motion” International Research Group, Departments of Human Physiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Pablo Herrero
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-646168248
| | - Shellie Ann Boudreau
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Victor Doménech-García
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov. A23 km 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain; (G.O.); (V.D.-G.)
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16
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Villanueva-Ruiz I, Falla D, Lascurain-Aguirrebeña I. Effectiveness of Specific Neck Exercise for Nonspecific Neck Pain; Usefulness of Strategies for Patient Selection and Tailored Exercise-A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Phys Ther 2022; 102:6423600. [PMID: 34935963 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specific neck exercises (SNE) targeting deep cervical flexors and extensors are commonly used for the treatment of nonspecific neck pain (NSNP). However, whether SNE are more effective than alternative exercise interventions (AEI) remains unclear. Furthermore, it has been postulated that SNE may be most effective when they are tailored and targeted to patients with evidence of motor control dysfunction, yet this notion also remains unproven. The objectives of this study were to compare the effectiveness of SNE with that of AEI for reducing pain and disability in people with NSNP and to assess whether the effectiveness of SNE is increased when the exercises are tailored and provided to patients with evidence of motor control dysfunction. METHODS For this systematic review with meta-analysis, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database were searched. Eligibility criteria included randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of SNE against that of AEI in people with NSNP. Meta-analysis included subgroup analyses to determine the effect of exercise tailoring and participant selection criteria on the effectiveness of SNE. RESULTS Twelve studies were included. Meta-analysis revealed greater effectiveness of SNE in the short to medium term for reducing pain (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.41; 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.06; P = .02) and disability (pooled SMD = -0.41; 95% CI = -0.78 to -0.04; P = .03) but no differences in the long term for pain (pooled SMD = -1.30; 95% CI = -3.35 to 0.75; P = .21) and disability (pooled SMD = -1.81; 95% CI = -4.29 to 0.67; P = .15), although evidence was limited for the latter. The effectiveness of SNE was not superior in studies that included only participants with motor control dysfunction or when exercises were tailored to each participant. Overall, the studies were of low quality. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation revealed low certainty, serious risk of bias, and inconsistency of findings for short- to medium-term effects and very low certainty, serious risk of bias, and very serious inconsistency for long-term effects. CONCLUSION The preferential use of SNE may be recommended to achieve better short- to medium-term outcomes, although the low quality of evidence affects the certainty of these findings. Currently used strategies for selecting patients and tailoring SNE are not supported by the evidence and therefore cannot be recommended for clinical practice. IMPACT SNE are more effective than AEI for reducing pain and disability in patients with NSNP in the short to medium term, but overall evidence is of low quality, affecting the certainty of the findings. Tests of muscle dysfunction (mostly the craniocervical flexion test) currently used in studies to select patients and tailor SNE do not result in greater effectiveness of these exercises. LAY SUMMARY Evidence suggests SNE are more effective than other forms of exercise, although evidence is overall of low quality. Use of the craniocervical flexion test in isolation to select participants and/or tailor SNE cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Villanueva-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences. College of Life and Environmental Sciences. University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Ion Lascurain-Aguirrebeña
- Physiotherapy, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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Feng B, Chen K, Zhu X, Ip WY, Andersen LL, Page P, Wang Y. Prevalence and risk factors of self-reported wrist and hand symptoms and clinically confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome among office workers in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 33407293 PMCID: PMC7789363 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common cause of pain, numbness and tingling in the wrist and hand region and is associated with repetitive wrist and hand use in office workers. However, scarce knowledge exists about the epidemiology of clinically confirmed CTS among Chinese office workers. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of wrist/hand symptoms and CTS in office workers in China and to identify associated risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in a metropolitan city in China involving 969 respondents (aged 17–49 years) from 30 workplaces. A questionnaire was distributed to each participant to collect their demographic, work-related physical and psychosocial factors, and wrist and hand symptoms. The wrist and hand pain/numbness symptoms were marked on a body chart and the nature and intensity of symptoms, nocturnal symptoms, as well as aggravating activities were also recorded. Clinically confirmed CTS cases were screened based on the history, Phalen’s test, Tinel Sign and skin sensation testing among symptomatic respondents. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the occurrence of self-reported wrist and hand symptoms and clinically confirmed CTS. Results The clinically confirmed CTS prevalence was 9.6%. The prevalence of wrist and hand symptoms were 22 and 15%, respectively. Frequently working in pain was associated with higher odds of CTS. Multivariate modelling adjusted for age and gender showed that prolonged computer use time and working without breaks were associated with presence of wrist/hand symptoms (adjusted ORs: 1.11 (95% CI 1.02–1.22) and 1.88 (95% CI 1.12–3.14)). Educational level was inversely associated with CTS and smoking was associated with wrist/hand complaints (adjusted OR: 2.20 (95% CI 1.19–4.07)). Conclusions The prevalence of work-related clinically confirmed CTS symptoms among young office workers in China is high. Frequently working in pain is closely associated with clinically confirmed CTS. Intense computer use and no breaks at work are associated with wrist and hand symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.,Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kedi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Wing-Yuk Ip
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lars L Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phil Page
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
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Belavy DL, Van Oosterwijck J, Clarkson M, Dhondt E, Mundell NL, Miller CT, Owen PJ. Pain sensitivity is reduced by exercise training: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:100-108. [PMID: 33253748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BELAVY, D. L., J. Van Oosterwijck, M. Clarkson, E. Dhondt, N. L. Mundell, C. Miller and P. J. Owen. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2020. Exercise training is capable of reducing pain in chronic pain syndromes, yet its mechanisms are less well established. One mechanism may be via the impact of exercise on increasing a person's pain threshold. Here we show, via meta-analysis of fifteen exercise training studies in pain syndromes that exercise training leads to increased pressure pain thresholds (low to moderate quality evidence). We also find low to moderate quality evidence exists that exercise training was more effective than non-exercise interventions, such as pain education, massage and stress management for improving pain sensitivity. Further, the effect of exercise was greater locally at the site of pain and less so at remote regions. These finding suggest that adaptations in central inhibition occur over time with exercise training and, more widely, add to the mechanistic understanding of how effective interventions can improve pain in chronic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Belavy
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Jessica Van Oosterwijck
- Ghent University, SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Belgium; Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium; Pain in Motion International Research Group, www.paininmotion.be.
| | - Matthew Clarkson
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Evy Dhondt
- Ghent University, SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium; Pain in Motion International Research Group, www.paininmotion.be.
| | - Niamh L Mundell
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Clint T Miller
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Patrick J Owen
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia.
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19
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de Zoete RM, Armfield NR, McAuley JH, Chen K, Sterling M. Comparative effectiveness of physical exercise interventions for chronic non-specific neck pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of 40 randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:bjsports-2020-102664. [PMID: 33139256 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of different physical exercise interventions for chronic non-specific neck pain. DESIGN Systematic review and network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases: AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, PsycINFO, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) describing the effects of any physical exercise intervention in adults with chronic non-specific neck pain. RESULTS The search returned 6549 records, 40 studies were included. Two networks of pairwise comparisons were constructed, one for pain intensity (n=38 RCTs, n=3151 participants) and one for disability (n=29 RCTs, n=2336 participants), and direct and indirect evidence was obtained. Compared with no treatment, three exercise interventions were found to be effective for pain and disability: motor control (Hedges' g, pain -1.32, 95% CI: -1.99 to -0.65; disability -0.87, 95% CI: -1.45 o -0.29), yoga/Pilates/Tai Chi/Qigong (pain -1.25, 95% CI: -1.85 to -0.65; disability -1.16, 95% CI: -1.75 to -0.57) and strengthening (pain -1.21, 95% CI: -1.63 to -0.78; disability -0.75, 95% CI: -1.28 to -0.22). Other interventions, including range of motion (pain -0.98 CI: -2.51 to 0.56), balance (pain -0.38, 95% CI: -2.10 to 1.33) and multimodal (three or more exercises types combined) (pain -0.08, 95% CI: -1.70 to 1.53) exercises showed uncertain or negligible effects. The quality of evidence was very low according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) criteria. CONCLUSION There is not one superior type of physical exercise for people with chronic non-specific neck pain. Rather, there is very low quality evidence that motor control, yoga/Pilates/Tai Chi/Qigong and strengthening exercises are equally effective. These findings may assist clinicians to select exercises for people with chronic non-specific neck pain. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019126523.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger Mj de Zoete
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Recovery Following Road Traffic Injuries, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Science and Practice, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel R Armfield
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Recovery Following Road Traffic Injuries, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - James H McAuley
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth Chen
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Recovery Following Road Traffic Injuries, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Michele Sterling
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Recovery Following Road Traffic Injuries, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Heredia-Rizo AM, Petersen KK, Arendt-Nielsen L, Madeleine P. Eccentric Training Changes the Pressure Pain and Stiffness Maps of the Upper Trapezius in Females with Chronic Neck-Shoulder Pain: A Preliminary Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 21:1936-1946. [PMID: 32011710 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Between 50% and 67% of adults suffer from neck-shoulder pain, which may be associated with increased stiffness of neck muscles. We assessed pressure pain sensitivity and muscle stiffness maps of the upper trapezius in female computer users with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain and investigated the effects of eccentric training on females with neck-shoulder pain. DESIGN Cross-sectional (part 1) and open-label (part 2) study. SETTING University. SUBJECTS Twenty females with neck-shoulder pain were compared with 20 controls (part 1). In part 2, neck-shoulder pain participants followed a five-week unilateral upper trapezius eccentric training program. METHODS Topographical maps of pressure pain thresholds (pressure algometer) and muscle stiffness (myotonometer), using a 15-point grid covering myotendinous and muscle belly sites, and shoulder elevation force and range of elevation (dynamometer) were assessed at baseline and after training. RESULTS There were no differences in pressure pain thresholds between sites (P = 0.243) or groups (P = 0.068), and there were significant differences in stiffness between myotendinous and muscle belly sites (P < 0.001) but not groups (P = 0.273). After training, pressure pain thresholds increased, stiffness decreased (P < 0.005), and shoulder elevation force and range of elevation improved (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The lack of differences in upper trapezius pressure pain sensitivity and stiffness between females with or without neck-shoulder pain confirms no clear etiology among computer users reporting neck-shoulder pain. A five-week eccentric training protocol showed positive effects on pressure pain sensitivity, stiffness, shoulder force, and range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Sport Sciences, Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kjær Petersen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,SMI, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences, Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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21
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Frutiger M, Borotkanics R. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Suggest Strength Training and Workplace Modifications May Reduce Neck Pain in Office Workers. Pain Pract 2020; 21:100-131. [PMID: 32657531 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neck pain is a burdensome musculoskeletal disorder in office workers. Workplace interventions aim to prevent and minimize the effect of neck pain and improve work quality. However, the summed effect of workplace interventions on neck pain in office workers remains unclear. This systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression evaluated the summed effect of workplace interventions on neck pain in office workers. METHODS We searched 7 electronic databases to January 2020 for randomized clinical trials. We selected studies, independently extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analyses were carried out along with normalized trend plots. RESULTS Twenty-nine trials, including 8 of high quality, met our inclusion criteria. Normalized trend plots indicate that neck strengthening demonstrated the sharpest decrease in pain scores. The results of pre- and post-outcome measurement of the effect of activity performance and workplace modification showed significant improvements in self-reported neck pain (P ≤ 0.001). Meta-regression was used to evaluate the effect of time, but it was not significant. CONCLUSIONS There is low-quality evidence that neck strengthening and tailored workstation modifications are effective at reducing neck pain in office workers. Further high-quality research methodology, including clinicians, is important to evaluate this summed effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frutiger
- Department of Chiropractic, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Borotkanics
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Price J, Rushton A, Tyros I, Tyros V, Heneghan NR. Effectiveness and optimal dosage of exercise training for chronic non-specific neck pain: A systematic review with a narrative synthesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234511. [PMID: 32520970 PMCID: PMC7286530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines make vague recommendations as to exercise training (ET) type and dosage to manage chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP). OBJECTIVE To synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of different ET programmes to reduce CNSNP and associated disability, and whether dosage affects outcomes. METHODS A systematic review and data synthesis was conducted according to a published registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42018096187). A sensitive topic-based search was conducted of CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, grey literature sources and key journals from inception to 6th January 2020 for randomised controlled trials, investigating ET for CNSNP or disability. Two reviewers independently completed eligibility screening, data extraction, risk of bias assessment (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool) and rated the overall strength of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Data was tabulated for narrative synthesis and grouped by intervention, outcome and time point to compare across studies. RESULTS Twenty-six trials from 3990 citations (n = 2288 participants) investigated fifteen ET programmes. High RoB and low sample sizes reduced evidence quality. Clinical heterogeneity prevented meta-analyses. A range of ET programmes reduce pain/disability in the short term (low to moderate evidence). Pillar exercises reduce pain/disability in the intermediate term (low level evidence). Moderate to very large pain reduction is found with ET packages that include motor control + segmental exercises (low to moderate evidence). No high-quality trials investigated long term outcomes. Increased frequency of motor control exercises and progressively increased load of pillar exercise may improve effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Motor control + segmental exercises are the most effective ET to reduce short term pain/disability, but long-term outcomes have not been investigated. Optimal motor control + segmental exercise variables and dosage is unknown and requires clarification. An adequately powered, low RoB trial is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and optimal dosage of motor control + segmental on long term outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018096187.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Price
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Services, Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine) School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Rushton
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine) School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Isaak Tyros
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine) School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
- Edgbaston Physiotherapy Clinic, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileios Tyros
- Edgbaston Physiotherapy Clinic, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R Heneghan
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine) School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Health-Related Physical Fitness Benefits in Sedentary Women Employees after an Exercise Intervention with Zumba Fitness ®. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082632. [PMID: 32290490 PMCID: PMC7216059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: The protective properties of high physical fitness levels on health are manifest independently of age, sex, fatness, smoking, alcohol consumption, and other clinical factors. However, women are less active than men, which contributes to low physical fitness and a high risk of CVD. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the effect of two exercise interventions on health-related physical fitness in sedentary employed females. Methods: A total of 98 physically inactive adult women were randomly assigned to 3 study groups: the control group (CG) = 31, the endurance training group based on Zumba Fitness® classes (ET; n = 39), and the concurrent training group that had an extra muscle-strengthening workout after the Zumba Fitness® class (CnT; n = 28). Body composition (BMI, waist circumference), motor fitness (one-leg stand test), musculoskeletal fitness (shoulder–neck mobility, handgrip strength test, jump and reach test, and dynamic sit-up test), and cardiorespiratory fitness (2-km test and estimated VO2 max) were assessed with the ALPHA-Fit test battery for adults. Results: Both interventions showed a significant improvement in the majority of health-related fitness and body composition variables/test (waist circumference: ET = −2.275 ± 0.95, p = 0.02, CnT = −2.550 ± 1.13, p = 0.03; one-stand leg test: ET = 13.532 ± 2.65, p < 0.001; CnT = 11.656 ± 2.88, p < 0.001; shoulder–neck mobility: ET = 1.757 ± 0.44, p < 0.001, CnT = 2.123 ± 0.47, p < 0.001; handgrip test: 0.274 ± 0.08, p < 0.001, CnT = 0.352 ± 0.08, p < 0.001; dynamic sit-up: ET = 1.769 ± 0.45, p < 0.001, CnT = −1.836 ± 0.49, p < 0.001; 2-km test time: −1.280 ± 0.25, p < 0.001, CnT = −1.808 ± 0.28, p < 0.001; estimated VO2 max: ET = 1.306 ± 0.13, p < 0.001, CnT = 1.191 ± 0.15, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences after the intervention between the two exercise intervention groups. Conclusions: Exercise interventions based on Zumba fitness® or Zumba fitness® combined with an extra muscle-strengthening workout based on bodyweight training exercises are effective strategies to improve the health-related physical fitness in sedentary women employees.
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Liao Y, Peng Z, Chen L, Zhang Y, Cheng Q, Nüssler AK, Bao W, Liu L, Yang W. Prospective Views for Whey Protein and/or Resistance Training Against Age-related Sarcopenia. Aging Dis 2019; 10:157-173. [PMID: 30705776 PMCID: PMC6345331 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle aging is characterized by decline in skeletal muscle mass and function along with growing age, which consequently leads to age-related sarcopenia, if without any preventive timely treatment. Moreover, age-related sarcopenia in elder people would contribute to falls and fractures, disability, poor quality of life, increased use of hospital services and even mortality. Whey protein (WP) and/or resistance training (RT) has shown promise in preventing and treating age-related sarcopenia. It seems that sex hormones could be potential contributors for gender differences in skeletal muscle and age-related sarcopenia. In addition, skeletal muscle and the development of sarcopenia are influenced by gut microbiota, which in turn is affected by WP or RT. Gut microbiota may be a key factor for WP and/or RT against age-related sarcopenia. Therefore, focusing on sex hormones and gut microbiota may do great help for preventing, treating and better understanding age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Liao
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- 3Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wei Bao
- 4Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Liegang Liu
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Liu J, Zhu J, Yuan F, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Abnormal brain white matter in patients with right trigeminal neuralgia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:46. [PMID: 29931400 PMCID: PMC6013416 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic or classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic painful condition characterized by intermittent pain attacks. Enough evidence demonstrates classical TN is related to neurovascular compression (NVC) at the trigeminal root entry zone (REZ), but white matter change secondary to TN are not totally known. METHODS Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and diffusion tensor imaging were performed on 29 patients with right TN and 35 healthy individuals. Voxel-wise analyses were performed with TBSS using multiple diffusion metrics, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD). Group differences in these parameters were compared between right TN patients and controls using TBSS and correlations between the white matter change and disease duration and VAS in right TN patients were assessed. Multiple comparison correction were applied to test significant correlations. RESULTS The right TN patients showed significantly lower FA and higher RD in most left white matter (P < 0.05, FWE corrected). Moreover, negative correlations were observed between disease duration and the FA values of left corona radiata, genu of corpus callosum, left external capsule and left cerebral peduncle, and between VAS and the FA values of left corona radiata, left external capsule and left cerebral peduncle (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed for disease duration and the RD values of left corona radiata, right external capsule, left fornix cerebri and left cerebral peduncle, and for VAS and the RD values of left corona radiata and left external capsule (P < 0.05). However, once Bonferroni corrections were applied, these correlations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TN selectively impairs widespread white matter, especially contralateral hemisphere, which may be the hallmark of disease severity in TN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Liu
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, No. 1, Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, No. 220, Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, No. 1, Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China.
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, No. 220, Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China.
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